ELLIPSES IN COMPARISON – USE

OF HELPING VERBS

Before we get started with the grammatical nuances of this topic – how far we can
keep the words understood – let’s do a little exercise here. Which of these
sentences are correct?
1. John has more love for money than his wife.

2. John cooks better pizza than his wife.

3. John is scared of ghosts more than his wife.

Pretty simple sentences, right? So you got them all right? Well, let me tell you that
only the second here is correct. Read on to know why.

AMBIGUOUS COMPARISON

All the three above mentioned sentences present comparison. The structure of all
the three are also the same. But still, only the second sentence is correct. This is
so because only the second sentence presents clear comparison. The first and
third sentences present ambiguous comparison.
 Let’s first study the first sentence:
SIMPLE SENTENCE 1: JOHN HAS MORE LOVE FOR MONEY THAN HIS
WIFE.
We can actually infer two meanings from this sentence:
 Meaning 1: John loves both money and his wife. But he loves money more. So entities compared here

are “money” and “his wife”

 Meaning 2: Both and John and his wife love money. But between the two, John loves it more. So the entities

compared here “John”and “his wife”.

Why Ambiguity – This sentence is ambiguous because both the comparisons are
possible. While “money” and “his wife” are comparable (John is so materialistic,
you may say.J) in the first inferred meaning, “John” and “his wife” are also totally
comparable. Both these possible comparisons make this sentence ambiguous and
incorrect.

The same is the case with the third sentence. Let’s see how:
SIMPLE SENTENCE 3: JOHN IS SCARED OF GHOSTS MORE THAN HIS
WIFE.
Again, we can infer two meanings here:
 Meaning 1: John is scared of both ghosts and his wife. But he is more scared of ghosts. So entities

compared here are “ghosts”and “his wife”.

 Meaning 2: Both and John and his wife are scared of ghosts. But between the two, John is more scared of
ghosts. (Coward John J) So the entities compared here “John” and “his wife”.

Why Ambiguity – The reason is the same as the first sentence. Both the comparisons are possible and that
makes the sentence ambiguous and incorrect.

However this ambiguity does not touch the second sentence. This is how:
SIMPLE SENTENCE 2: JOHN COOKS BETTER PIZZA THAN HIS WIFE.
Meaning:

There is no question of two comparisons here. We just cannot say that John cooks
better pizza than he cooks his wife (unless he is a cannibal J). This comparison is
just not logical. Hence we have just one comparison here. John and his wife both
cook pizza. But John is better in doing that.

Many a times a word or words are not repeated and kept

understood in a sentence. This omission is called Ellipses.

We choose to omit those words that have already appeared

 in the sentence to keep the sentence short and precise.

However, words must be omitted only to a point where

the sentence does not become ambiguous.

So we see that despite same structures, while the second sentence is absolutely
clear in its meaning and comparison, the other two suffers from ambiguity
problem.

BLAME IT ON ELLIPSES

The reason why there is ambiguity in the first and the third sentence is that there
are some words missing from both these sentences and these omissions have led
to ambiguity in the meaning.

In the two ambiguous sentences, the words have been omitted to the extent to
make the sentence ambiguous. Let’s see what went wrong in the two ambiguous
sentences:
SIMPLE SENTENCE 1: JOHN LOVES MONEY MORE THAN HIS WIFE.
The comparison in this sentence is ambiguous as it may have two meanings. So if
we want to communicate Meaning 1, where the intended comparison is
between “money” and “his wife”, then the sentence must be written this way:

 John has more love for money than for his wife.
This sentence clarifies the intended comparison. The comparison has been
clarified by the insertion of the preposition “for”. Notice that this preposition
 already appears in the sentence before “for”, but it is imperative to repeat it
before “his wife” also to clarify the intended comparison. The omission of
preposition led to the ambiguity in the sentence even if “for” already exists in the
sentence.

If we want to communicate Meaning 2, where the intended comparison is

between “John” and “his wife”, then the sentence must be written this way:
 John has more love for money than has his wife.
In this sentence also, we see that even if “has” is already present once, we need to
repeat “has” again before “his wife” to clarify the ambiguity in comparison.

Now let’s see how we can correct the other sentence.

SIMPLE SENTENCE 3: JOHN IS SCARED OF GHOSTS MORE THAN HIS
WIFE.
Same as the first sentence, we want to convey Meaning 1, where the intended
comparison is between “ghosts” and “his wife”, then the sentence must be written
this way:
 John is scared of ghosts more than of his wife.
Insertion of omitted “of” before “his wife” is all we need to clarify the intended
comparison in this sentence even if “of” is already present in the sentence.
Removal of this word leads to an ambiguous incorrect sentence.

If we want to communicate Meaning 2, where the intended comparison is

between “John” and “his wife”, then the sentence must be written this way:
 John is scared of ghosts more than is his wife.
Repeating the helping verb “is” before “his wife” makes the intended comparison
clear. Even if this word is already present in the sentence, we saw how removal of
this word led to ambiguous sentence.

TAKEAWAY

1. Choose the answer choice that conveys intended unambiguous comparison.

2. When the sentence conveys ambiguous comparison, repeat either the preposition
or the helping verb to convey the intended meaning.

OFFICIAL EXAMPLE#1
Let’s see how we can apply this knowledge to solve official questions that test this
concept. Here comes the first official question
OFFICIAL EXAMPLE: Let us take a look at this OGV2#103 question:
Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer
than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.
1. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than

2. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than

3. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were

4. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were

5. in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than

Let’s first understand what this sentence is conveying.

MEANING ANALYSIS:
 Sentence presents comparison.

 It says that Inuits of Bering Sea were isolated from contact longer than Aleuts or
Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.

ERROR ANALYSIS:
1. This sentence resembles the core structure of the three sentences that we saw
right in the beginning of the article. The way this sentence is written, we can infer
two meanings:
 Meaning 1: Inuits of the Bering sea were isolated from both Europeans and Inuits of the NP and NA. But they
were in isolation for longer with Europeans. So the entity compared here are “Europeans” and “Inuits of the
NP and NA”.
 Meaning 2: Both kinds of Inuits were isolated from Europeans. But Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation
for longer. So the entity compared here are “Inuits of the Bering Sea” and “the Inuits of the NP and NA”.
Both these comparisons are possible because all the three entities “Inuits of the
Bering Sea”, “the Inuits of the NP and NA” and,“Europeans”. So at this point it is
not possible to say what the intended comparison is.
 What we do know now is that if the intended comparison is
between “Europeans” and “Inuits of the NP and NA”, then we need the
 preposition “with” before “Inuits of the NP and NA”. This will clarify the
comparison.
 If the intended comparison is between “Inuits of the Bering Sea” and “the Inuits of
the NP and NA”, then we need the helping verb “were” before “Inuits of the NP
and NA”.
2. Another error in this sentence is the idiom error. Phrase “in isolation from
contact” is not grammatical.
So let’s now do the PoE to see which comparison is intended.
A. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than: Incorrect for the reason
stated above.
B. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than: Incorrect for repeating the
same ambiguous comparison error as in choice A, although the idiom error has
been corrected.
C. in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were: Incorrect for incorrect
idiom. However, notice that the comparison is clear here. Insertion of the helping
verb “were” makes it clear that the choice intends to compare Inuits of the Bering
Sea” and “the Inuits of the NP and NA”.
D. isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were: Correct. The helping
verb “were” clarifies the comparison.
E. in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than: Incorrect for
repeating the same ambiguous comparison error as in choice A. Also, this choice
changes the meaning by saying that Inuits were “in isolation” also and they were
“without contacts with Europeans” also.

THING TO REMEMBER

So we have learnt that we need to repeat some words in a sentence for clear
unambiguous comparison even if that word is already present in the sentence.

Now in a sentence in which comparison is clear, repeating the preposition or the

helping word will not be wrong. Let’s look at sentence two here.

SIMPLE SENTENCE 2: JOHN COOKS BETTER PIZZA THAN HIS WIFE.

Ellipsis does not lead to ambiguity in meaning or comparison in this sentence.

However, the sentence will still not be incorrect if we write it the following way:
 John cooks better pizza than does his wife.
 So, even if the helping word “does” is not written in this sentence, the comparison
is clear, However, repeating “does” does not make this sentence incorrect. In case
of clear comparisons, repeating the helping verb or the preposition is OPTIONAL.

PRACTICE OFFICIAL QUESTION#1

Solve this question from GMAT Prep.

Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile
companies’ common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect
automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set dividends more conservatively that they
were.

A. to set dividends more conservatively than they were

B. to set dividends more conservatively than they have been

C. to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividends

D. that they will be more conservative than they were in setting dividends

E. that they will be more conservative than they have been to set dividends

PRACTICE OFFICIAL QUESTION#2

Solve this question fresh from the oven of e-gmat.

After comparing the Neanderthal DNA to the same stretch of DNA from human
mitochondria and to equivalent chimpanzee DNA, geneticists have found that the
Neanderthal DNA was more similar to human DNA than chimp DNA.

A. have found that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar to human DNA than
chimp DNA

B. might find that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar to human than chimp

C. have found that the Neanderthal’s was more similar to human than chimp’s

D. have found that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar to human DNA than to
chimp DNA
E. found that the Neanderthal DNA was more similar than human DNA and chimp
DNA