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Math+12+Section 2.2 Notes

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12 views6 pages

Math+12+Section 2.2 Notes

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dmarc9410
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Math 12 Section 2.

2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives


The three most commonly used graphs in research are:
1. The histogram
2. The frequency polygon
3. The cumulative frequency graph or ogive

Constructing a Histogram, Frequency Polygon, and Ogive


Step 1 – Draw and label the x and y axes.
Step 2 – On the x axis, label the class boundaries of the frequency distribution for the histogram
and ogive. Label the midpoints for the frequency polygon.
Step 3 – Plot the frequencies for each class, and draw the vertical bars for the histogram and
the lines for the frequency polygon and ogive.

The Histogram
The histogram is a graph that displays the data by using contiguous vertical bars (unless the
frequency of a class is 0.) of various heights to represent the frequencies of the classes.

Ex1) Construct a histogram to represent the data shown for the record high temperatures for
each of the 50 states.
Class boundaries Frequency
99.5 – 104.5 2
104.5 – 109.5 8
109.5 – 114.5 18
114.5 – 119.5 13
119.5 – 124.5 7
124.5 – 129.5 1
129.5 – 134.5 1
The Frequency Polygon
The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data by using lines that connect points
plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. The frequencies are represented by
the heights of the points.

Ex2) Construct a frequency polygon.


Class boundaries Midpoints Frequency
99.5 – 104.5 2
104.5 – 109.5 8
109.5 – 114.5 18
114.5 – 119.5 13
119.5 – 124.5 7
124.5 – 129.5 1
129.5 – 134.5 1

The Ogive
The ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a frequency
distribution.

Ex3) Find the cumulative frequency for each class.


Cumulative frequency
Less than 99.5
Less than 104.5
Less than 109.5
Less than 114.5
Less than 119.5
Less than 124.5
Less than 129.5
Less than 134.5
Relative Frequency Graph
These distributions can be converted to distributions using proportions instead of raw data as
frequencies.

Ex4) Construct the histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive using relative frequencies for the
distribution shown. This is a grouped frequency distribution using the ages (at the time of this
writing) of the governors of the 50 states of the United States.

Class boundaries Frequency Midpoints Relative frequency


42.5 – 47.5 4
47.5 – 52.5 4
52.5 – 57.5 11
57.5 – 62.5 14
62.5 – 67.5 9
67.5 – 72.5 5
72.5 – 77.5 3

(a) Histogram

(b) Frequency Polygon


(c) Ogive
Cumulative frequency Cumulative relative frequency
Less than 42.5
Less than 47.5
Less than 52.5
Less than 57.5
Less than 62.5
Less than 67.5
Less than 72.5
Less than 77.5

Using Histograms to Describe the Shape of Distributions


Although distributions are not often perfectly shaped, identify an overall pattern:
Bell Shaped Uniform

J-Shaped Reverse J-Shaped

Right-Skewed Left-Skewed

Bimodal U-Shaped
Bell Shaped Uniform

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