CSE 40410 Advanced Geotechnical

Design

Dr Chao ZHOU
Rm ZS918, Email: [email protected]
Dr. Kai LIU
Rm Z417B, Email: [email protected]
➢ Outline of Lectures

• Lecture 1: Pile foundation

• Lecture 2: Soil nailed slope

• Lecture 3: Consolidation of soils (1-D, 2-D and 3-D)

• Lecture 4: Excavation and soil reinforcement

• Lecture 5: Ground modification

2
➢ Learning outcomes

• Understand the derivation process and application of settlement

calculation equations for single pile and pile group (rigid cap)
under axial loading;

• Master the calculation method for ultimate resistance of various

types of piles under lateral loading:

 Short pile/long pile

 Pile in sand/clay

 Fixed/free- headed

3
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P0

dz

Professor Mark Randolph

The University of Western Australia

Randolph assumes:
Under pile axial load, the soil around the pile
will develop only the ring shear while the pile r
base can be approximated by a rigid plate.
r + dr
3D view of ring
element

Plan view 4
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P0

dz

r + dr
3D view of ring
element

Plan view 5
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Vertical force equilibrium

෍ 𝐹𝑧,𝑖 = 0

2𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 𝜏 + 𝑑𝜏 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝜋𝑟𝜏𝑑𝑧 + 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟(𝜎𝑧 + 𝑑𝜎𝑧 ) − 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟𝜎𝑧

Vertical up force on Vertical down Vertical up force Vertical down

outer vertical surface force on inner on top surface force on top
vertical surface surface

0
After simplification, we obtain
𝜕 𝑟𝜏 𝜕𝜎𝑧
+𝑟 =0 (1)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧

Based on the assumption by Randolph, 𝜎𝑧 can be taken as constant,

and consider the boundary condition at the pile surface, hence

𝜕 𝑟𝜏 𝜏0 𝑟0
=0 ⇒ 𝑟𝜏 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝜏= (2)
3D view of ring 𝜕𝑟 𝑟
element
6
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

𝜏0 𝑟0
𝜏= (2)
𝑟
rm dr
The shear strain 𝛾 is given by
𝜏 𝑑𝜔𝑧
dz
0
𝛾= = (3)
𝐺 𝑑𝑟

Put (2) into (3), we get

𝑑𝜔𝑧 𝜏0 𝑟0
𝛾= = (4)
𝑑𝑟 𝐺𝑟

r0 Therefore
∞
𝜏0 𝑟0 ⅆ𝑟
𝜔𝑧 = 𝐺
න 𝑟
(5)
𝑟

Assume the zone of influence to be 𝑟𝑚 , 𝜔𝑧 can be expressed

as
𝜏0 𝑟0 𝑟
𝜔𝑧 = ln 𝑚 𝑟0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟𝑚 (6)
𝐺 𝑟
𝑟𝑚
3D view of ring ln is found to be around 3 to 5 with a mean figure of 4.
𝑟0
element
7
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P0
Equilibrium of vertical forces for a small pile segment

𝛴𝐹𝑣 , 𝑖 = 0
dz 𝜏0
𝑑𝑃 + 2𝜋𝑟0 𝑑𝑧𝜏0 = 0
𝑑𝑃
P0 +dP = −2𝜋𝑟0 𝜏0 （7a）
𝑑𝑧

P0
 is the settlement of pile
𝜔+𝑑𝜔 −𝜔 𝑑𝜔
𝜀= = 𝑑𝑧 <0
𝑑𝑧
dz 
Note that compression is positive, 𝜀 is vertical tensile strain.
 +d
𝑑𝜔
𝜎 = −𝜀𝐸𝑝 , → 𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴𝑝 = −𝜀𝐸𝑝 𝐴𝑝 = − 𝐴 𝐸
𝑑𝑧 𝑝 𝑝
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝜀 𝑑2 𝜔
𝑑𝑧
= −2𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝜏𝑜 = −𝐸𝑝 𝐴𝑝
𝑑𝑧
= − 2 𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝
𝑑𝑧
(7b)

𝐸𝑝 𝐴𝑝 𝑑𝜀
strain 𝜏𝑜 = [𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝜀 = 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒]
FBG 2𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑧
gauge
8
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

At 𝑟 = 𝑟0 , 𝜔 is the same for soil and pile (for small settlement)

i.e., 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑧

From Eqs. (6) and 7(b)

𝜏0 𝑟0 𝑟𝑚
𝜔𝑧 = ln 𝜕2 𝜔 2𝜋𝐺
𝐺 𝑟 − 𝑟 𝜔 =0 (8)
𝜕𝑧 2 𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑃 ln 𝑚
𝑑2𝜔 𝑟0
𝐴 𝐸 − 2𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝜏𝑜 = 0
𝑑𝑧2 𝑝 𝑝

Eq (8) is usually expressed as

𝜕2𝜔 2𝜋𝐺 𝐾1
2 − 𝑢2 𝜔 = 0 where 𝑢2 = 𝑟 =𝐴 (9)
𝜕𝑧 𝐴𝑃 𝐸𝑃 ln 𝑟𝑚 𝑝 𝐸𝑝
0

𝑟𝑚
Ap : Area of cross-section of 𝐾1 = 2𝜋 𝐺 Τln Τ𝑟0 (9a)
pile
Ep : Young’s modulus of pile The general solution to Eq. (9) is

𝜔 𝑧 = 𝐶1 ⅇ𝑢𝑧 + 𝐶2 ⅇ−𝑢𝑧 (10)

9
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Based on Eqs. 7(b) and (10), the axial force is given by

𝜕𝜔 𝑧
𝑃 𝑧 = −𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑃 = −𝐴𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝐶1 ⅇ𝑢𝑧 − 𝐶2 ⅇ−𝑢𝑧 (11)
𝜕𝑧

Put z=l (pile bottom end) 𝑏 = 𝐶1 ⅇ𝑢𝑙 + 𝐶2 ⅇ−𝑢𝑙 (12)

𝑃𝑏 = −𝐴𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝐶1 ⅇ𝑢𝑙 − 𝐶2 ⅇ−𝑢𝑙 (13)

Divide Eq. (13）by –ApEpu and add with Eq. (12)

C1 and C2 can be determined as

1 𝑃𝑏 1 𝑃𝑏
𝐶1 = 𝜔𝑏 − ⅇ−𝑢𝑙 𝐶2 = 𝜔𝑏 + ⅇ𝑢𝑙 (13a)
2 𝐴𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 2 𝐴 𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢

Ap : Area of cross-section of For a rigid circular plate, the displacement at the rigid pile base is
pile given by elasticity as
Ep : Young’s modulus of pile 𝑃𝑏 =
4𝑟𝑏 𝐺𝑏
𝜔𝑏 = 𝐾2 𝜔𝑏 (14)
1−𝜇
Pb : Pile end resistance
b : Settlement of pile end
10
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Put Eq. (14) into Eq. (13a)

1 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑏 1 𝑃𝑏 𝑃
𝐶1 = − ⅇ−𝑢𝑙 𝐶2 = + 𝑏 ⅇ𝑢𝑙 (14a)
2 𝐾2 𝐴𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 2 𝐾2 𝐴 𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢

Put Eq. (14a) into Eq. (10), we have Eq. (15) and Eq. (16):
𝜔 𝑧 = 𝐶1 ⅇ𝑢𝑧 + 𝐶2 ⅇ−𝑢𝑧 (10)
𝑃𝑏 1 1 𝑃𝑏 1 1
𝜔 𝑧 = −𝐴 ⅇ−𝑢𝑙 ⅇ𝑢𝑧 + +𝐴 ⅇ𝑢𝑙 ⅇ−𝑢𝑧
2 𝐾2 𝑝 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 2 𝐾2 𝑝 𝐸𝑃 𝑢
𝑃𝑏 1 1 1 1
𝜔 𝑧 = −𝐴 ⅇ−𝑢(𝑙−𝑧) + +𝐴 ⅇ𝑢(𝑙−𝑧) (15)
2 𝐾2 𝑝 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝐾2 𝑝 𝐸𝑃 𝑢

1 1
Since is usually small as compared with ,
𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝐾2
Eq. (15) can be approximated as:
Ap : Area of cross-section of 𝑃𝑏 1 −𝑢 𝑙−𝑧 1 𝑃𝑏
pile
𝜔 𝑧 ≈ ⅇ + ⅇ𝑢 𝑙−𝑧 = cosh[𝑢 𝑙−𝑧 ] (16)
𝐾2 2 2 𝐾2
Ep : Young’s modulus of pile
Pb : Pile end resistance
b : Settlement of pile end
11
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

1 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑏 1 𝑃𝑏 𝑃
𝐶1 = − ⅇ−𝑢𝑙 𝐶2 = + 𝑏 ⅇ𝑢𝑙 (14a)
2 𝐾2 𝐴𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 2 𝐾2 𝐴 𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢
1 1
Since is usually small as compared with , Eq. (14a) can be
𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝐾2
approximated as:
1 1 1 1
𝐶1 ≈ 𝑃𝑏 2 𝐾 ⅇ−𝑢𝑙 ; 𝐶2 ≈ 𝑃𝑏 2 𝐾 ⅇ𝑢𝑙 (14b)
2 2

Put Eq. (14b) into Eq. (11), we have Eq. (17)

𝐾1 𝐾1
𝑢2 = 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝 𝑢 =
𝑝 𝐸𝑝 𝑢
𝐾1
𝑃 z = −𝐴𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝐶1 ⅇ𝑢𝑧 − 𝐶2 ⅇ−𝑢𝑧 = − (𝐶1 ⅇ𝑢𝑧
− 𝐶2 ⅇ−𝑢𝑧 )
𝑢

𝐾1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= −𝑃𝑏 [ −𝐴 ⅇ−𝑢𝑙 ⅇ𝑢𝑧 − 2 +𝐴 ⅇ𝑢𝑙 ⅇ−𝑢𝑧 ]
𝑢 2 𝐾2 𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝐾2 𝑃 𝐸𝑃 𝑢

Ap : Area of cross-section of 𝐾1 1 𝑢(𝑙−𝑧) 1 1 𝑢(𝑙−𝑧) 1

pile = 𝑃𝑏 ⅇ − 2 ⅇ−𝑢(𝑙−𝑧) + ⅇ + 2 ⅇ−𝑢(𝑙−𝑧)
𝑢𝐾2 2 2
Ep : Young’s modulus of pile
𝐾1
Pb : Pile end resistance = 𝑃𝑏 sinh 𝑢(𝑙 − 𝑧) + cosh 𝑢(𝑙 − 𝑧) (17)
𝑢𝐾2
b : Settlement of pile end
12
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Put z=0, P(z)=P0 in Eq. (17), we can obtain:

𝐾1
𝑃0 = 𝑃𝑏 sinh 𝑢𝑙 + cosh(𝑢𝑙) (17b)
𝑢𝐾2

Put z=0, (z)=0 in Eq. (15),

𝐾1
𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝 𝑢 =
𝑢
𝑃𝑏 1 𝑢 1 𝑢
(0)=0= 2 𝐾2
− 𝐾 𝑒 −𝑢𝑙 + 𝐾2
+ 𝐾 𝑒 𝑢𝑙
1 1

𝑃𝑏 1 𝑢𝐾2 1
= 𝑒 𝑢𝑙 + 𝑒 −𝑢𝑙 + (𝑒 𝑢𝑙
− 𝑒 −𝑢𝑙 )
𝐾2 2 𝐾1 2
𝑃𝑏 𝑢𝐾2
= 𝐾2
cosh(𝑢𝑙) + 𝐾1
sinh(𝑢𝑙) (17c)

Put Eq. (17b) in Eq. (17c), we can get:

Ap : Area of cross-section of
pile 𝐾2 tanh(𝑢𝑙) 𝐾1 −1
Ep : Young’s modulus of pile
0 = 𝑃0 1 + 𝐴𝑃𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝑢
tanh(𝑢𝑙) + 𝐾2 (18)
Pb : Pile end resistance
b : Settlement of pile end
13
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

𝐾 tanh(𝑢𝑙) 𝐾1 −1
0= 𝑃0 1 + 𝐴 𝐸2 𝑢 𝑢
tanh(𝑢𝑙) + 𝐾2 (18)
𝑃 𝑃

Eq. (18) applies if the soil properties is uniform with depth. If the
shear modulus changes linearly with depth, the equation is given by
4𝜂 2𝜋𝜌tanh 𝑢𝑙 𝑙
𝑃0 1−𝜇 𝜉
+ 𝜁 𝑢𝑙 𝑟0
= 4𝜂 tanh 𝑢𝑙 𝑙 (19)
𝐺𝑒 𝑟0 𝜔0 1+
𝜋𝜆 1−𝜇 𝜉 𝑢𝑙 𝑟0

where Ge = shear modulus at z=l, =rb / r0 (rb = radius of base)

 = Ge/ Gb (Gb = shear modulus for end bearing stratum)
 = Gav / Ge (Gav = average shear modulus of soil over pile
length)
Ap : Area of cross-section of
pile  = Ep / Ge, 𝜁= ln (rm / r0), ul = [2/(𝜁)]0.5 (l/r0)
Ep : Young’s modulus of pile
Pb : Pile end resistance
b : Settlement of pile end
14
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

𝐾 tanh(𝑢𝑙) 𝐾1 −1
0= 𝑃0 1 + 𝐴 𝐸2 𝑢 𝑢
tanh(𝑢𝑙) + 𝐾2 (18)
𝑃 𝑃

4𝜂 2𝜋𝜌tanh 𝑢𝑙 𝑙
𝑃0 +
1−𝜇 𝜉 𝜁 𝑢𝑙 𝑟0
= 4𝜂 tanh 𝑢𝑙 𝑙 (19)
𝐺𝑒 𝑟0 𝜔0 1+𝜋𝜆 1−𝜇 𝜉 𝑢𝑙 𝑟0

If the average shear modulus is used in Eq. (18), the results will
be close to that by using Eq. (19). And Eq. (18) will be sufficiently
good for general cases.

After finite elements simulation, Randolph gives 𝜁 as

If 𝜉  1, 𝜁 = ln 0.25 + (2.5𝜌 1 − 𝜇 − 0.25)𝜉 𝑙 Τ𝑟0
𝑟𝑚 = {0.25 + [(2.5𝜌(1 − 𝜇) − 0.25]𝜉}𝑙
If 𝜉 = 1, 𝜁 = ln[2.5𝜌 1 − 𝜇 𝑙]/𝑟0
Ap : Area of cross-section of
pile 𝑟𝑚 = 2.5𝜌(1 − 𝜇) 𝑙 (21a)
Ep : Young’s modulus of pile
Cooke has suggested that rm can be taken as 20r0 while a figure
Pb : Pile end resistance of 5-10r0 is commonly used in China.
b : Settlement of pile end
15
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

For pile group，Randolph proposed that rm is given by,

𝑟𝑚 = 2.5𝜌 1 − 𝜇 𝑙 + 𝑅𝐺 (21b)
where RG is the equivalent radius of equivalent area
RG = (Area of pile group/)0.5 and this term is sometimes
neglected for simplicity.

Eq. (18) can be viewed as

𝐾2 tanh(𝑢𝑙) 𝐾1 −1
pile group (4×4) 0 = 𝑃0 1 + 𝐴𝑃𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝑢
tanh(𝑢𝑙) + 𝐾2 (18)
Area of pile group: blue square
Equivalent area: red circle fii
Pj 0= 𝑃0𝑓𝑖𝑖 (22)
𝑓𝑖𝑗 Where fii is the influence factor. For a pile group, fij between
different piles are given by Eq. (18) with K1’ and K2’ if i ≠ j.

The same pile:

0= 𝑃0𝑓𝑖𝑖 or 𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑖
Two different piles ( pile i affected by pile j )
𝑖 = 𝑃𝑗𝑓𝑖𝑗
pile i
𝑅 pile j 16
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

ii Pj 𝑟
𝐾1 ln 𝑟𝑚
𝑓𝑖𝑗 0 𝜋𝑅
𝐾1′ = 𝑟𝑚 𝐾2′ = 𝐾2 2𝑟 (23)
ln 𝑅 𝑏

R: pile center to center spacing

Therefore, 𝑓𝑖𝑗 can be written as:

−1
𝐾2′ tanh(𝑢𝑙) 𝐾1′
𝑓𝑖𝑗 = 1 + tanh(𝑢𝑙) + 𝐾2′
𝑅 𝐴𝑃𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝑢
pile i pile j

Reminders:

➢ K1 is still used for determining u

𝑟𝑚 4𝑟𝑏 𝐺𝑏 𝐾1
𝐾1 = 2𝜋 𝐺 ൗln ൗ𝑟0 𝐾2 = 𝑢2 =
1−𝜇 𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝

Eq. (18) or fii is for the uniform G. In case of varying soil property (G is changing),
Gav should be used.

17
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P For a pile group with n piles, group interaction can be considered

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃𝑛 by using as rigid cap assumption as
𝑛
𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒i 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ෍ 𝑃𝑗 𝑓𝑖𝑗 = 𝜔𝑖,𝑐𝑎𝑝 (Cap at Pilei settlement)
𝑗=1

… Pilei is affected by n piles ( j=1, 2, 3, …n )

𝜔1 = 𝜔2 , 𝜔2 = 𝜔3 , 𝜔3 = 𝜔4 , … … 𝜔𝑛−1 = 𝜔𝑛 (24)
pile 1 2 3 n Using rigid cap assumption, the individual pile top movement is the
1 2 3 n same as the cap movement, hence Eq. (24) provides n-1 equations

From equilibrium of vertical forces

𝛴𝑃𝑗 = 𝑃 (25)
Eq. (25) provides the last equation for the solution of individual pile
load. Hence, there are n equations for n unknowns, and individual
pile load can be solved from Eqs. (24) and (25).

Rigid cap assumption is commonly used in design.

Flexible cap analysis is not covered in this lecture. 18

 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P=800 kN Example 1
Estimate the working settlement of a bored pile, 460 mm in diameter,
2m founded at a depth of 16 m in stiff clay; the upper 2 m of soil is made
ground, with no shear assumed. The strength of the clay increase
uniformly from 70 kPa just below the made ground up to 200 kPa at
14m the pile base, with an average value of 135 kPa. The design load for
the pile is 800 kN with  = 0.2. Assuming the Young’s modulus for the
pile is Ep = 25000 MPa and shear modulus (G) of soil is 150 Cu.

𝑟0 = 0.23𝑚;
From Eq. (19) 𝜌 = 𝐺𝑎𝑣 Τ𝐺𝑒 =(135×150)/(200×150)=0.675;
d = 460 mm
𝜆 = 𝐸𝑝 Τ𝐺𝑒 = 25000Τ(200 ×150/1000)=833;
𝐶𝑢 = 70 kPa − 200 kPa 𝜉 = 𝐺𝑒 Τ𝐺𝑏 = 1.
𝜇 = 0.2
𝐸𝑝 = 25000MPa use 𝑙 =14m,
𝐺 = 150𝐶𝑢 From Eq. (21a), 𝜉 = 1,
𝑟𝑚 = 2.5𝜌 1 − 𝜇 𝑙 = 18.9m,
𝜁 = ln 𝑟𝑚 Τ𝑟0 = 4.4,
0.5
2 𝑙 tanh 𝑢𝑙 𝑙
𝑢𝑙 = = 1.42, = 38.2
𝜁λ 𝑟0 𝑢𝑙 𝑟0

19
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P=800 kN Example 1
Estimate the working settlement of a bored pile, 460 mm in diameter,
2m founded at a depth of 16 m in stiff clay; the upper 2 m of soil is made
ground, with no shear assumed. The strength of the clay increase
uniformly from 70 kPa just below the made ground up to 200 kPa at
14m the pile base, with an average value of 135 kPa. The design load for
the pile is 800 kN with  = 0.2. Assuming the Young’s modulus for the
pile is Ep = 25000 MPa and shear modulus (G) of soil is 150 Cu.

Thus, from Eq. (19)

4 2𝜋 × 0.675
𝑃0 + × 38.2
d = 460 mm = 𝐺𝑒 𝑟0 × 0.8 4.4 = 269 kNΤmm
𝜔0 1 4
1+ × 38.2
𝐶𝑢 = 70 kPa − 200 kPa 𝜋𝜆 0.8
𝜇 = 0.2 800
𝐸𝑝 = 25000MPa 𝜔0 = = 3.0 mm
𝐺 = 150𝐶𝑢
269

In addition, under axial loading, the upper 2 m of pile will have an

axial compression:
𝑃 800 × 2 × 103 (𝑚𝑚)
Δ𝜔 = 𝜀𝐿 = 𝐿= = 0.385𝑚𝑚 ≈ 0.4𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐸 0.232 × 3.14 × 25000 × 103
𝜔𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜔0 + Δ𝜔 = 3 + 0.4 = 3.4𝑚𝑚
20
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Example 2
𝐺top = 0 MPa
Estimate the working settlement of a driven cast-in-situ pile, 510 mm
12m in diameter and driven through low-grade chalk to bear on grade I/II
chalk at a depth of 12 m. Back analyses of earlier pile tests have
indicated that the shear modulus for the upper chalk may be taken as
increasing at a rate of 1 MN/m2 for every meter of depth, take =0.24.
The shear modulus of the bearing chalk, allowing for disturbance due
to pile installation, may be taken as Gb = 36 MN/m2. Young’s modulus
of the pile is Ep = 28000 MN/m2.
𝐺𝑒 = 12 MPa
𝑟0 = 0.255𝑚;
d = 510 mm
From Eq. (19) 𝜌 = 𝐺𝑎𝑣 Τ𝐺𝑒 =6/12=0.5;
0 + 12 𝑙
𝐺𝑎v =
2
= 6 MPa (at 𝑧 = )
2
𝜆 = 𝐸𝑝 Τ𝐺𝑒 = 28000Τ12=2333.3;
𝜇 = 0.24 𝑙/𝑟0 = 12Τ0.255 = 47;
𝐸𝑝 = 28000MPa
𝐺𝑏 = 36 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝜉 = 𝐺𝑒 Τ𝐺𝑏 = 12/36 = 0.33.
From Eq. (21a), 𝜉 ≠ 1,
𝜁 = ln 0.25 + (2.5𝜌 1 − 𝜇 − 0.25)𝜉 𝑙Τ𝑟0 = 3.1
0.5
2 𝑙 tanh 𝑢𝑙 𝑙
𝑢𝑙 = = 0.78, = 39.3
𝜁λ 𝑟0 𝑢𝑙 𝑟0

21
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Example 2
𝐺top = 0 MPa
Estimate the working settlement of a driven cast-in-situ pile, 510 mm
12m in diameter and driven through low-grade chalk to bear on grade I/II
chalk at a depth of 12 m. Back analyses of earlier pile tests have
indicated that the shear modulus for the upper chalk may be taken as
increasing at a rate of 1 MN/m3 for every meter of depth, take =0.24.
The shear modulus of the bearing chalk, allowing for disturbance due
to pile installation, may be taken as Gb = 36 MN/m2. Young’s modulus
of the pile is Ep = 28000 MN/m2.
𝐺𝑒 = 12 MPa
Thus, from Eq. (19)
d = 510 mm 4 1 2𝜋 × 0. 5
𝑃0 × + × 39.3
𝐺𝑎v =
0 + 12 𝑙
= 6 MPa (at 𝑧 = ) = 𝐺𝑒 𝑟0 × 0.76 0.33 3.1 = 157 kNΤmm
2 2 𝜔0 1 4 1
1+ × × 39.3
𝜇 = 0.24 𝜋𝜆 0.76 0.33
𝐸𝑝 = 28000MPa
𝐺𝑏 = 36 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
For a working load of 1000 kN, the settlement will therefore be
1000/157=6.4mm

22
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P=1500 kN Example 3a
For a 20m length 0.5m diameter tubular pile with an internal core of
diameter 0.25m, Young’s modulus E for soil and concrete can be
taken as 30000 kPa and 25000 MPa. Poisson’s ratio can be taken as
20m
0.2. Determine the skin friction distribution along the pile shaft (at an
interval of 2m) and the amount of pile base load for an applied load of
1500 kN.

𝐴𝑃 = 𝜋 0.252 − 0. 1252 = 0.1473𝑚2

𝐴𝑃 𝐸𝑃 = 0.1473 × 25 × 106 = 3.682 × 106 kPa
Since Es = 30000 kPa and not end bearing

d = 500 mm 𝜉 = 𝐺𝑒 Τ𝐺𝑏 = 1 ;
𝜇 = 0.2 𝜌 = 𝐺𝑎𝑣 Τ𝐺𝑒 =1;
𝐸𝑠 = 30000KPa
𝐸𝑝 = 25000MPa 𝑟𝑚 = 2.5𝜌 1 − 𝜇 𝑙 = 40 m;
𝜁 = ln 𝑟𝑚 Τ𝑟0 = 5.075;

𝐸𝑠
𝐺𝑠 = = 12500 kPa;
2 1+𝜇
𝐺𝑠 = 𝐺𝑒 = 𝐺𝑎𝑣 = 𝐺b;
23
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P=1500 kN Example 3a
For a 20m length 0.5m diameter tubular pile with an internal core of
diameter 0.25m, Young’s modulus E for soil and concrete can be
taken as 30000 kPa and 25000 MPa. Poisson’s ratio can be taken as
20m
0.2. Determine the skin friction distribution along the pile shaft (at an
interval of 2m) and the amount of pile base load for an applied load of
1500 kN.

Determine skin friction along pile shaft 𝜏0

𝐾1
𝑃(𝑧) = 𝑃𝑏 sinh 𝑢(𝑙 − 𝑧) + cosh 𝑢(𝑙 − 𝑧) (17)
𝑢𝐾2
𝑑𝑃
= −2𝜋𝑟0 𝜏0 （7a）
𝑑𝑧
d = 500 mm
𝜇 = 0.2 𝑟𝑚
𝐸𝑠 = 30000KPa 𝐾1 = 2𝜋 𝐺 Τln Τ𝑟0 = 2𝜋 𝐺 Τ𝜁 = 15476 (9a)
𝐸𝑝 = 25000MPa
4𝑟𝑏 𝐺𝑏
𝐾2 = = 15625 (14)
1−𝜇

𝐾1
𝑢= = 0.0648 (9)
𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝

tanh 𝑢𝑙
= 13.282
𝑢
24
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

P=1500 kN Example 3a
For a 20m length 0.5m diameter tubular pile with an internal core of
diameter 0.25m, Young’s modulus E for soil and concrete can be
taken as 30000 kPa and 25000 MPa. Poisson’s ratio can be taken as
20m
0.2. Determine the skin friction distribution along the pile shaft (at an
interval of 2m) and the amount of pile base load for an applied load of
1500 kN.

Put in Eq. (17) for z=0

𝐾1
𝑃 0 = 1500 = 𝑃𝑏 sinh 𝑢𝑙 + cosh 𝑢𝑙 ⇒ 𝑃𝑏 = 53.95 kN
𝑢𝐾2
𝑑𝑃
sincⅇ = −2𝜋𝑟0 𝜏0 （7）
𝑑𝑧
d = 500 mm = −𝑃𝑏 𝐾1 /𝐾2 cosh 𝑢 𝑙 − 𝑧 + 𝑢 sinh 𝑢 𝑙 − 𝑧
𝜇 = 0.2 Solve for 𝜏0= 𝜏
𝐸𝑠 = 30000KPa
𝐸𝑝 = 25000MPa Z(m) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

τ 70.6 63.1 56.7 51.3 46.7 42.9 39.9 37.5 35.8 34.6 34
(kPa)

The pile base load is small while skin friction is high. This can be estimated
without performing any calculate in the following way: since pile diameter is
small, the loading taken up by base must be small. If r0 increases, more
loading will transfer to pile base.
25
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

2 1 Example 3b
d = 2.5m If a total load of 12000 kN is applied to 8 piles and the piles are
4 3 arranged in a 2×4 pattern with a spacing of 2.5m in both directions,
determine the pile settlement under this case. If an additional
d = 2.5m
moment of 6000 kNm is applied to this pile group to the long
6 5
d = 2.5m
direction, determine the various pile loads and settlements assuming
rigid cap in your calculation.
8 7
For pile group, Randolph proposed that rm is given by,
P=12000 kN
𝑟𝑚 = 2.5𝜌 1 − 𝜇 𝑙 + 𝑅𝐺 (21b)

The same pile:

20m
0= 𝑃0𝑓𝑖𝑖 or 𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑖
Two different piles ( pile i affected by pile j ):
𝑖 = 𝑃𝑗𝑓𝑖𝑗 𝐾1 ln
𝑟𝑚
𝑟0
𝐾1′ = 𝑟𝑚
ln
Therefore, 𝑓𝑖𝑗 can be written as: 𝑅
d = 500 mm d = 500 mm 𝐾2′ tanh(𝑢𝑙) 𝐾1′
−1 𝜋𝑅
𝜇 = 0.2 𝑓𝑖𝑗 = 1 + tanh(𝑢𝑙) + 𝐾2′ 𝐾2′ = 𝐾2
𝐸𝑠 = 30000KPa 𝐴𝑃𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝑢 2𝑟𝑏
𝐸𝑝 = 25000MPa 26
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

2 1 Example 3b
d = 2.5m If a total load of 12000 kN is applied to 8 piles and the piles are
4 3 arranged in a 2×4 pattern with a spacing of 2.5m in both directions,
determine the pile settlement under this case. If an additional
d = 2.5m
moment of 6000 kNm is applied to this pile group to the long
6 5
d = 2.5m
direction, determine the various pile loads and settlements assuming
rigid cap in your calculation.
8 7
𝑟𝑚
𝐾1 ln
𝑟0 𝜋𝑅
P=12000 kN 𝐾1′ = 𝑟 𝐾2′ = 𝐾2 (23)
2𝑟𝑏
ln 𝑚
𝑅
R: pile center to center spacing
20m 𝜋𝑅𝐺2 = 2.5 × 3 + 0.5 2.5 + 0.5 ⇒ 𝑅𝐺 = 2.764
𝑟𝑚 = 2.5𝑙 1 −  + 𝑅𝐺 = 42.76𝑚
𝜁 = ln 𝑟𝑚 Τ𝑟0 = 5.142
𝑟𝑚
𝐾1 = 2𝜋 𝐺 Τln Τ𝑟0 = 2𝜋 𝐺 Τ𝜁 = 15274.2 (9a)
4𝑟𝑏 𝐺𝑏
𝐾2 = = 15625 (14)
1−𝜇
d = 500 mm d = 500 mm
𝜇 = 0.2 𝑢= 𝐾1 /(𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝 ) = 15274.2/3682000 = 0.0644
𝐸𝑠 = 30000KPa
𝐸𝑝 = 25000MPa 27
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

2 1 Example 3b
d = 2.5m If a total load of 12000 kN is applied to 8 piles and the piles are
4 3 arranged in a 2×4 pattern with a spacing of 2.5m in both directions,
determine the pile settlement under this case. If an additional
d = 2.5m
moment of 6000 kNm is applied to this pile group to the long direction,
6 5
d = 2.5m
determine the various pile loads and settlements assuming rigid cap
in your calculation.
8 7
tanh 𝑢𝑙
= 13.33
P=12000 kN 𝑢
−1
𝐾2 tanh(𝑢𝑙) 𝐾1
𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 1 + tanh(𝑢𝑙) + 𝐾2 = 4.82 × 10−6
𝐴𝑃𝐸𝑃 𝑢 𝑢
20m
𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 1~3: 𝑅 = 2.5𝑚
𝑟
𝐾1 ln 𝑟𝑚 15274 ln 42.76
𝐾1′ = 𝑜 0.25 = 27660.8; 𝐾 ′ = 𝐾 𝜋𝑅 = 15625 3.14 × 2.5 = 245312.5
𝑟𝑚 = 42.76 2 2
2𝑟𝑏 2 × 0.25
ln 𝑅 ln
2.5
−1
𝐾2′ tanh 𝑢 𝑙 ′ ′
tanh 𝑢 𝑙
𝑓13 = 1 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾1 𝑢 = 𝐾1 /(𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝 )
𝐴 𝑝𝐸𝑝 𝑢 𝑢
245312.5
= 1+ × 13.33 245312.5 + 27660.8 × 13.33 −1 = 3.0749 × 10−6 (𝑢 − 𝑛𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)
3682000
d = 500 mm d = 500 mm
𝜇 = 0.2
if u changⅇs, 𝑢 = 𝐾1′ /(𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝 ) = 0.08667 𝑓13 = 3.159 × 10−6 (𝑢 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑)
𝐸𝑠 = 30000KPa
𝐸𝑝 = 25000MPa 28
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

2 1 R K1 ’ K2’ fij
d = 2.5m Pile 1-3 2.5 27661 245437 3.075×10-6
4 3
Pile 2-3 3.54 31506 347097 2.942×10-6
d = 2.5m
Pile 3-7 5 36594 490874 2.838×10-6
6 5
d = 2.5m
Pile 3-8 5.59 38500 548797 2.809×10-6

8 7 Pile 1-7 7.5 45117 736311 2.74×10-6

Pile 1-8 7.9 46505 775581 2.729×10-6

Considering symmetrical property and vertical force equilibrium:

X X
12000
𝑃1 + 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 + 𝑃4 = 𝑃5 + 𝑃7 = 𝑃6 + 𝑃8 = = 3000 kN
4
Y Y
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃7 = 𝑃8 = 𝑃𝑋
𝑃3 = 𝑃4 = 𝑃5 = 𝑃6 = 𝑃𝑌
Y Y

𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 10−6 : 𝑓33 = 4.82; 𝑓34 = 𝑓35 = 3.075 = 𝑓31 = 𝑓21 ; 𝑓36 = 2.942 = 𝑓32
X X = 𝑓14 ; 𝑓32 = 2.942; 𝑓37 = 2.838 = 𝑓51 ; 𝑓38 = 2.809; 𝑓18 = 2.729; 𝑓71 = 2.74

29
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

2 1 𝜔1 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 3 (𝜔3 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 1 (𝜔1 ):

𝜔3
8
4 3 𝜔3
= ෍ 𝑓3𝑖 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑌 𝑓33 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓34 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓35 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓36 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓31 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓32 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓37
𝑖=1
6 5 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓38 = 𝑃𝑌 𝑓33 + 2𝑓34 + 𝑓36 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓31 + 𝑓32 + 𝑓37 + 𝑓38
= 𝑃𝑌 (4.82 + 2 × 3.057 + 2.942) × 10−6 + 𝑃𝑋 (3.075 + 2.952 + 2.838
+ 2.809) × 10−6
8 7 = (13.912𝑃𝑌 + 11.664𝑃𝑋) × 10−6
𝜔1
8

= ෍ 𝑓1𝑖 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑋 𝑓11 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓12 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓17 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓18 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓13 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓14 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓15

𝑖=1
X X + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓16 = 𝑃𝑋 (𝑓11 + 𝑓12 + 𝑓17 + 𝑓18 ) + 𝑃𝑌 (𝑓13 + 𝑓14 + 𝑓15 + 𝑓16 )
= 𝑃𝑋 (4.82 + 3.057 + 2.74 + 2.729) × 10−6 + 𝑃𝑌 (3.075 + 2.942 + 2.838
+ 2.809) × 10−6
Y Y
= (13.364𝑃𝑋 + 11.664𝑃𝑌 ) × 10−6

Y Y Rigid Cap: 𝜔1 = 𝜔3

13.912𝑃𝑌 + 11.664𝑃𝑋 = 13.364𝑃𝑋 + 11.664𝑃𝑌

X X
2.248𝑃𝑌 = 1.7𝑃𝑋
𝑃𝑋 = 1.323𝑃𝑌
Hence, PX=1708 kN, PY=1292 kN => 𝜔 = 37.9 mm
30
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

2 1 𝜔1
No-interaction, that is, for an isolated pile:
4 3 𝜔3 Pile load=12000/8=1500 kN
Calculate settlement of a single pile under load 1500 kN:
6 5

The same pile:

8 7
𝜔0 = 𝑃0 𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 1500 × 4.82 × 10−6 (𝑚) = 1500 × 4.82 × 10−3 (𝑚𝑚)
= 7.2 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝: 𝜔 = 37.9 𝑚𝑚 >> 7.2 𝑚𝑚
X X

Y Y Hence pile group interaction effect is very critical in the

assessment of settlement.
Y Y

X X

31
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Calculate pile loads and pile settlement under M=6000 kN·m

2 1 𝜔1 𝑃𝑋
For a moment of 6000 kN·m, the problem is anti-symmetric.
d2 = 3.75m
Using moment equilibrium, the internal couple equal the external
4 3 𝜔3 𝑃𝑌 moment
d3 = 1.25m
6000 = 2𝑃𝑌 × 2.5 + 2𝑃𝑋 × 7.5
6 5 −𝑃𝑌 1200 = 𝑃𝑌 + 3𝑃𝑋
8
8 7 −𝑃𝑋 𝜔3 = ෍ 𝑓3𝑖 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑌 𝑓33 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓34 − 𝑃𝑌 𝑓35 − 𝑃𝑌 𝑓36 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓31 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓32
𝑖=1 −𝑃𝑋 𝑓37 − 𝑃𝑋 𝑓38
M=6000 kN·m = (1.878𝑃𝑌 + 0.37𝑃𝑋) × 10−6
𝜔1 = σ8𝑖=1 𝑓1𝑖 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑋 𝑓11 + 𝑃𝑋 𝑓12 − 𝑃𝑋 𝑓17 − 𝑃𝑋 𝑓18 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓13 + 𝑃𝑌 𝑓14 −
𝑃𝑌 𝑓15 − 𝑃𝑌 𝑓16
= (2.425𝑃𝑋 + 0.37𝑃𝑌 ) × 10−6
𝜔1 𝜔3
Rigid cap assumption, by proportion: =
𝑑1 𝑑3

20m

Therefore, 32
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Calculate pile loads and pile settlement under M=6000 kN·m

2 1 𝜔1 𝑃𝑋
d2 = 3.75m Hence the pile movement:
4 3 𝜔3 𝑃𝑌
d3 = 1.25m 𝜔3 = (1.878𝑃𝑌 + 0.37𝑃𝑋) × 10−6
= (1.878 × 92.3 + 0.37 × 369.2) × 10−6
6 5 −𝑃𝑌 = 0.31𝑚𝑚
𝜔1 = (2.425𝑃𝑋 + 0.37𝑃𝑌) × 10−6
8 7 −𝑃𝑋 = (2.425 × 369.2 + 0.37 × 92.3) × 10−6 = 0.93𝑚𝑚

M=6000 kN·m

20m

33
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Stiff clay layer

Sandy clay layer

Curves of field test on full-scale pile （how to measure load?）

Long-term in-situ monitoring data of rocket-socketed pile of one Tower in Philadelphia

34
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Load, Q (kN) Load, Q (kN)

Depth (m)

Depth (m)

Curves of field test on full-scale rocket-socketed piles

35
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Hu Hu

Plastic hinge
Failure Failure controlled
controlled by soil by pile

Short pile

➢Failure mechanism is controlled

Long pile
by the soil yielding only
➢Plastic hinges are also developed in the pile
at ultimate limit state besides yielding of soil

36
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Pile cap

Fixed head Free head

➢The joint between pile and cap is another important consideration in the determination
of lateral resistance of pile as it affects the formation of plastic hinges. Pile can be
classified into free head and fixed head according to the pile/cap joint condition.
➢ Free head assumption is commonly adopted as adequate reinforcement anchorage is
sometimes difficult to be provided at the cap. It is also on the safe side to design the
pile using free head assumption.
37
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Clay Sand

➢ Cohesion () ➢ Cohesion = 0

➢ Friction angle = 0° (undrained) ➢ Friction angle ()
➢ qf = cuNc ➢ Passive earth pressure
38
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Shallow foundation-strip footing

Typical CDG in HK

➢The following exact solution can be obtained, using plasticity theory, for the ultimate
bearing capacity (qf) of an infinite strip footing on the surface of a weightless soil. For the
undrained condition (u =0°) in which the shear strength is given by cu：

Infinite strip footing Finite-length pile

– in half-infinite space – more like a 3D condition, larger failure surface
qu = qf = cuNc = cu（2+π）=5.14 cu qu = qf = cuNc = 9 cu 39
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Short pile in clay: Free head

B : pile width
1.5B : this depth may contain crack;
not considered on safe side

at depth 1.5B+f : bending moment

reaches maximum value, Mmax
zero shear force, Q=0

g=L-1.5B-f

Mmax = Hu (e+1.5B+f)-9CuB×f×0.5f

Soil reaction Soil strength, qu

5.14cu for shallow foundation

qu = cuNc = f , Hu, g, Mmax ?
9cu for laterally loaded pile

40
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Short pile in clay: Free head

Divide the pile into two sections at depth of 1.5B+f

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝
∵ ෍ 𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 0 >> 𝐻𝑢 = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑓

1
𝑀max = 𝐻𝑢 ⅇ + 1.5𝐵 + 𝑓 − 9𝐶𝑢 𝐵 × 𝑓 × 𝑓 =
2
1
𝐻𝑢(𝑒 + 1.5𝐵 + 𝑓) − 𝐻𝑢 𝑓 = 𝐻𝑢(𝑒 + 1.5𝐵 + 0.5𝑓)
2

Soil reaction

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚:
𝑔
∵ ෍ 𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 0: 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑙1 = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵 𝑔 − 𝑙1 >> 𝑙1 =
2
𝑔
𝑙1 𝑔 − 𝑙1 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔−2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑙1 (𝑔 − 𝑙1 + ) − 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵(𝑔 − 𝑙1 ) = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵{ (𝑔 − + ) − (𝑔 − ) }
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
= 2.25𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑔2 = 2.25𝑐𝑢 𝐵(𝐿 − 1.5𝐵 − 𝑓)2
∵ 𝑔 = 𝐿 − 1.5𝐵 − 𝑓

𝑀max = 9𝐶𝑢 𝐵𝑓 𝑒 + 1.5𝐵 + 0.5𝑓 = 2.25𝐶u𝐵 𝐿 − 1.5𝐵 − 𝑓 2 f , Hu, g, Mmax ?

41
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Short pile in clay: Fixed head

Hu Mmax
Pile cap
at depth 0 : bending moment
1.5B
Hu reaches maximum value, Mmax
zero shear force, Q=0

L L-1.5B
𝐻𝑢 = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵(𝐿 − 1.5𝐵)

9CuB
Soil reaction Bending Moment

The short rigid fixed-headed pile behaves as a simple cantilever carrying a load
over part of its length
𝐿 − 1.5𝐵
𝑀max = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵(𝐿 − 1.5𝐵) + 1.5𝐵 = 0.5 × 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵 × (𝐿2 − (1.5𝐵)2 )
2
= 0.5 × 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵 × (𝐿2 − 2.25𝐵2 )
42
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Typical CDG in HK

Passive earth pressure:

 h = K p ( q +  z ) + 2c K p 𝐾𝑝 = (1 + sin )/(1 − sin )

Finite-length pile
– more like a 3D condition, larger failure surface
𝛾𝑧𝐾𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑞
For sand 𝑢 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 = ൝
Infinite retaining wall 𝛾𝑧(3𝐾𝑝 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 43
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Short pile in sand: Free head

at depth f : bending moment
reaches maximum value, Mmax
zero shear force, Q=0

Take moment at Point P:

1 1
𝐻𝑢 (𝐿 + 𝑒) = (3𝐵𝛾𝐿𝐾𝑝 )𝐿 × 𝐿
2 3
1
𝐻𝑢 = 𝐵𝛾𝐿3 𝐾𝑝 /(𝐿 + 𝑒)
2

෍ 𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 0
0.5
𝑄 = 0: 𝐿3
1 𝑓= 𝑜𝑟
(3𝐵𝛾𝑓𝐾𝑝 )𝑓 = 𝐻𝑢 3(𝐿 + 𝑒)
2 0.5 0.5
3 1 𝐿3 2 𝐻𝑢 𝐻𝑢
𝐵𝛾𝐾𝑝 𝑓 2 = 𝐵𝛾𝐾𝑝 𝑓= = 0.8165
2 2 𝐿+𝑒 3 𝐵𝛾𝐾𝑝 𝐵𝛾𝐾𝑝
3
𝐿
3𝑓 2 = 44
𝐿+𝑒
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Short pile in sand: Free head

1
𝐻𝑢 = 𝐵𝛾𝐿3 𝐾𝑝 /(𝐿 + 𝑒)
2
1
𝐻𝑢 = (3𝐵𝛾𝑓𝐾𝑝 )𝑓
2
0.5
𝐿3
𝑓=
3(𝐿 + 𝑒)

1 1 1 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑢 (𝑒 + 𝑓) − (3𝐵𝛾𝑓𝐾𝑝 )𝑓 𝑓 = 𝐻𝑢 (𝑒 + 𝑓) − 𝐻𝑢 𝑓 = 𝐻𝑢 (𝑒 + 𝑓)
2 3 3 3
3 0.5 0.5
1 1 2 𝐿 1 𝑒 2 𝐿 𝐿
= 𝐵𝛾𝐿3 𝐾𝑝 {𝑒 + } = 𝐵𝛾𝐿3 𝐾𝑝 { + }
2 𝐿+𝑒 3 3(𝐿 + 𝑒) 2 𝐿 + 𝑒 3 𝐿 + 𝑒 3(𝐿 + 𝑒)
0.5
1 2 3𝑒 𝐿 𝐿
= 𝐵𝛾𝐿3 𝐾𝑝 { + }
2 3 2(𝐿 + 𝑒) 𝐿 + 𝑒 3(𝐿 + 𝑒)
45
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Short pile in sand: Fixed head

Hu Mmax
Pile cap 1
𝐻𝑢 = (3𝐵𝛾𝐿𝐾𝑝 )𝐿
2
Hu = 1.5𝐵𝛾𝐿2 𝐾𝑝

1 2
𝑀max = (3𝐵𝛾𝐿𝐾𝑝 )𝐿 𝐿
2 3
3
= 𝐵𝛾𝐿 𝐾𝑝

3BLKp Bending
Soil reaction Moment

46
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement using rigid cap Pile deflection under
single pile under lateral
under axial loading assumption lateral loading
loading

Long pile: Failure is controlled by pile failure (plastic hinge) under lateral loading
Ultimate resistance of long piles:

The passive resistance provided by the soil to the yielding of an infinitely long pile is
infinite. Thus, the ultimate lateral load which can be carried by the pile is
determined solely from the ultimate moment of resistance Mu of the pile shaft.
Hu
Free head Hu Fixed head
e e

Zf Zf

Ultimate moment of
resistance Mu at Yielding
point/plastic hinge 47
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Long pile in clay: Free head

෍ 𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 0
Hu
𝐻𝑢
e 𝐻𝑢 = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑓 ≫ 𝑓=
9𝑐𝑢 𝐵
1.5B
𝑓
Mmax=Hu(e+1.5B+f )-(9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑓) 2
f
9
= Hu(e+1.5B+f )- 𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑓2
2

𝐻𝑢 9 𝐻𝑢 2
= 𝐻𝑢 (𝑒 + 1.5𝐵 + ) − 𝑐𝑢 𝐵( )
9𝑐𝑢 𝐵 2 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵

1 1
= (𝑒 + 1.5𝐵)𝐻𝑢 + 𝐻𝑢2 ( − )
9𝑐𝑢 𝐵 18𝑐𝑢 𝐵

1
9CuB = (𝑒 + 1.5𝐵)𝐻𝑢 + 𝐻𝑢2
18𝑐𝑢 𝐵

1
𝐻 2 + (𝑒 + 1.5𝐵)𝐻𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢 = 0
18𝑐𝑢 𝐵 𝑢

𝐻𝑢 =?
𝑓 =?
Soil reaction Bending moment

48
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Long pile in clay: Fixed head

at depth 1.5B+f : bending moment
Mu (top) Mu (bottom) reaches maximum value, Mu
zero shear force, Q=0
Mu (top)
Hu 1.5B 𝐻𝑢 = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑓

f Take moment at Point P :

P 𝑓
𝐻𝑢 1.5𝐵 + 𝑓 − 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑓
Mu (bottom) 2
−𝑀𝑢 𝑡𝑜𝑝 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 0
𝑓
𝐻𝑢 (1.5𝐵 + 𝑓) − 𝐻𝑢 = 2𝑀𝑢
2
2𝑀𝑢
9CuB 𝐻𝑢 =
1.5𝐵 + 0.5𝑓

2𝑀𝑢
𝐻𝑢 = = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑓
1.5𝐵 + 0.5𝑓
Soil reaction Bending moment 𝑓 =?

49
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Long pile in sand: Free head

Hu 1
3Kpz (3K p )f  fB = H u
e 2
2 / 3H u
1 f =
(3Kp)f×fB f BK p
2
1
𝑓
3 1 1
3KpfB M u = H u(e + f ) − (3K p )f 2 B  f
2 3
1 2
= H u(e + f ) − H u  f = H u(e + f )
3 3
Mu Mu
Mu H u= =
2
(e + f ) e + 2 2 / 3 H u
3 3 BK p
Mu
=
Hu
e + 0.54433
BK p

Soil reaction Bending moment

50
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Long pile in sand: Fixed head

Hu 3Kpz Mu (top) Mu (bot) 1
(3K p )f  fB = H u
e Mu (top) 2
2 / 3H u
f =
1
(3Kp)f×fB f BK p
1 2
P
𝑓 1 1
3
2M u = H u(e + f ) − (3K p )f 2 B  f
2 3
1 2
Mu (bot) = H u(e + f ) − H u  f = H u(e + f )
3 3
2M u 2M u
H u= =
2
(e + f ) e + 2 2 / 3H u
3KpfB 3 3 BK p
2M u
=
Hu
e + 0.54433
BK p
Soil reaction Bending moment

51
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

How to differentiate short pile and long pile?

4 EpIp For constant soil modulus with depth
R= (e.g. stiff overconsolidated clay)
khD
Pile stiffness factor
5 EpIp For soil modulus increases linearly with depth
T= (e.g. normally consolidated clay & granular soils)
nh
EpIp: Bending stiffness of pile

L： embedded length of pile 52

 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 4
Determine the maximum horizontal load and
moment on a 6m length 0.5m diameter short pile in
sand if =19kN/m3 and =35 and the eccentricity is
0.5m.
(Free-headed short pile in sand)

𝐾𝑝 = (1 + sin )/(1 − sin ) = 3.69

𝐻𝑢 = 0.5𝐵𝐿3 𝐾𝑃 𝛾Τ 𝑒 + 𝐿
= 0.5 × 0.5 × 5.53 × 3.69 × 19Τ6 = 486 𝑘𝑁

𝑄 = 0:
1 3 2
1 𝐿3
(3𝐵𝛾𝑓𝐾𝑝 )𝑓 = 𝐻𝑢 >> 𝐵𝛾𝐾𝑝 𝑓 = 𝐵𝛾𝐾𝑝
2 2 2 𝐿+𝑒
0.5
2
𝐿3 𝐿3 5. 53
3𝑓 = >> 𝑓 = =[ ]0.5
𝐿+𝑒 3(𝐿 + 𝑒) 3 5.5 + 0.5
= 3.04𝑚

1 1 1 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑢 (𝑒 + 𝑓) − (3𝐵𝛾𝑓𝐾𝑝 )𝑓 𝑓 = 𝐻𝑢 (𝑒 + 𝑓) − 𝐻𝑢 𝑓 = 𝐻𝑢 (𝑒 + 𝑓)
2 3 3 3
2
= 486(0.5 + × 3.04) = 1227.96 𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
3
53
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 4
If the pile is a long pile with moment capacity of
8000 kN⋅m, determine the maximum horizontal
load.
(Free-headed long pile in sand)

𝑀𝑢
𝐻𝑢 =
𝐻𝑢
0.5 + 0.54
19 × 0.5 × 3.69
Since Mu = 8000, this gives Hu = 1821 kN

54
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 4
For a 0.5m diameter short pile in clay, if e=0.4m
and total length = 6m, find the ultimate lateral load
and the maximum moment on the pile if the soil is
clay with a mean strength of 50 kPa.
(Free-headed short pile in clay)

𝑔 = 𝐿 − 1.5𝐵 − 𝑓 = 6 − 0.4 − 1.5 × 0.5 − 𝑓

= 4 ⋅ 85 − 𝑓
𝑀max = 2.25𝑐𝑢𝐵𝑔2
𝑀max = 9𝑐𝑢𝐵𝑓(𝑒 + 1.5𝐵 + 0.5𝑓)

𝑀max = 2.25 × 50 × 0.5 × 4.85 − 𝑓 2 = 9 × 50 × 0.5 × 𝑓(0.4 + 1.5 × 0.5 + 0.5𝑓)

𝑖. 𝑒. 56.25𝑓2 + 804.38𝑓 − 1323 = 0 ≫ 𝑓 = 1.49m

𝑔 = 𝐿 − 1.5𝐵 − 𝑓 = 4.85 − 𝑓 = 4.85 − 1.49 = 3.36𝑚

𝑀max = 2.25 × 50 × 0.5 × 3.362 = 635 kN ∙ m

𝐻𝑢 = 9𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑓 = 9 × 50 × 0.5 × 1.49 = 335 kN
55
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 4
If the length of the pile is increased so that it
behaves as a long pile, determine the ultimate
horizontal force if Mu is 800 kN·m.

(free-headed long pile in clay)

1 𝐻𝑢
𝐻𝑢(𝑒 + 1.5𝐵 + 𝑓) = 𝑀𝑢 ∴ 𝐻𝑢(𝑒 + 1.5𝐵 + ) = 𝑀𝑢
2 2 × 9𝑐 𝑢𝐵
𝐻𝑢 𝐻𝑢
𝐻𝑢(0.4 + 1.5 × 0.5 + ) = 800 ∴ 𝐻𝑢(1.15 + ) = 800
2 × 9 × 50 × 0.5 450
𝐻𝑢2 + 517.5𝐻𝑢 − 360000 = 0
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −517.5 ± 517. 52 + 4 × 360000
𝐻𝑢 = =
2𝑎 2
−517.5 + 1306.83
= = 394.665𝑘𝑁
2
𝑓 = 394.665/(9 × 50 × 0.5) = 1.754 𝑚 56
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Lateral load on pile

Lateral loads are important for tall buildings, retaining walls. For calculating lateral load, two
approaches are commonly used.

(1) Subgrade reaction If the lateral deflection is not large, Winkler’s model is commonly
used and Kh is usually expressed as:
p = K h δh
p : reaction pressure (kN/m2)
Kh : coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction (kN/m3)
δh : lateral displacement (m)

P = K h D δh
P : lateral line load (kN/m)
D : pile diameter or width
z n
K h = nh n = 1 ⇒ K h D = nh z
D
nh : Constant of horizontal subgrade reaction (kN/m3)
z : depth
𝑃 = nh z × δh 57
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Lateral load on pile

Lateral loads are important for tall buildings, retaining walls. For calculating lateral load, two
approaches are commonly used.

(2) p-y curve When the external horizontal loads are large, the use of linear
model in subgrade reaction is no longer applicable. The p-y curve
is commonly used under this situation which can be viewed as a
non-linear subgrade reaction model. The p-y curves are either
curved fitted with equation (different among different countries) or
discrete points are used.

If p-y curve is used in the analysis, the use of computer software

will be necessary.

58
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

K h D = nh z
nh : Constant of horizontal
subgrade reaction
z : depth
P = nh z × δh

59
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

60
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Free-headed pile subjected to moment and lateral load

61
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Free-headed pile subjected to moment and lateral load

62
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Free-headed pile subjected to moment and lateral load

63
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Fix-headed pile subjected to lateral loading

64
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Fix-headed pile subjected to lateral loading

65
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Pile group subjected to moment and lateral load-1st method

𝑃 = 𝑛ℎ𝑧𝛿ℎ (for the case of Kh varying linearly with depth)

where 𝑃 = soil reaction per unit length of pile
𝑛ℎ = Constant of horizontal subgrade reaction
𝑧= depth below ground surface
δℎ = lateral deflection
𝑛ℎ,𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑛ℎ(singlⅇ)
𝑛ℎ − 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 ≫ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
More settlement/deflection for a pile group due to interaction!
This method is widely used in design practice and is generally an adequate approximation. 66
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Pile group subjected to moment and lateral load-2nd method

Compare to an isolated single pile (not in a pile group or no piles interaction):
(a) There is more settlement/deflection for a single pile in a pile group due to interaction under the same
lateral load: 𝛿ℎ,𝑔(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝) = 𝑦𝑚 × 𝛿ℎ,𝑝(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) (𝑦𝑚 > 1)
(b) There is less resistance for a single pile in pile group due to interaction with the lateral deflection:
𝐻𝑔(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝) = 𝑓𝑚 × 𝐻𝑝(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) (𝑓𝑚 < 1)

This method may be only adopted where there are sufficient data from load tests. 67
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 5

For a 20m length pile subjected to 1000 kN lateral load at top of the pile, determine
the absolute maximum lateral deflection and the absolute maximum moment on the
pile if Ep= 22000 MPa, second moment area of pile = 0.08 m4, nh=4x103 kN/m3.
(a) Pile is fully in soil ground:
(i) Pile has a free head condition
(ii) Pile has a fixed head condition
(iii) Comment on the adoption of fixed head design for design of pile under
lateral load.

(b) Pile has additional 2m above the ground (L=20m) and H is applied at pile head:
(i) Pile has a free head.

68
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 5
For a 20m length pile subjected to 1000 kN lateral load at top of the pile, determine
the absolute maximum lateral deflection and the absolute maximum moment on the
pile if Ep= 22000 MPa, second moment area of pile = 0.08 m4, nh=4x103 kN/m3.
(a) Pile is fully in soil ground:
(i) Pile has a free head condition
Solution
a(i)
5 EpIp
T=
nh
H=1000kN 5 22000×1000×0.08
= = 3.378 m
4×103

L 20
= 3.378 = 5.92
L=20m T

Fδ = 2.25
HT3
δH = F δ
EpIp
1000×3.3783
= 2.25 × 22000×1000×0.08
= 0.049m = 49 mm 69
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 5
For a 20m length pile subjected to 1000 kN lateral load at top of the pile, determine
the absolute maximum lateral deflection and the absolute maximum moment on the
pile if Ep= 22000 MPa, second moment area of pile = 0.08 m4, nh=4x103 kN/m3.
(a) Pile is fully in soil ground:
(i) Pile has a free head condition

Solution
a(i)

H=1000kN

L=20m

70
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 5
For a 20m length pile subjected to 1000 kN lateral load at top of the pile, determine
the absolute maximum lateral deflection and the absolute maximum moment on the
pile if Ep= 22000 MPa, second moment area of pile = 0.08 m4, nh=4x103 kN/m3.
(a) Pile is fully in soil ground:
(ii) Pile has a fixed head condition Solution
a(ii)
5 EpIp
T=
nh
5 22000×1000×0.08
= = 3.378 m
4×103
H=1000kN
L 20
= 3.378 = 5.92
T
L=20m

Fδ = 0.92
HT3
δH = F δ
EpIp
1000×3.3783
= 0.92 × 22000×1000×0.08
= 0.020m = 20 mm 71
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 5
For a 20m length pile subjected to 1000 kN lateral load at top of the pile, determine
the absolute maximum lateral deflection and the absolute maximum moment on the
pile if Ep= 22000 MPa, second moment area of pile = 0.08 m4, nh=4x103 kN/m3.
(a) Pile is fully in soil ground:
(ii) Pile has a fixed head condition Solution
a(ii)

H=1000kN

L=20m

M𝐻 = 2769.96 kN ⋅ m

72
 Pile group settlement Ultimate resistance of
Single pile settlement Pile deflection under
using rigid cap single pile under lateral
under axial loading lateral loading
assumption loading

Example 5
For a 20m length pile subjected to 1000 kN lateral load at top of the pile, determine
the absolute maximum lateral deflection and the absolute maximum moment on the
pile if Ep= 22000 MPa, second moment area of pile = 0.08 m4, nh=4x103 kN/m3.

(b) Pile has additional 2m above the ground (L=20m) and H is applied at pile head:
(i) Pile has a free head.
δ=δ𝐻 +δ𝑀 𝑀 =𝑀 H +𝑀 M
Embedded length=18m, Maximum 𝑀 due to H and M occur
Both of maximum 𝛿 due
Superposition method to H and M occur at z=0m at different depths
Try to calculate 𝑀 at different depths

H=1000kN M=1000×2=2000 kN ⋅m
H=1000kN e=2m e=2m

L=20m L=18m L=18m

= +

73
Thank you for your attention！