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DC Network Theorems

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38 views17 pages

DC Network Theorems

Uploaded by

Sukhmanjot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network Theorems

Superposition Theorem
In a network of linear resistances containing more than one generator (or source of e.m.f.),
the current which flows at any point is the sum of all the currents which would flow at that
point if each generator where considered separately and all the other generators replaced for
the time being by resistances equal to their internal resistances.

Example-1: Find the current in 6 Ohm resistance using superposition theorem.


Example-2

Thevenin’s Theorem
It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given network, as viewed
from two output terminals, by a single voltage source with a series resistance.
It makes the solution of complicated networks (particularly, electronic
networks) quite quick and easy.

Any linear, bilateral network having terminals A and B can be replaced by a single source of e.m.f.
Vth in series with a single resistance Rth.

(i) The e.m.f. Vth is the voltage obtained across terminals A and B with load, if any removed
i.e. it is open-circuited voltage between terminals A and B.
(ii) The resistance Rth is the resistance of the network measured between terminals A and B
with load removed and sources of e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistances. Ideal
voltage sources are replaced with short circuits and ideal current sources are replaced
with open circuits.
Example-1
Example-1: Calculate the current through the 4Ωresistor.
Case-1: When Circuit Contains Both Dependent and Independent Sources

 The open-circuit voltage Voc is determined as usual with the sources activated or ‘alive’.
 A short-circuit is applied across the terminals a and b and the value of short-circuit current ith
is found as usual.
 Thevenin resistance Rth = voc/ish.

Case-2: When Circuit Contains Dependent Sources Only


 In this case, voc = 0
 We connect 1 A source to the terminals a and b and calculate the value of vab.
 Rth = Vab/ 1 Ω
Norton’s Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

In DC circuits, maximum power is transferred from a source to load when the load resistance is made
equal to the internal resistance of the source as viewed from the load terminals with load removed and
all e.m.f. sources replaced by their internal resistances.

Proof of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem


Important Points: The following points are worth noting about maximum power transfer
theorem :
(i) The circuit efficiency at maximum power transfer is only 50% as one-half of the
total power generated is dissipated in the internal resistance Ri of the source.

(ii) Under the conditions of maximum power transfer, the load voltage is one-half of the open
circuited voltage at the load terminals.

Applications of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

In communication circuits, maximum power transfer is usually desirable. For instance, in a public
address system, the circuit is adjusted for maximum power transfer by making load (i.e. speaker)
resistance equal to source (i.e. amplifier) resistance. When source and load have the same resistance,
they are said to be matched.
Example: Calculate the value of R which will absorb maximum power from the circuit of Fig. (i).
Also find the value of maximum power.
Star Delta Transformation

1. Delta to star transformation


 Consider three resistors RAB, RBC and RCA connected in delta to three terminals A, B
and C as shown in Fig. (i). Let the equivalent star-connected network have resistances
RA, RB and RC.
 Since the two arrangements are electrically equivalent, the resistance between any
two terminals of one network is equal to the resistance between the corresponding
terminals of the other network.
2. Star to delta conversion
Example: Using delta/star transformation, find the galvanometer current in the Wheatstone bridge shown in
Fig.
Reciprocity Theorem
This theorem permits us to transfer source from one position in the
circuit to another and may be stated as under:-
In any linear, bilateral network, if an e.m.f. E acting in a branch X
causes a current I in branch Y, then the same e.m.f. E located in
branch Y will cause a current I in branch X. However, currents in
other parts of the network will not remain the same.

Example: Verify the reciprocity theorem for the network shown in Figure. Also
find the transfer resistance.
Millman’s Theorem

 Millman’s theorem is a combination of Thevenin’s and Norton’s


theorems.
 It is used to reduce any number of parallel voltage/current
sources to an equivalent circuit containing only one source.
 It has the advantage of being easier to apply to some networks
than mesh analysis, nodal analysis or superposition.
 This theorem can be stated in terms of voltage sources or current
sources or both.

1. Parallel voltage sources. Millman’s theorem provides a method


of calculating the common voltage across different parallel-
connected voltage sources and may be stated as under :
The voltage sources that are directly connected in parallel can
be replaced by a single equivalent voltage source.
Example: Using Millman’s theorem, determine the common voltage
Vxy and the load current in the circuit shown in Fig. (i).

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