What happens when the cells

group together to perform a

common function?
Cell is the fundamental unit of
tissue.

What will happen if any tissue

is injured?
Types of cells in human body
 Types of cells in the
human body based on
tissue formation
 Bone Cells (Osteocytes)
They are the toughest body
cell as they are bound
together by calcium and
phosphate.
Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
 They are freely bendable.
 The surrounding material is
loose and flexible.
 Nerve cells
 It is the primary cell in the
nervous system.
 These cells are very long and
have many branches at their
end.
 Nerve cells
 They are responsible for
relaying electrical messages to
cells and tissues in other organ
system. They process and
transmit information.
 Epithelial cells
These cells form covering layers
of all the organs and hence are
pre-set in skin, scalp, respiratory
tract , in the buccal cavity
surface among others.
 Epithelial cells
They also serve as the
barriers for pathogens,
fluid loss, and mechanical
injuries.
Epithelial differ in shape:
•Cuboidal
- shape like a cube
•Squamous
-thin and flat
•Columnar
-tall and narrow
Differ in Layer:
• Simple epithelium
- Single layer of cell
• Stratified epithelium
- Made up of several cell
layers
 Muscle cells
•These cells are muscle
tissue mostly long, large
and have the ability to
contract and relax providing
movements.
 Types of muscle cell
1. Skeletal muscle cell
-Attached to long bones and assist in
their movement.
2. Cardiac muscle cell
- present only in heart muscle and
responsible for heart beats.
3. Smooth muscle cell
-they are flexible yet, can
contract and relax.
-present in stomach, intestine,
blood vessel walls (vascular
tissue).
 Secretory cells
•They form glands and secrete
hormones.
•Secretion is the movement of
material from one point to another.
 Secretory cells
•Pancreatic cell – secrete insulin and
glucagon
•Salivary gland – secrete salivary
amylase
•Sebaceous gland – secrete oil on the
skin
 Adipose cells
•These are fat cells and are stored
by nature to store fat.
•They reduce friction to the body.
•They are seen in the soles palms
and bums.
 Blood cells
•They are always motile and never
stay on one place.
•They have limited life span and
never multiply to form new cells.
•These cells include RBC’s, WBC’s
and thrombocytes.
 Reproductive cells
•Reproductive cells or gametes, have a single
set of chromosomes and become active at a
puberty stage.
• In sexual reproduction, the nucleus of the
spermatocyte (male gametes) unites with the
nucleus of the oocyte (female gamete),
allowing fertilization to form a new organism.
 Types of cells in
human body based
on their function
 Conductive cells
•They have internal ability to
conduct an electric impulse from
one regions to other distant region
in the body.
Examples: Nerve cells and muscle
cells
 Connective cells
•It connect other cells and
tissues.
Examples : Bone cells and blood
cells
 Storage cells
•It act to store materials for later
use. These are adipose cells.
Example: Fats
 Supportive cells
•These are the cells that act as
support to adjacent cells.
Examples: Glial cells
Special type of
cells
Sperms
- They are present only in the
males after puberty. They have
an enzyme namely
hyaluronidase which helps them
penetrate through uterine and
reach oocytes.
Oocytes
- Cells are haploid and
present in adult female genital
system. They start to form after
puberty and continue till the
stage of menopause.
Stem cells
- These are the parent cells which
can differentiate into any cell based
on the requirement. These stem
cells in the human body are given
so much importance due to their
promising role in the treatment of
disorders in the future.
Rods and Cones

- These cells are in the eyes and

have the capacity to capture image
color and light.
Ciliated cells
- These cells are present in lining
of respiratory tract and esophagus
and have pointed thread-like cilia
which move in one particular
direction to pass material.
Cell Modification
Cell Modification

•These are specialized or modifications re-

acquired by the cell after cell division that
helps the cell in different beneficial ways.
 Flagella
The flagellum (plural-flagella) is a whip like
structure that extends from the cell body. It pushes
the cell to a particular direction in a propelling
motion. It is connected to the cytoplasm and
contained in the cell’s plasma membrane.
 Flagella
The bottom of the axoneme is a basal body which
attaches it to the cell body. The dynein arms
convert chemical energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) to mechanical energy as it
propels the movement of the flagellum.
 Cilia
The cilia (singular-cilium) are hair-like protrusions
that cover most parts of the cell. They move the cell
in a vibratory style. Like the flagella, they have an
axoneme consisting of the basal body from which
nine fused pairs of double microtubules are radially
arranged. Their dynein arms convert ATP energy to
mechanical energy. The cilia may be motile or non-
motile.
• Nonmotile cilia are also
called primary cilia. They • Motile cilia are mostly
may be as follows: found covering the cell’s
Mechanoreceptor, surface. Its beating
which guides the flow of fluid movement allows the
through the tubules in the transfer of the ovum from
body; the ovary to the fallopian
Chemoreceptor, which tube and the brushing off
serves to detect the smell of and removal of unwanted
substances; or debris along the lining of
Photoreceptor in the the respiratory tract of
vertebrates’ retinas, which are humans.
sensitive to light.
 Microvilli
• The microvilli •The microvillus function
(singular- is assimilation, adhesion,
microvillus) are and aids in the secretion
tiny fingerlike of substances. It is also
structures that capable of increasing the
protrude from. surface area of the cell.
 Pseudopodia
Pseudopodia are temporary extensions of the
cytoplasm. The term comes from the words pseudo
(meaning false) and podia (meaning “feet”; thus,
when translated literally, they are “false feet”.
These structures are powered by microfilaments
near the cellular membrane that directs them to
their target, and in an amoeba-like movement, they
will approach and engulf the target.
Basal Modification
•Cell modification
found on the basal
surface of the cell.
 Stem cells
They have the ability to
develop into specialized cells for
specific organs or to develop into
tissues.
Stem cells are able to divide and
replicate many times in order to
replenish and repair tissues.
 Endothelial cells
- Form the inner lining of cardiovascular system
and lymphatic system structures.
- Make up the inner layer of blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and organs including the brain,
lungs, skin, and heart.
- Responsible for angiogenesis or the creation of
new blood vessels.
- Regulate the movement of macromolecules,
gases, and fluid between the blood and
surrounding tissues, and help to regulate blood
pressure.
 Cancer cells

- Cancer results from the development of abnormal

properties in normal cells that enable them to divide
uncontrollably and spread to another locations.
- Cancer cell development can be caused by mutations
that occur from factors such as chemicals, radiation,
ultraviolet light, chromosome replication errors, or viral
infection.
- Cancer cells lose sensitivity to anti- growth signals,
proliferate rapidly, and lose the ability to undergo
apoptosis or programmed cell death.