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36 views21 pages

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Uploaded by

Habib Sultan
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Important measuring

devices in automobiles
Speedometer
Types of Speedometers
There are two types of speedometers.

1. mechanical speedometer, or the eddy-current


speedometer.

2. Electronic.
How Speedometers Work
1. To measure the speed of a car, one must be
able to measure the rotational speed of
either the wheels.
2. In most cars, measurement takes place in
the transmission.
3. drive cable used to measuring the
rotational speed generated by the
transmission .
MECHANICAL SPEEDOMETER
1.When the engine turns over, the driveshaft turns to make
the wheels spin round.
2.The speedometer cable, powered by the driveshaft, turns
as well.
3.The cable spins a magnet around at the same speed
inside the speed cup. The magnet rotates continually in the
same direction (in this case, counter-clockwise).
4.The spinning magnet creates eddy currents in the speed
cup.
5.The eddy currents make the speed cup rotate counter-
clockwise as well in an attempt to catch up with the magnet.
Remember that the magnet and the speed cup are not
joined together in any way—there's air in between them.
6.The hair spring tightens, restraining the speed cup so it
can turn only a little way.
7.As the speed cup turns, it turns the pointer up the dial,
indicating the car's speed
Electronic speedometers
Electronic speedometers work in a completely different
way. Small magnets attached to the car's rotating drive shaft
sweep past tiny magnetic sensors (either Reed
switches or Hall-Effect sensor) positioned nearby. Each time
the magnets pass the sensors, they generate a brief pulse of
electric current. An electronic circuit counts how quickly the
pulses arrive and converts this into a speed, displayed
electronically on an LCD display. Since the circuit is measuring
the number of wheel rotations, it can also keep a count of how
far you've traveled, doubling-up as an odometer (distance-
measuring meter). Electronic speedometers can also display
speeds with analog pointers and dials, just like traditional
eddy-current speedos: in that case, the electronic circuit drives
a highly controllable Electric Motor (called a stepper motor)
that rotates the pointer through an appropriate angle.
Electronic speedometers are more reliable and compact than
mechanical ones and the motion sensors can be any distance
from the display that shows you your speed, making them
suitable for any kind of vehicle from a bicycle to a 40-ton truck!
Ref: William Harris http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/speedometer2.htm
Tachometer
tachometer
A tachometer is a gauge for indicating the rotational speed of a
car’s engine. Traditional mechanical tachometers had an analog
needle to indicate engine RPM. Some modern electronic
instruments also use an analog needle rather than a digital display.
Mechanical Instruments
The operation of a mechanical tachometer is similar to that of a
mechanical speedometer. A flexible cable with a rotating shaft
connects a moving part in the engine or transmission to the gauge.
Inside the instrument, the rotating shaft controls the position of a
needle to indicate the engine speed.
Principle of Operation
The heart of a mechanical tachometer is an eddy current sensor that
contains a movable magnet driven by the rotating input shaft. The
spinning magnet in the sensor imparts a force on the indicator needle
proportional to the engine speed, while a spring counteracts the
sensor force.
Electronic Instruments
An electronic tachometer uses a magnetic pickup positioned near a
rotating engine part to produce electrical pulses at a frequency
proportional to the engine speed. Circuitry in the meter converts the
pulse frequency for display of engine RPM using an analog needle or
a digital readout.
Ref :http://www.simonfamily.us/FocusEV/TachSpeedo.htm
Fuel gauge
The fuel level gauge
The fuel level gauge indicates the fuel level in the fuel tank. It
is a magnetic indicating system that can be found on either an
analog (meter) or digital (bars) instrument panel
The fuel sending unit is combined with the fuel pump assembly
and consists of a variable resistor controlled by the level of an
attached float in the fuel tank .When the fuel level is low,
resistance in the sender is low and movement of the gauge needle
or number of lit bars is minimal (from empty position). When the
fuel level is high, the resistance in the sender is high and
movement of the gauge indicator (from the empty position) or
number of lit bars on a digital display is greater.
In some fuel gauge systems, an antislosh/low fuel warning
(LFW) module is used to reduce fuel gauge needle
fluctuation caused by fuel motion in the tank and provide a
low fuel warning when the fuel tank reaches ⁄ to ⁄ full.
1 8 1 16
How Fuel Gauges Work

Ref :http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-gauge.htm

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