Design and Fabrication of Rack and Pinion Mechanism To Generate Elecricity Through Speed Breaking System
Design and Fabrication of Rack and Pinion Mechanism To Generate Elecricity Through Speed Breaking System
Design and Fabrication of Rack and Pinion Mechanism To Generate Elecricity Through Speed Breaking System
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
In recent years, the increasing demand for sustainable energy sources has led
researchers and engineers to explore innovative ways of harnessing clean and
renewable energy. One area of focus has been the utilization of kinetic energy
produced during vehicular braking to generate electricity. This project design and
fabrication of rack and pinion mechanism that efficiently captures and converts the
weight\force generated by vehicles during speed braking into electrical energy.
The conventional braking systems in vehicles dissipate the kinetic energy as heat,
resulting in energy wastage. However, by employing and intelligently designed
rack and pinion mechanism, it becomes possible to convert this wasted energy into
a usable form. The rack and pinion mechanism, commonly used in steering system
to facilitates the conversion of rotational motion into linear motion or vice versa.
By adapting this mechanism to the braking system, we can tap into the rotational
energy produced by the vehicle's weight and transform it into a useful rotational
motion. The rack and pinion mechanism were first invented in China by firearms
designer (ZhaoShizhen),in the 16th century. It was used in the firing mechanism of
a gun, and also used in some early steam engines. The first rack and pinion
steering system was used in a car in the 1930s, and the mechanism has become
increasingly common in cars since then. The rack and pinion mechanism is a
simple machine that uses the gear teeth of a pinion to move a rack, with its straight
bar with teeth on it. The pinion is rotated by a steering wheel or other input device,
and the rack moves in the direction of the rotation. This motion can be used to turn
the wheels of a vehicle, or to move other objects or to change direction of motion
I.e., from reciprocating to rotation or vice versa. The rack and pinion mechanism is
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a simple and efficient way to transmit motion. It is used in a wide variety of
applications, including cars, trucks, trains, and even elevators. The mechanism is
reliable and durable, and it has a long history of use. The rack and pinion
mechanism are suitable for use in speed braking systems to generate electricity
because of simplicity in design, good working efficiency, and reliable way to
convert the weight of a moving vehicle into mechanical energy. The mechanism
can be used to power a generator, which can then be used to generate electricity.
Electricity generation began somewhere around 100 years ago, and before this idea
was known, houses were lit with help of kerosene lamps, iceboxes were used to
cooling food, and rooms were warmed by stoves using either coal or wood for
burning. Direct current (DC) electricity was used in arc lights for outdoor lighting.
Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current
(AC) electricity, in the late-1800s, which could be transmitted over much greater
distances compared to direct current. The first ever generation of electricity was
done by using Faraday’s dynamo in the 1800’s. Almost 200 years later, it was
found that we are still using the same basic principles to generate electricity, only
on a much larger scale. The standard conventional fossil fuels are the key sources
for power generation, but there is a fear of these conventional fossil fuels getting
exhausted eventually by the next few decades. Hence it has become mandatory for
us to search on some new alternative sources for power generation, which
wouldlast for a longer duration (N.V. Bhavsar, et al, 2015). Therefore, it is
necessary and important that we depend on non-conventional energy sources for
power generation. While moving, vehicles possess kinetic energy and some of the
kinetic energy is wasted. This kinetic energy which is already being wasted can
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therefore be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called
“electro-mechanical unit”. Electricity production from a speed breaker is a new
concept that is undergoing research .The need for reliable and efficient extra
supply to address extra load demands such as traffic lightings, street lighting etc.
cannot be over emphasized. Several emerging technologies have been employed to
address this need and evolving technology which is the solar street lightings to a
greater extent supply the required energy however there is need for additional
energy supply. This project presents a technology that can be used to generate
electricity from speed breaker in which the system employed is reliable and energy
efficient and conservative. In light of the above, this offers a cost effective,
alternative source of energy which can improve the economy as need for back up
energy becomes greatly necessitated. Recently, in Nigeria the need for street
lighting in local areas to boost security as well address critical load demands in
such zones has greatly been increased, as adverse effect of conventional sources
has pushed the need for alternative source with little or no pollution. As
population greatly increased, this has had an equivalent impact, depleted the
conventional sources of power generation and consequently increased the need to
strategize. This project presents a model of conserving the weight, load, or in other
method kinetic energy. We can capture this kinetic energy at the speed breaker so
that it can serve our purpose of electricity generation. An electromechanical unit is
fixed under the speed breaker which is explained in the project. This unit converts
reciprocating motion into rotary motion. The rotational power (i.e., mechanical
energy) is converted into the electrical energy by using gear arrangement and a
generator which generates electricity. Thus, the speed breaker an electro-
mechanical unit referred to as an energy hump, is employed in conserving this
energy for power generation. Thus prompting this study could pave way for
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sufficient and reliable supply required to serve immediate loads like street lights,
traffic lightings and other lighter loads in our environment and thus leads in cost
saving and improvement country’s economy ,security and safety of the
general public. There are three different stages taking part in this conversion in
order to generate the electricity. The basic energy conversion taking place is first
from kinetic energy to mechanical energy and then from mechanical energy to
electrical energy. The kinetic energy of the vehicle which is wasted at the speed
breaker is converted to mechanical energy of the unit below speed breaker by the
rack and pinion mechanism. This mechanical energy is later converted to electrical
energy by a generator.
1. Kinetic Energy
Energy possessed by a body due to virtue of its motion is called as Kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy of an object of mass m traveling at a speed v is ½ mv2 . The
kinetic energy of an object is directly proportional to the square of its speed. The
kinetic energy of an object is completely described by magnitude alone (scalar
quantity).
2. Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is the energy associated with both the motion and position of an
object. Objects possess mechanical energy when they are in motion or if they are at
a zero potential energy position. An object gains energy, when some work has been
done on it. The energy gained by the objects on which, work is done, is known as
mechanical energy.
3.Electrical Energy
When energy is stored in charged particles which are in an electric field,
thatenergy is known to be electrical energy. The regions or areas which form an
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envelope around these charged particles are called as electric fields. The electric
fields are a result of charged particles, and they exert force on other charged
particles causing them to move in the electric field. The mechanism used in the
assembly is rack and pinion mechanism. It converts reciprocating motion into
rotary motion. Here, the rack is the element producing reciprocating motion and
pinion rotates due to this reciprocating motion. The rack is displaced vertically due
to the weight of the load passing on the speed breaker and thus it reciprocates (M.
Ramadan, et al, 2015). As the rack reciprocates, it turns the pinion to rotate.
Therack is the flat part which has teeth, while the pinion is a gear.
The significance of this project is that it has the potential to provide a new,
renewable source of energy. The rack and pinion mechanism is a simple and
efficient way to convert the kinetic energy of into electrical energy. This
technology could be used to power street lights, traffic signals, and other devices in
urban areas. It could also be used to provide electricity to homes and businesses in
rural areas that are not connected to the power grid.
1.4AIM:
The aim of this project is to develop a system that can generate electricity from the
kinetic energy of human being as they pass over speed braking system. The system
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uses a rack and pinion mechanism to convert the weight\load\mass of individuals
into rotational motion, which would then be used generate electricity.
1.5 OBJECTIVES:
●To design a rack and pinion mechanism that is efficient and reliable.
materials.
●To test the rack and pinion mechanism to verify its ability to generate
electricity.
●To develop a prototype of the rack and pinion mechanism that can be
The conventional rack and pinion mechanism for generating electricity through
speed braking system uses the kinetic energy of vehicles. This makes the design
expensive, as high strength and durability are required. In this project, we use the
same design procedure but with materials that are relatively less expensive but
provide maximum strength to withstand the weight of an average individual,
lecturer, or student in school. This will allow us to place the project along the
walkways where people's weight can be converted into electrical energy.
● The efficiency of the rack and pinion mechanism will depend on a number of
factors, such as the weight of the vehicles passing over the speed breaker, the
speed of the vehicles, and the design of the rack and pinion mechanism.
● The rack and pinion mechanism will need to be properly maintained in order to
operate sufficiently. Despite these limitations, this project has the potential to
provide a new, renewable source of energy. The rack and pinion mechanism are a
simple and efficient way to convert the kinetic energy of vehicles into electrical
energy. This technology could be used to power street lights, traffic signals, and
other devices in urban areas. It could also be used to provide electricity to homes
and businesses in rural areas that are not connected to the power grid.
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CHAPTER TWO
The energy crisis is one of the great bottlenecks in the supply of energy resources
to an economic development. The studies to sort out the energy crisis led to the
idea of generating power using speed breaker. Firstly, South African electrical
crisis has made them implemented this method to light up small villages of the
highway. The idea is basic physics, to convert the kinetic energy into electrical
energy that gone wasted when the vehicle runs over speed-breaker. While moving,
the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic
energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called
Power Hump, which comprises Electro-Mechanical unit. All this mechanism can
be housed under the dome, like speed breaker, which is called Hump. It utilizes
both mechanical technologies and electrical techniques for the power generation
and its storage whenever load is allowed to pass over the dome it gets pressed
downwards, then the springs that are attached to the dome are compressed and the
rack, which is attached to the bottom of the dome moves downward in
reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth connected to gears, there exists
conversion of reciprocating motion of rack into rotary motion of gears but the
two gears rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose
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function is to regulate the fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform
and so, the shafts will rotate with certain rpm. These shafts are connected through a
belt drive to the dynamos. So, whenever a vehicle moves over the speed bump, the
speed bump takes the kinetic energy of the vehicle and converts it into mechanical
energy and which further converted into electrical energy.
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Rack and pinion Mechanism: The process of generating power using the rack and
pinion method is efficient and many authors conducted the experimental studies on
this process. This method has a rack which creates linear motion and a pinion
which converts that linear motion into rotatory motions. That rotary motions are
transferred to the generator. In between a gear train or transmission system is built
in order to transfer the energy efficiently. At the end of transmission system there
is a generator connected. We all know the purpose of the generator that is to
convert the mechanical energy to electrical energy. The power generated will
depend upon the efficiency of rack and pinion mechanism and the transmission
system.
Working:
So, we see many vehicles on roads and as well as speed bumps for controlling the
speed of the vehicles indicating speed limit on roads. The design of the speed
bump is of special kind that is the speed bump is designed as a kind of suspension
system. The speed bump is spring supported at both ends. So, whenever a vehicle
or weight passes over the speed breaker the springs under the speed breaker takes
the energy and gets compressed. During this process the speed breaker is able to
generate the linear motion. As the rack and pinion mechanism is connected to the
speed breaker the linear motions created by the speed breaker is taken by the rack
and pinion mechanism. So that rack and pinion mechanism converts the linear
motion to the circular motion. That circular motions are transferred to the generator
by using the transmission system. The transmission system is may be of different
kinds i.e., gear train, belt drive, chain sprocket mechanism.
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Roller speed breakers: In this type of process the circular motions are directly
generated by the speed breakers. Many authors conducted experimental on this
process by using the different kinds of friction material as a speed bump covering
material. But in this method the efficiency of the system totally depends on the
speed of the vehicle. The speed of the vehicle is directly proportional to the
efficiency of the system. So, in many commercial areas the role of the speed bump
is to reduce the speed of a vehicle. Keeping that factor in mind the speed breakers
are designed with good friction material so that the speed bump can take more
energy from the vehicle.
Remaining mechanism is same to every process that is the rotational energy from
speed breaker is transferred to generator by using transmission system and it may
be of any kind i.e., gear train, chain sprocket, belt drive.
Working:
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As the speed breaker is a roller both the ends of the speed breaker are bearing
supported. The speed breaker is covered or wrapped in a friction material. So,
whenever a vehicle passes over the speed breaker, due to the friction between the
wheels and the speed breaker, and the bearing support makes the roller speed
breaker to generate circular motions. So, the speed bump itself creates the circular
motions here. That circular motions are transferred to generator by using the
transmission system. Since here the speed breaker itself creates circular motion
there no need of mechanical energy conversion, which means there is no lot of
energy losses or may have less losses compared with other process. And the
efficiency of the system depends on the type of the friction material using to wrap
around the speed bump, and as usual the transmission system.
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Crank shaft mechanism: As we all know the use of crank shaft i.e., converting of
the linear motion to the circular or rotary motion. The use of this method for
generating power good but as it has many moving parts there will be a lot of heat
generated and vibrations in the system. So, the system should be designed carefully
while selecting such type of systems. As the specialized speed breaker can afford
linear motion the piston and crank shaft mechanism can generate circular motions.
As our main motto is to generate electrical energy these circular motions can be
transferred to generator by using an efficient transmission system
Working:
The use of piston in automobile engineering is to convert the thermal energy to
mechanical linear motion. That mechanical linear motion is converted into circular
or rotary motions using the crank shaft mechanism. That rotary motions generated
by the crank shaft is sent to the differential using power transmission system. Here
in the process of power generation by using the crank shaft mechanism uses kinetic
energy instead of thermal energy to push the piston down or to generate the linear
motion. So, whenever a vehicle passes over the speed breaker the speed breaker
pushes down the piston due to the kinetic energy applied on the speed breaker So,
the piston makes the crank shaft to complete half revolution. As crank is designed
on basis of inertia the crank itself makes the other half of the revolution in order to
push the piston up. So, the piston comes to its original position by bringing the
speed breaker to its original position. In such a way the crank shaft mechanism is
able to create the circular motion.
That circular motions are transferred to the generator by using the transmission
system.
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Hydraulic speed breaker: The hydraulic speed breaker mechanism shown better
results while compared to crank shaft mechanism. This process uses pistons in
order to compress the oil. So that the power is supplied to the system. All the
equipment may be costlier.
Working:
Here also the speed breaker is a spring supported at both the ends so that the speed
breaker can create linear motion. And pistons are provided under the speed breaker
such that the speed breaker pushes down the pistons whenever a vehicle passes
over it. Such that piston can compress the oil provided under the piston. The
compressed oil travels to the accumulator. The accumulator is further connected to
the motor which generates torque. That torque is used to generate the electrical
energy.
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The power generated by the speed breaker process uses the rack and pinion
mechanism to generate the power. The kinetic energy of the applied load is
converted to linear motion when the load is passed on the speed breaker and the
linear motion of the speed breaker is converted to the rotational motion using the
rack and pinion mechanism. since the moving parts are less its maintenance cost is
less. The circular motion created by the rack and pinion mechanism is transferred
to the chain sprocket mechanism and transferred to the DC motor which in result
generates the electricity. Here a flywheel is used in order to maintain a uniform
speed of rotation. Ammar Ahmed explained about the designing of movable-speed
bump-based mechanism is used to store kinetic energy which is dissipated when
automobiles run on bumps. The system is designed as follows consists of
Integrated double-sided rack which has two racks on either ends parallel to each
other attached to each pinion and these pinions are connected to two separated
gears. The pinion is placed between two gears to increase velocity further this
pinion is attached to Flywheel for conservation of angular momentum so as to
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increase efficiently store rotational energy which occurs during motion of rack and
pinion. This flywheel is attached to generator for conversion of Mechanical into
Electrical energy. The motion analysis of system is performed on cad model which
is designed in Solid works. Different levels of frequencies are applied and analyzed
using Autodesk Inventor. The force sensors are placed for noting the amount of
force applied by different automobiles. To find an accuracy of measured
results the uncertainty calculations are performed for finding Errors further
developed an Equation. Selection of Generator is based on less Electrical damping
and resistive load for higher Efficiency. On basis of obtained results, the overall
Efficiency of mechanical energy harvester (MEH) is calculated as 57.5%. It is
concluded by the both practical and simulation results are compared which results
by 5.7% in difference of efficiency. Aniket Mishra conducted an experiment with
the load of 300kg, and Power developed for 60 minutes(1hr) is 441.45 watts. The
power generated by this can be more sufficient to run four street lights in the night
time. Mohammad Ramadan conducted the experimental studies and the results
were roughly 26.2 to 44.7 W by the masses of 65 kg and 80 kg. if the masses
increases then the output power also increases linearly. it is believed that the power
generated can be supplied to the street lights, cameras, and the radars on the roads.
Sanket S. Khodke eliminated use of chain, sprocket and flywheel to make the
model simple and installation easy. The rectifier is used to convert the AC power
to pure DC power at the end of the circuit. The rectifier used is bridge rectifier
which consists of 4 rectifier diodes. The process of power generation by rack and
pinion method is conducted and the power generation by using roller mechanism is
also used. As we all know whenever a rolling motion transfers on the roller
arrangement the rollers in the arrangement also get rolled. So, by using this simple
process power can be generated. When a vehicle passes through this roller
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arrangement speed braker the rollers get rotated. The rotations of the roller are
transferred to the gear arrangement and then the maximum amount of the rotations
is transferred to the generator or motor and thus electricity is generated and that
generator is connected to the battery. By using this power road street lights can
glow. The differences between roller, rack, and pinion method are mentioned here
such as the roller method is less efficient and rack and pinion method are more
efficient, the maintenance required for roller method is high compared to rack and
pinion method, designing of roller method is easy as compared to rack and pinion
method.
"When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in
increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip,"
Gogoi says. "When the plates come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-
wheel type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil
springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy
into electricity," he explains it Guwahati has evaluated the machine and
recommended it to the Assam ministry of power for large scale funding. A K Das,
a professor at its design department says it is a 'very viable proposition' to harness
thousands of megawatts of electricity untapped across the country every day. “A
vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip
produces approximately 0.98-kilowatt power. So, one such speed-breaker on a
busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of
electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at the end
of the day," he said.
The Assam power ministry is expected to back the iit pilot project. Das says a
storage module like an inverter will have to be fitted to each such rumble strip to
store this electricity. The cost of electricity generation and storage per megawatt
from speed-breakers will be nearly Rs 1 crore as opposed to about Rs 8 crore in
thermal or hydro power stations. A number of researches have been done in this
project. ln some countries it has been implemented. Implementation of a project
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named “Power Generation from Speed Breaker by Rack and Ratchet Mechanism”
by researchers of Kshatriya College of Engineering. There are papers published
regarding energy production using the specified method, to mention some of the
published papers on the International Journal of Engineering Science and
Innovative Technology (IJESIT) in titled “Generation of Electricity Using Road
Transport Pressure” by researchers of Rajshahi University of Engineering
&Technology. Amanpreet Kaur, Shivansh Kumar Singh, Rajneesh, Parwez,
Shashank, described such phenomenon with a paper in titled “Power Generation
Using Speed Breaker with Auto Street Light”, on International Journal of
Engineering Science and Innovative Technology. "Intelligent Traffic Signal
Control System Using Embedded System” by Dinesh Rotake et al. is another
important paper reveling the promising nature of the resource and technology. A
related paper in titled "Development of A Microcontroller-Based Traffic Light
System for Road Intersection Control” by Ganiyu R.A.et al. explores the design
and implementation of a microcontroller-based traffic light system for road
intersection control after pointing mechanisms to explore such energy enhancing
alternative. Many researchers are trying to develop system to meet the roadside
energy consumption via clean, environment friendly and sustainable way. C. K.
Das et al showed the possibility of tapping the wasted kinetic energy in the road
speed breaker using roller mechanism. Researchers of Kshatriva College of
Engineering, Chepur, Armoor,Nizamabad implemented a power generation system
from speed breaker by rack and pinion mechanism. A system using road transport
pressure to generate electricity developed by Md. Saiful Islam et al. Abdul Razzak
Pathan et al. proposed power generation system through speed breaker using rack
and pinion mechanism. A system developed by Shakun and Asthan to produce
electricity from speed breakers using roller mechanism. A paper was published on
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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering named design of power
generation unit Using Roller Mechanism. Alok Kumar Singh et al. implemented a
system for electricity generation through speed breaker based on spring coil
mechanism. Researchers of Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
designed a system to generate electricity using road transport pressure. D Venkata
Rao et al. designed a power generation system using speed breaker. Aniket Mishra
et al. published a paper on electricity generation from speed breakers.
Electrodynamics based models by Ankita and Meenu Bala to generate power from
speed breaker. have also been suggested, but can’t be used a large scale very easily
due to its cost and complicated calculations.
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CHAPTER THREE.
The selection of materials was done in such a way that the system i.e. speed
breaker will operate in the most effective way with minimum overall cost.
Generally, Engineering materials include metals and nonmetals Which differs in
their chemical, physical properties and thus determining the utility before selection
of materials for the construction of the speed breaker rack and pinion mechanism,
the following factors have been taking into considerations.
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S/ Compone Diagram/sketches Operatio Tools used
N nt ns
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5. Bearing Used to Bushing,
hold the Hammar, bolt
shaft and and nut
provide
balance
6. Body
frame
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11. Alternato It is used Bolt and but,
r to plier,
generate Screwdriver
electricit
y
3.2 METHODOLOGY:
The methodology adopted to achieve the above aim are: Obtaining the required
materials angle iron, sprocket, iron rod, spring, motor, chain, sheet metal(flank),
bushing. Bolt and nuts. Then determining the best fabrication method which
include permanent and temporary assembling for maintenance purposes, in order to
bring the concept into reality. Design determination of the speed breaker rack and
pinion mechanism consist of choosing from the engineering materials i.e. metals
and nonmetals to achieve the desired result with maximum working efficiency at
minimum cost.
The design and construction of the speed breaker rack and pinion mechanism
includes many several steps and process before it can be achieved.
By considering the situation we are i.e., lack of enough electricity in general and
particularly rural area where there is no any installation or plant of electricity
distribution, but where roads and market are available, that is why we decided to
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overcome this project. The speed breaker was design and fabricated in order to
operate Mechanically when force (load) is applied to it with impact or gradually
applied load, then with the aid of rack and pinion mechanism the downward
motion occur due to the applied force will be converted into rotary motion and
amplify into a much higher speed by arrangements of sprocket with different
diameters which are relatively having diameter and teeth less than the driving
sprocket so that the speed would be enough to rotate the motor for generation of
electricity.
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Spring length = 180mm
Spring rate = G ×d4/(8 × (OD-d)3 × n
To calculate load
F= spring rate × distance travelled
= 9.6 × 100 = 960N
Convert newton to Kg
960×0.10179=97.8Kg.
Diameter= 30mm
Length=500mm
T/J=Tau/r=G×Angle of twist/L
T=f/2×2L
T=960/2×2×500
T=480000Nmm
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Polar moment of inertia
J= πd^4/32
J= 79521.56mm^4
Tau= T×r/J
= 48000×15/79521.56
=90N/mm^2.
=(48000×500)/79000×79521.56
= 0.38 rad.
SHAFT NUMBER 2:
Type: transmission
Diameter= 16mm
Length=500mm
T=48000
J= πd^4/32
J= π(16)^4/32
J= 6434mm^4.
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Tau=(T×r)/J
=(48000×8)/6434
=596.8N/mm^2.
=(48000×500)/(79×10^3×6434)
=240000/508286
=0.47 rad.
= 27°
Pinion teeth = 69
=100/69
=1.4mm
=4.39mm.
T2b= Torque
d= reference diameter
969(2×T2b)/100
96000=2×T2b
T2b= 96000/2
T= 48000Nmm
Number: 2
Number: 2
SPRING HOUSING:
diameter= 50mm
Length= 180mm
Number used = 8
Thickness= 25mm
Length= 100mm.
Thickness = 3mm.
Thickness=1mm.
Angle iron
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Material: mild steel
Thickness=5mm
Vertical members
Number of members =4
Horizontal members
Number of members = 8
= 1000×500
= 500000mm
=0.5m^2.
= 500000×600
= 300000000mm^3
SPROCKET:
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Material: Mild Steel
Driver sprocket
Diameter= 120mm
Number of teeth= 45
Driven sprocket
Diameter= 60mm
Number of teeth= 15
V1= 60 rpm
V2= V1/(T1/T2)
= 60/0.3
=200rpm
Chain:
= 430×2+240+120
= 430×2+360
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1220mm.
Diameter= 60mm
= (60+60)/2
= 60mm.
= 200× 15
WELDING DESIGN:
P= 0.981kW.
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9. Spring 2 1300 2600
Total= N96200
= N136200.
= N70000.
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CHAPTER 4
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The speed breaker is designed for a rack and pinion. At maximum load applied of
80kg it can produce
up to 8.0 volts & 0.8 Amp and also at minimum load it can produce 4.0 volts & 0.4
Amp. But generation of voltage and current only depend on load applied. If a
person passes with greater load the springs will have sudden compression that will
affect the rpm and voltage generation of the system. Power generation from the
system also depend on the volume flow rate of the person. For a greater volume
flow rate of person, the system will have more compressions at speed breaker in a
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certain time. If the number of compressions increases it will create rapid increase
in RPM of the pinion and if a flywheel is attached this rotation will last for
sometimes. This means a continuous rotation of the generator input shaft &
consistent power production from the experimental set up can be obtained.
Increasing RPM will also result in larger value of voltage. In this experiment it has
been found that the flywheel can rotate in low RPM but it has immense amount of
torque. In order to get the optimum power generation torque should have much
more attention than RPM which means a generator that is capable of producing
electricity at high torque but low rpm is preferable.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSIONS:
in this design, it is seen from the result obtained that the rack and pinion
mechanism generated electricity with alternate power source for an electric
generation, the test was carried out and show that it can produce the power of 0.6-
Kilowatts at maximum load. This is a cheapest and useful process for power
generation in urban and rural area.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS:
The following recommendations for the speed breaker for future upgrade are given
1. Speed brakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input
torque and ultimately output generator.
4. More than one rack and pinion connected to generators can be incorporated
under the same speed bump so as the increase the general electrical output
produced by one passing vehicle.
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5. multiple generators can be connected so that power generated would be
more.
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