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Lua Parancsok

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31 views8 pages

Lua Parancsok

Uploaded by

ctm Tpa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ALAPOK

KOMMENTEK

 Egysoros komment:
o -- This is a single-line comment
 Többsoros kommenttömb:
o --[[ This is a multi-line
o comment ]]
 Soron belüli komment tömb:
o t = {1, 2, --[[in-line block comment]] 3}
 Kommenttömb, amely tartalmaz: ']]' :
o --[=[ Block comment that contains "]]". ]=]

VÁLTOZÓK & SCOPE (HATÓKÖR, INTERVALLUM)

 Globális változók: varName = value


 Helyi változók: local varName = value
 Példa:
 x = 1 -- global variable
 local function equal(z)
 ...
 local x = x -- local x = global x
 ...
end

ADATTÍPUSOK

 Nulla (Nil): nil


 Logikai (Boolean): true, false
 Szám (Number): 123, 4.56
 Szövegtípus (String): "Hello", 'World'
 Függvény (Function): function() end
 Lista (Table): {} (sorrendekhez, szótárakhoz, elemekhez használjuk)
 Thread: coroutine functions
 Userdata: custom C data types

OPERÁTOROK
SZÁMTANI OPERÁTOROK

 Összeadás: `x + y'
 Substract: x - y
 Multiply: x * y
 Divide: x / y
 Integer divide: x // y
 Reminder of Division: x % y
 Exponentiate: x^y
RELÁCIÓSJEL OPERÁTOROK

 Is a equal to b?: a == b
 Is a not equal to b?: a ~= b
 a is less than b?: a < b
 a is less than or equal b?: a <= b
 a is greater than or equal a?: a > b
 a is greater than or equal a?: a >= b Returns a boolean.

LOGIKAI OPERÁTOROK

 not a:It negates the boolean value of a.


 a and b: This operator returns a if a is false; otherwise, it returns b. It is
used to check if both conditions a and b are true.
 a or b: This operator returns a if a is true; otherwise, it returns b. It is
useful for selecting the first true value between a and b.

BITWISE OPERATORS

 Bitwise AND:
o x & y (Lua 5.3, 5.4)
o bit32.band(x, y) (Lua 5.2)
 Bitwise OR:
o x | y (Lua 5.3, 5.4)
o bit32.bor (x, y) (Lua 5.2)
 Bitwise XOR:
o x ~ y (Lua 5.3, 5.4)
o bit32.bxor(x, y) (Lua 5.2)
 Bitwise NOT:
o ~x (Lua 5.3, 5.4)
o bit32.bnot(x) (Lua 5.2)
 Shift:
o x << y (Lua 5.3, 5.4)
o bit32.lshift(x, y) (Lua 5.2)
o x >> y (Lua 5.3, 5.4)
o bit32.rshift(x, y) (Lua 5.2)

OTHER OPERATORS

 Returns strings or numbers a and b concatenated together into a new


string: a .. b
 Returns the length of value v: #v
 Function calls:
o f([expr1, expr2, …, exprN])
o f{…}
o f"string" or f'string' or f[[string]]
 Retrieves the value in table t:
o t[key]
o t.name

STATEMENTS / CONTROL STRUCTURES


IF-THEN-ELSE

if condition then
-- code
elseif anotherCondition then
-- code
else
-- code
end

FOR LOOPS

For (numeric):
for i=1, 10 do
-- code
end

For (generic):
for key, value in pairs(table) do
-- code
end

WHILE/REPEAT LOOPS

While:
while condition do
-- code
end

Repeat-Until:
repeat
-- code
until condition

LABELS AND GOTO

 Label: ::label::
 Goto label: goto label

FUNCTIONS
BASICS
 Example1:
 function getSum(num1, num2)
 return num1 + num2
end

 Usage: print(string.format("5 + 2 = %d", getSum(5,2)))


 Example2:
 function splitStr(theString)

 stringTable = {}
 local i = 1

 -- Cycle through the String and store anything except for spaces
 -- in the table
 for str in string.gmatch(theString, "[^%s]+") do
 stringTable[i] = str
 i = i + 1
end

MULTIPLE VALUES

 Return multiple values:


 return stringTable, i
end

 Receive multiple values:


splitStrTable, numOfStr = splitStr("The Turtle")

for j = 1, numOfStr do
print(string.format("%d : %s", j, splitStrTable[j]))
end

VARIADIC FUNCTION

 Variadic Function recieve unknown number of parameters


 function getSumMore(...)
 local sum = 0

 for k, v in pairs{...} do
 sum = sum + v
 end
 return sum
end

 Usage:
io.write("Sum : ", getSumMore(1,2,3,4,5,6), "\n")

INVOKING FUNCTIONS

print()
print("Hi")
 You can omit parentheses if the argument is one string or table literal:
 print "Hello World" <--> print("Hello World")
 dofile 'a.lua' <--> dofile ('a.lua')
 print [[a multi-line <--> print([[a multi-line
 message]] message]])
 f{x=10, y=20} <--> f({x=10, y=20})
type{} <--> type({})

CLOSURE

 A Closure is a function that can access local variables of an enclosing


function:
 function outerFunc()
 local i = 0
 return function()
 i = i + 1
 return i
 end
end

TABLES
CREATING TABLES

 Empty table: empty = {}


 With values: list = {1, 2, 3}
 Dictionary: dict = {["a"] = 1, ["b"] = 2, ["c"] = 3}
 Mixed content: mix = {[0] = 0, 1, 2, 3, a = 1, b = 2, c = 3}

ACCESSING VALUES

 Array-style: local value = t[1]


 Dictionary-style: local value = t.key

SETTING VALUES

 t[1] = "a"
 t.key = "value"

ITERATING OVER TABLES

 Pairs (for dictionaries):


 for key, value in pairs(t) do
 -- code
end
 ipairs (for arrays):
 for index, value in ipairs(t) do`
 `-- code`
`end

LOOKUPS

mytable = { x = 2, y = function() .. end }


 The same:
o mytable.x
o mytable['x']
 Syntactic sugar, these are equivalent:
o mytable.y(mytable) = mytable:y()
o mytable.y(mytable, a, b) = 'mytable:y(a, b)
o function X:y(z) .. end = function X.y(self, z) .. end

STANDARD LIBRARIES
STRING LIBRARY

 Concatenation: "Hello " .. "World"


 Length: #str
 Find: string.find(str, substring)
 Replace: string.gsub(str, pattern, replacement)

MATH LIBRARY

 Basic operations: +, -, *, /, //, %


 Power: math.pow(x, y) or x^y
 Square root: math.sqrt(x)
 Trigonometry: math.sin(x), math.cos(x),math.tan(x)

TABLE LIBRARY

 Insert:table.insert(t, value)
 Remove: table.remove(t, position)
 Sort: table.sort(t, compareFunction)

INPUT AND OUTPUT

 Read from standard input: io.read()


 Print to standard output: print("Hello, World!")
 Open a file: local file = io.open(filename, mode)

ADVANCED
METATABLES

Metatables in Lua allow you to change the behavior of tables.

SETTING A METATABLE

local myTable = {}
local myMetatable = {}
setmetatable(myTable, myMetatable)
GETTING A METATABLE

local mt = getmetatable(myTable)

METAMETHODS

Metamethods are special keys in a metatable that correspond to operator


overloads and other behavior modifications.

 __index: Controls behavior when accessing missing keys. Can be a


function or a table.
 __newindex: Controls behavior when setting values to missing keys.
 __call: Allows the table to be called as a function.
 __add, __sub, __mul, __div, __mod, __pow, __unm: Define behavior for
arithmetic operations.
 __eq, __lt, __le: Define behavior for equality and relational
operations.
 __tostring: Defines how a table is converted to a string, useful for
debugging.

MODULES

A Module is like a library full of functions and variables.

 Use require to gain access to the functions in the


module: convertModule = require("convert")
 Execute the function in the module: print(string.format("%.3f cm",
convertModule.ftToCm(12)))

-Module search path: package.path = package.path ..


";/path/to/your/modules/?.lua"

COROUTINES

Coroutines are like threads except that they can't run in parallel (status:
running, susepnded, dead or normal).

 Use create to create one that performs some action


 co = coroutine.create(function()
 for i = 1, 10, 1 do
 print(i)
 print(coroutine.status(co))
 if i == 5 then coroutine.yield() end
end end)
 They start off with the status suspended: print(coroutine.status(co))
 Call for it to run with resume during which the status changes to
running: coroutine.resume(co)
 After execution it has the status of dead: print(coroutine.status(co))

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