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Concrete Fundamentals - Training Manual

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63 views66 pages

Concrete Fundamentals - Training Manual

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JMATALLANAARENAS

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Tekla Structural Designer

Concrete Design Fundamentals

Training manual

Copyright © 1992 - 2017 Trimble Solutions Corporation. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer ii (66)

Disclaimer
This Software Manual has been developed for use with the referenced Software. Use of the Software, and use of this
Software Manual are governed by a License Agreement. Among other provisions, the License Agreement sets certain
warranties for the Software and this Manual, disclaims other warranties, limits recoverable damages, defines
permitted uses of the Software, and determines whether you are an authorized user of the Software. All information
set forth in this manual is provided with the warranty set forth in the License Agreement. Please refer to the License
Agreement for important obligations and applicable limitations and restrictions on your rights. Trimble does not
guarantee that the text is free of technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Trimble reserves the right to make
changes and additions to this manual due to changes in the software or otherwise.

In addition, this Software Manual is protected by copyright law and by international treaties. Unauthorized
reproduction, display, modification, or distribution of this Manual, or any portion of it, may result in severe civil and
criminal penalties, and will be prosecuted to the full extent permitted by law.

Tekla, Tekla Structures, Tekla BIMsight, BIMsight, Tekla Civil, Tedds, Solve, Fastrak and Orion are either registered
trademarks or trademarks of Trimble Solutions Corporation in the European Union, the United States, and/or other
countries. More about Trimble Solutions trademarks: http://www.tekla.com/tekla- trademarks. Trimble is a
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other countries. More about Trimble trademarks: http://www.trimble.com/trademarks.aspx. Other product and
company names mentioned in this Manual are or may be trademarks of their respective owners. By referring to a
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party and disclaims any such affiliation or endorsement, except where otherwise expressly stated.

Portions of this software:

D-Cubed 2D DCM © 2010 Siemens Industry Software Limited. All rights reserved.
EPM toolkit © 1995-2004 EPM Technology a.s., Oslo, Norway. All rights reserved.
Open CASCADE Technology © 2001-2014 Open CASCADE SA. All rights reserved.
FLY SDK - CAD SDK © 2012 VisualIntegrity™. All rights reserved.
Teigha © 2003-2014 Open Design Alliance. All rights reserved.
PolyBoolean C++ Library © 2001-2012 Complex A5 Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.
FlexNet Copyright © 2014 Flexera Software LLC. All Rights Reserved.
This product contains proprietary and confidential technology, information and creative
works owned by Flexera Software LLC and its licensors, if any. Any use, copying, publication, distribution, display,
modification, or transmission of such technology in whole or in part in any form or by any means without the prior
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Flexera Software LLC intellectual property rights, whether by estoppel, implication, or
otherwise.

To see all the third-party licenses, go to Tekla Structures, click Help --> About and click the Third party licenses button.

The elements of the software described in this Manual are protected by several patents and possibly pending patent
applications in the United Stated and/or other countries. For more information go to page
http://www.tekla.com/tekla-patents.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Table of Contents
Typographical conventions..................................................................................................................6
Note boxes..........................................................................................................................................6
Information about training ..................................................................................................................6

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 8

1.1 Welcome................................................................................................................................................8

1.2 What is Tekla Structural Designer? .........................................................................................................8

1.3 Agenda for the module...........................................................................................................................8

1.4 Important Notes Regarding this Documentation .....................................................................................8

Session 1 – Model and Global Settings ................................................................................................ 9

2 Model and global settings ....................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Settings ................................................................................................................................................ 10

2.1.1 Settings sets........................................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.2 Design codes ....................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.3 Concrete Design Options..................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.4 Analysis Options ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.1.5 Section defaults .................................................................................................................................. 12
2.1.6 Drawings............................................................................................................................................. 13

2.2 Materials .............................................................................................................................................. 13

2.2.1 Concrete grades .................................................................................................................................. 14
2.2.2 Reinforcement .................................................................................................................................... 14

2.3 Model Settings ..................................................................................................................................... 15

2.4 Templates ............................................................................................................................................ 16

Session 2 – Analysis and Design of Frame Elements .......................................................................... 17

3 Analysis and design of frame elements .................................................................................. 18

3.1 Analysis and design options .................................................................................................................. 18

3.2 Analysis and design procedure ............................................................................................................. 19

3.2.1 Auto Design and Check Design ............................................................................................................ 20
3.2.2 Design groups ..................................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 Complete the analysis and design of frame elements .......................................................................... 21

3.3 Reviewing the overall design status of the model ................................................................................. 22

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

1.1.1 Review ribbon tab ............................................................................................................................... 22

3.3.1 The Status Tree ................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3.2 The Status Bar ..................................................................................................................................... 23

3.4 Reviewing the analysis results .............................................................................................................. 24

3.4.1 How to view the results you want ....................................................................................................... 24
3.4.2 Viewing results for the whole model ................................................................................................... 25
3.4.3 Slab strips ........................................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.4 Viewing frame element analysis results............................................................................................... 27

Session 3 – Design Groups ................................................................................................................. 29

4 Design Groups ......................................................................................................................... 30

4.1 How are design groups formed? ........................................................................................................... 30

4.2 The design procedure for a design group .............................................................................................. 30

4.3 Working with Design Groups ................................................................................................................ 31

4.3.1 Reviewing the Design Groups .............................................................................................................. 32
4.3.2 Renaming Design Groups .................................................................................................................... 33
4.3.3 Splitting groups ................................................................................................................................... 33
4.3.4 Adding and modifying existing groups ................................................................................................. 34
4.3.5 Designing individual groups ................................................................................................................ 35
4.3.6 Re-Group all model members ............................................................................................................. 35

Session 4 – Interactive Design of Columns and Walls ........................................................................ 36

5 Interactive design of columns and walls ................................................................................. 37

5.1 Check Member ..................................................................................................................................... 37

5.2 Design member .................................................................................................................................... 38

5.3 Design… ............................................................................................................................................... 39

5.3.1 Interactive Design ............................................................................................................................... 40
5.3.2 Interaction Diagrams........................................................................................................................... 41
5.3.3 Detail Drawing .................................................................................................................................... 42
5.3.4 Updating the design groups ................................................................................................................ 42
5.3.5 Interactive design of the walls............................................................................................................. 43

Session 5 – Interactive Design of Beams ........................................................................................... 45

6 Interactive design of beams .................................................................................................... 46

6.1 Check member ..................................................................................................................................... 46

6.2 Design member .................................................................................................................................... 47

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

6.3 Design… ............................................................................................................................................... 47

6.3.1 Interactive Design ............................................................................................................................... 47
6.3.2 Detail Drawing .................................................................................................................................... 49
6.3.3 Correcting the warnings ...................................................................................................................... 50
6.3.4 Updating the design groups ................................................................................................................ 51

Session 6 – Slab Design ...................................................................................................................... 52

7 Slab design .............................................................................................................................. 53

7.1 Introduction to slab design ................................................................................................................... 53

7.1.1 Overall slab design procedure ............................................................................................................. 54

7.2 Checking the background reinforcement with no patches .................................................................... 54

7.3 Types and application of patches .......................................................................................................... 55

7.3.1 Wall patches ....................................................................................................................................... 56
7.3.2 Beam patches ..................................................................................................................................... 57

7.4 Design the slab panels .......................................................................................................................... 58

7.5 Review and rationalize the panel design ............................................................................................... 58

7.6 Design the slab patches ........................................................................................................................ 59

7.7 Review and rationalize the patch design ............................................................................................... 59

7.8 Flat slab design..................................................................................................................................... 61

7.8.1 Wall patches ....................................................................................................................................... 62
7.8.2 Column patches .................................................................................................................................. 62
7.8.3 Completing the design of the floor ...................................................................................................... 63

7.9 Punching shear checks.......................................................................................................................... 65

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Conventions used in this guide

Typographical conventions

The following typographical conventions are used in this guide:

Header Usage
Bold Any text that you see in the user interface appears in bold. This
font is used, for example, for window and dialog box titles, box
and button names, and list items.
Italic bold New terms are in italic bold when they appear in the current
context for the first time.

Note boxes

The following types of note boxes are used in this guide:

A tip might introduce a shortcut, or suggest alternative ways of doing

things.

A note draws attention to details that you might easily overlook. It

can also point you to other information in this guide that you might
find useful.

You should always read very important notes and warnings, like
this one. They will help you avoid making serious mistakes, or
wasting your time.

Information about training

Some of the pictures and videos in this training package are from older versions of the program. Any
information shown is still relevant and the same for newer versions.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

LESSON
1

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

1 Introduction
1.1 Welcome

Welcome to the Concrete Design Fundamentals training module for Tekla Structural Designer (TSD).
This module is intended for people who have already completed the Tekla Structural Designer
Modeling Fundamentals training modules and focuses on the concrete design and output functionality
of the program using the prepared models.

1.2 What is Tekla Structural Designer?

Tekla Structural Designer is an integrated, model-based 3D solution for analysis and design of multi-
material structures (steel, concrete, timber, etc.). It features interactive modelling, automated
structural analysis and design, drawing creation and report generation and support of multiple design
codes including ACI/AISC, Euro codes and the British Standards.

This training course will focus on the commands, features and settings relating to the analysis, design
and output of concrete structures to the ACI 318 US design code, with the aid of several pre-generated
models.

1.3 Agenda for the module

The following topics will be covered as part of this module:

• Model and global settings

• Analysis and design of frame elements
• Design groups
• Interactive design of columns and walls
• Interactive design of beams
• Slab design
• Detail drawings
• Reports

1.4 Important Notes Regarding this Documentation

The following conventions have been utilized in the manual;

Step 1 You should undertake these steps so that you learn by doing rather than reading.
Additional Information:

Tekla Structural Designer from now on will be referred to as TSD

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

LESSON
1

Session 1 – Model and Global Settings

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2 Model and global settings

There are a wide variety of settings and options within Tekla Structural Designer relating to all areas of
the program, ranging from specific engineering related settings to general interface and output
settings. This section will focus on some of the important global and model settings specific to
concrete structures.

2.1 Settings

Before creating a new model, the Settings command on the Home Ribbon should be reviewed to
ensure the applicable options are selected. These are global settings that all new models will be based
on to generate model specific settings for the new file, and include options for default design codes,
analysis and design, default section sizes, labels and colors and detail drawings.

Step 1 Click the Settings button on the Home Ribbon

2.1.1 Settings sets

The country selected after installation of TSD specifies the default active Settings Set. This defines the
default options in the Settings window.

The selected Settings Set can be verified and modified by selecting Settings Sets. You can then import
multiple Settings Sets for different regions, create new, customized sets to suit specific clients or
project types and edit existing sets.

• Settings Sets are edited by selecting the applicable set in the drop list, then making the required
changes in the settings tree of the Settings window.
• Any changes will now be saved to the set currently selected.
• If you do not wish to override the selected set, select Add and rename, similar to a save-as option.
• The Active set is the one that will be used to create any subsequent new models.

The active settings set can also be imported into existing models.

Step 2 Ensure you have an appropriate set selected and make it Active

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2.1.2 Design codes

You may need to change the design code you will be using. To change the design codes:

• Select the Design Codes from the settings tree on the left-hand side of the Settings window.
• Select the Head Code to make an overall change to all Action and Resistance Codes to be used.
• Then adjust any of the specific design codes and years, as required.

Step 3 Verify an appropriate head code is selected

2.1.3 Concrete Design Options

All automated concrete designs are completed based on the concrete Design Options. Settings are
available for the design of beams, columns, walls and slabs, controlling minimum and maximum
reinforcement sizes, spacing, links, reinforcement arrangements and detailing options, among others.

Step 4 Review the numerous concrete Design Options.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2.1.4 Analysis Options

The key settings for concrete structures are the concrete Modification Factors, found under Analysis
Options > Modification Factors > Concrete. The concrete modification factors for the Building Analysis
(i.e. the 1st Order Linear Analysis), the Grillage Chase-down and the FE Chase-down allow you to adjust
the stiffness of the various element types, both cracked and un-cracked sections, to allow for long-
term effects.

• These adjustments will impact the analysis results so it is important to set them to meet
requirements.

Step 5 Review the various Modification Factors

2.1.5 Section defaults

In the Section Defaults you can specify default section sizes for concrete beams and column that you
use regularly, or will be commonly used in a project.

Step 6 Accept the default section sizes

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2.1.6 Drawings

A wide variety of detail drawing settings are also available within the Settings window. You may set up
new models to control content, layers, colors and more; this will be discussed in more detail in a later
section of this course.

Step 7 Review the Drawing settings, then click OK to confirm all setting changes

2.2 Materials

In addition to the analysis, design and general settings discussed above, the Materials command on
the Home tab should also be reviewed to ensure the required options have been selected. All new
models that have been created also take these material settings to generate their own model settings
for the new file, and include options for default concrete and reinforcement grades and reinforcement
sizes.

Step 8 Click the Materials button on the Home ribbon tab

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2.2.1 Concrete grades

The Head Code setting under the Material options allows you to choose concrete grades from a variety
of different regions. You can then set the default concrete grade to be used and add additional grades.

Step 9 Review the Material settings, then click Reinforcement

2.2.2 Reinforcement

As with the Material options, the Head Code setting under the Reinforcement options allows you to
choose steel grades from a variety of different regions. You can then set the default rebar steel grade
to be used and select which bar sizes are available for the design of your structure. Additional bar sizes
may also be added to the list and selected.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 10 Review the Reinforcement settings, then click Close to confirm them

2.3 Model Settings

The Model Settings are specific to each model and, as detailed previously, are based on the previously
defined Settings and Materials options. This means when they are edited, they will only affect the
currently opened model. If required, you may load your currently active global settings into an existing
model by clicking the Load button in the Model Settings window. Other windows, such as the Analysis
or Design Options window, may also require you to load your currently active global settings.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 11 Either open an existing model or create a blank new model, then review the Model Settings
and click OK to confirm them

2.4 Templates

Rather than using the Settings and Materials options to generate the Model Settings for a new
project, Templates are also available.

• A Template may be used to specify the same settings as detailed above, but can also include
modelling, such as grid lines and elements, loading information as well as other elements.
• This feature is useful when you are creating multiple models that all use the same gridlines, or
perhaps have a common core area.
• It can also be used to expedite modeling by having common members and information pre-
defined.

To create a new template, first create a new file by clicking the New button on the Home Tab. Once
this blank project is created, you may then edit the Model Settings as required and insert any grids,
section sizes and elements that you want included in the template. Once this is done, simply go to File
> Save As, choose a name and location to save the template, and set the Save as Type file format to
*.tsmdt.

Once a template file has been created and saved, you can then use the drop-down arrow under the
New button on the Home Tab and choose your template. This action opens the template file; before
continuing to model the structure, save as a *.tsmd file so the original template file is not altered.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

LESSON
2

Session 2 – Analysis and Design of Frame Elements

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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3 Analysis and design of frame elements 18 (66)

3 Analysis and design of frame elements

All standard analysis and design commands are accessed on the Analyze and Design Tabs.

Step 1 Open the model TSD Concrete Design Fundamentals Model 1 - Beam and Slab.tsmd

3.1 Analysis and design options

Before any analyses or designs are undertaken, all analysis and design options should be checked
thoroughly to ensure that elements are designed as required.

Step 2 Go to the Analyze Tab and click the Options button to review the Analysis Options, then click
OK to confirm them

Step 3 Go to the Design Ribbon and click the Options button to review the Design Options, then
click Ok to confirm them

Global settings can be imported via the Load button in the Options dialog

Both options are specific to the open model.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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3.2 Analysis and design procedure

All of the analyses that can be completed by the program can be accessed from the Analyze Ribbon.
Once an analysis has been completed, the analysis results can then be displayed using a variety of
different tools, which will be discussed in more detail later in this course.

• TSD can run multiple analyses on the model, then design all concrete frame elements (excluding
slabs) for all gravity and lateral loads.
• This is done by clicking the Design Concrete (Static) button on the Design Ribbon. Note that there
is also a Design Concrete (Gravity) button available, which will only address gravity load cases.
• This process goes through a series of steps, in part controlled by the Design Options, with the
main stages mentioned below.

Design Process:

• Validation – Identifies errors and potential problems

with the model that will likely either cause the analysis
or design process to fail, or produce potentially
unexpected results. If any issues are found, they will be
reported as either warnings or errors in the Status Tree.
– Errors MUST be corrected to allow the analysis and
design procedure to be completed and will be
highlighted with a red cross.
– Warnings are for your information messages and
the analysis and design process should complete if
warnings are present but they should also be
checked.
– Double click on the messages in the Status Tree to
locate the issues in the model.
– Stages that pass without exception will be
highlighted with green ticks.
• Load Decomposition – Slab loads are decomposed into the frame using an FE mesh.
• 3D Analysis – This will analyze the whole model at once, following analysis and design options and
can either treat the slabs as diaphragms (default) or include meshed slabs.
• Grillage Chasedown – This will complete a chasedown of loads using the sub-models of each floor,
from top to bottom, without the slabs being meshed.
• FE Chasedown – This will complete a chasedown of loads using the sub-models of each floor, from
top to bottom, meshing the slabs at every level.
• Design of all frame elements – Once the structure is fully analyzed, Tekla Structural Designer will
perform an Autodesign or a Check Design of all elements in the model, based on individual
Autodesign property status. The default for concrete elements is Always Autodesign.

You can monitor the progress of the design process by clicking the Show Process button in the bottom
left hand corner of the screen before clicking an Analyze or Design option.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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Elements designed during this process will be designed for the worst-case results from all analyses
completed, based on the element’s Autodesign properties, and the Design Group that it belongs to –
this will be discussed in more detail later.

3.2.1 Auto Design and Check Design

When TSD performs a design, it will either do an Auto Design or a Check Design, depending on the
member’s Autodesign property status, found in the Properties window for that element.

An Autodesign will complete a full design

based on any newly updated results. There are
two types of Autodesign settings available, also
specified in the element’s properties window:

• Minima option - removes any current bar

arrangement and starts the design from
the minimum allowable bar sizes
• Current option - Starts from the current
bar arrangement.
• Check Design – Autodesign unchecked -
will check the element’s already existing
design against the updated analysis results
and will report a pass or fail.

The default setting for all concrete elements is to perform an Auto Design, so that the element is fully
designed when first completed. By default, this property will also remain for all subsequent design
runs, but can be changed to a Check Design after the first design run is complete by going to Design
tab > Options > Autodesign

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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3.2.2 Design groups

To allow for a quick and efficient design process, all

concrete beams and columns are automatically
placed into Design Groups.

Design Groups have no specific engineering data

associated with them and are simply a unique name
for a collection of similar frame elements. They are
formed automatically based on span lengths,
number of spans, section sizes and various other
criteria.

The result of using design groups is that every

element within the group will have the same
reinforcement, and, provided they can all be
designed successfully, they will all work for all results
of the different analyses completed.

The Design Groups can be viewed using the Groups

tree in the project workspace. This window allows
you to complete a variety of tasks, including editing
the groups and re-grouping the elements.

The topic of Design Groups will be discussed in more detail in a later exercise in this training module.

The Detailing Groups you also see listed here relate to the generation of detail drawings and will also
be discussed in more detail in a later exercise in this training module.

3.2.3 Complete the analysis and design of frame elements

Now that the analysis and design options have been reviewed and the Autodesign and Design Group
functionality has been discussed, the analysis of the model and design of all frame elements can be
completed. Please note that slabs are designed using a separate process that will be covered later in
this course

• Click the Show Process button in the bottom left corner of the program window to open the
Process window
• Go to the Design Tab and click the Design Concrete (Static) button

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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3.3 Reviewing the overall design status of the model

Once the Design Concrete (Static) process is complete, the View Mode of your active scene view will
automatically change to the Review View mode, and the newly-created Review ribbon tab will be
activated. The initial view will show the graphical Design Status of all of the model’s concrete frame
elements, showing if they have passed or failed and if there are any other issues present.

1.1.1 Review ribbon tab

The Review Ribbon contains several different tools to show a good overall view of the designed model.
Some of the key options for reviewing the frame element design statuses are:

Design Status This option shows whether the frame elements in the active scene view are passing or
failing the design. It also highlights any elements that have errors or warnings against
them, or if the design of an element is beyond the scope. Any undesigned elements will
be shown to have an Unknown status
Design ratio Switching to Review mode allows you to see how close to its limit an element’s design is.
Elements are grouped together based on their design utilization ratios
Depth ratio This option color codes all of the concrete beams in the model to indicate their span to
depth utilization ratios

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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There are also several Slab Design review options available on the Review Tab, but these will be
discussed later in this course.

The Show\Alter State group of the Review Ribbon contains several useful commands for reviewing
and modifying the design of the structure:

Auto/Check Design Allows you to see whether elements are set to be Auto or Check Designed, and switch
between these options
Diaphragm On/Off Displays which slabs are included in the diaphragms for the analyses, and allows you to
add or remove slab panels
Fixed/Pinned Shows if an element is fixed or pinned, and allows you to quickly add or remove pins to
frame elements (excluding walls)
BIM Status For integration with other BIM platforms and indicates the status of members created
new, imported, updated, etc. since the last import/export operation.
Concrete Beam Used to review the flange status for concrete beams
Flanges

Try switching between the options mentioned above to review the design status of the model

3.3.1 The Status Tree

In addition to activating the Review ribbon tab, once the analysis

and frame element design process is complete, the Project
Workspace window will also switch to the Status Tree. The
Status Tree allows you to see the overall statuses of the various
analyses that have been completed, and for which load cases and
combinations, with steps that have been completed successfully
marked with a green tick.

3.3.2 The Status Bar

Another useful tool for reviewing the model is the Status Bar, which is located at the bottom of the
screen. The Status Bar will show 6 symbols in a row. These indicate the loading and analysis status, the
steel design status for both gravity loads and all loads, and the concrete design status for the same.
These will be displayed in all views of the model, so the overall status of the open model is always
indicated.

To the right of these symbols are the options to change the Scene View Mode. This setting is retained
for each different scene view, so you can activate the Review View for each scene as required.

Review the Status Tree and try reviewing the statuses of some different scene views

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3.4 Reviewing the analysis results

Once an analysis has been completed, whether in isolation or as part of the Design Concrete (Static) procedure, the
results for all completed analyses can be integrated by manually switching the view mode to the Results View, and a
newly-created Results Ribbon will be activated.

3.4.1 How to view the results you want

To ensure you are displaying the results you want, in the Results View scene mode check the following
settings:

• Scene View – As the Scene Mode setting is retained for each Scene View, you first need to ensure
that you have the correct Scene View active, then make sure that you are in the Results View
Scene Mode and have the Results ribbon tab selected

• Analysis Result Type – In the Result Type group of the Results ribbon tab, make sure you select
the appropriate analysis type. Having completed the Concrete Design (Static) process, the
appropriate options will be 1st Order Linear, FE Chasedown and Grillage Chasedown by default.
As discussed previously, results will vary with each type of analysis

• Load Type – All results that are displayed are for a particular loadcase, combination or envelope
that is selected in the Loading Drop List. If you are seeing no results after activating a particular
results option from the Results ribbon tab, then you may not have selected a load case or
combination.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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Once you have set up the required view, you can view the analysis results by selecting one or more of
the options on the Results Ribbon. The above image shows the Z direction support reactions and the
axial load 1D results for the Dead load case, based on the 1st Order Linear analysis results.

Set up your Structure 3D scene view as shown above

3.4.2 Viewing results for the whole model

A variety of results may be viewed using the various options on the Results ribbon tab:

Support View axial and moment support reactions in all directions individually, combined axial or
Reactions moment reactions, or total reactions
1D Results Displays the axial force, torsion, moments and shears in the major and minor axes for all
columns and beams in the model
Deflections View deflections in the 3 global directions, 2 local directions, or total deflections
Sway and Storey
Review the effects predominantly caused by lateral forces
Shear
Notional See the EHFs/NHFs and seismic loads applied to the model
Horizontal Forces
2D Results Displays contours in the walls and slabs, if you are viewing the results for the FE
Chasedown analysis, and can also display axial forces, moments and design moments
AsReq Shows the area of steel required in the top and bottom of the slabs in the two directions
2D Deflections Displays the deflections in the walls and slabs using contours
2D Wall Results Shows the axial force, torsion, moments and shears in the major and minor axes for the
walls, in a similar style to the 1D Results for the columns and beams

Some of these results are only available in certain views – i.e. 2D or 3D. You can also view multiple
scene views, displaying different results at the same time, to allow comparisons. Note that slab results
can only be seen when viewing results for an analysis that includes the slabs – as default, this will only
be available in FE Chasedown results.

Try viewing some different results for some different scene views.

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3.4.3 Slab strips

The slab design process automatically utilizes slab strips and takes this concept further, which will be
discussed later in detail. You may also cut strips and view their results by clicking the Create Strip
button on the Results tab. Note that you must be in a 2D Plan View to create slab strips. Once the
Create Strip command is active, the strip properties will be displayed in the Properties window. Here,
you can define the width for the start and end of the strip, the number of points and stations within
the strip, and choose from the following Result Types:

Average The results for all points across the width of the strip are calculated using weighted
averages of the shell elements local to each point. An average value is then calculated
for all points across the width of the strip at that station, and the process is repeated for
all stations along the length of the strip, which generates the strip results and diagrams
Maximum This option follows the same method as the Average option above, but uses the
maximum point value across the width for the strip for each station along its length to
generate the results and diagrams
Centerline This option only calculates the weighted average values for the stations along the
centerline of the strip, and ignores all points across the width of the strip

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Once you have set up the properties for the strip, they can be inserted into the plan view by first left-
clicking to define the start point of the strip, then left-clicking again to define the end point.

Once the strip is created, you can view its results by selecting one of the 2D Strip Results options on
the Results ribbon tab, viewing in either 2D or 3D scene views. Alternatively, provided you have the
Result Strips option ticked in the Scene Content, you can select the strip, right-click over it, and choose
Open Load Analysis View. This will create a new Scene View, displaying the relative displacement,
shear, moment, design moment and the area of steel required.

For more information on using strips, please refer to the Tekla Structural Designer Help document

Try creating a couple of slab strips and view their results

3.4.4 Viewing frame element analysis results

In addition to viewing the analysis results for the model as a whole, you can also view the results for
individual frame elements – i.e. columns and beams. These element results can be accessed by
selecting the element to analyze, right-clicking over it, and choosing Open Load Analysis View.

A new scene view will be created and a Loading Analysis tab will automatically open, allowing you to
choose which results are displayed and from which analysis they derive. The major axis results,
including loading, moment, shear and relative deflection, are displayed by default. As with all result
views, the results displayed will be based on which load option you have selected in the Loading drop-
down. The Properties window also helps control the information displayed in this view.

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Try viewing some frame element results

Save the model

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

LESSON
3

Session 3 – Design Groups

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4 Design Groups
Step 1 Open the model TSD Concrete Design Fundamentals Model 2 – Design Groups.tsmd

4.1 How are design groups formed?

As previously mentioned, to allow for a quick and efficient

design process, all concrete beams and columns are
automatically placed into Design Groups.

Design Groups have no specific engineering data associated

with them and are simply a unique name for a collection of
similar frame elements. Each frame element can only belong
to a single design group, and various criteria are used to
determine in which group a member will be placed. For
example, if a model contains several columns with the same
number of stacks, similar stack lengths, the same concrete and
reinforcement material properties and the same section sizes,
rotations and alignments in the corresponding stacks, they will
likely all be placed in the same design group. If any of these
options vary between the columns, they will be placed in multiple groups.

The Design Groups are formed as you build up the model and can be viewed using the Groups tree in
the project workspace. This window also allows you to complete other tasks, including editing the
groups and regrouping the elements, which will be discussed shortly.

Concrete walls are designed independently and do not use design groups.

Step 2 Go to the Groups tree in the project workspace and view the Design Groups for this model

4.2 The design procedure for a design group

When a design group is designed, either as part of the Design Concrete (Static) process or the
designing of a single group, a series of steps are completed:

• One element in the design group is arbitrarily selected, and it will have its full design completed
for all of the results generated by all performed analyses.
• The reinforcement selected and placed in this first element will then also be applied to all other
elements in that design group, so all have the same reinforcement arrangement.
One of these other elements will then have a check design completed on it, to make sure the
reinforcement for it is sufficient.
• If the reinforcement is sufficient, it will then move on to the next column and check the
reinforcement for that element, and so on.
• If an element requires more reinforcement, it will be increased and the updated reinforcement
will then be applied to all other elements in the group.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

• The process will then continue until all elements in the group have been checked, resulting in all
elements having the same reinforcement.
• Once all elements have been designed in the group, a final check procedure will calculate the
utilization ratios for all elements in that group to determine the ‘critical’ element, and an average
utilization ratio will be calculated for the purposes of reviewing group efficiency.

4.3 Working with Design Groups

As mentioned previously, when the design of all frame elements is completed on a model, it will design
all groups in the model. Typically, these automatically created design groups are more than sufficient
and will not need to be altered. However, the Groups tree has several features that allow you to
interrogate, modify and redesign specific groups in the model.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.3.1 Reviewing the Design Groups

Expanding the entries in the Groups tree allows you to see a full list of all program generated design
groups and the elements that make up each group. To locate all members that are in a particular
design group, first ensure you are viewing an appropriate Scene View, usually the Structure 3D view,
then simply right click over the Design Group name in the Groups tree, and choose Select in visible
views.

The same option is also available for locating the individual elements listed underneath the Design
Group name.

The Critical element(s) in the Design Group are highlighted in the Group’s tree with a red exclamation
mark, enabling use of the above command to find all elements in a particular Design Group and the
critical element from that group.

There may be more than one critical element in a group, as one is marked for the critical shear and one
for critical bending.

Step 3 Set the Structure 3D to be the active scene view.

Step 4 Try selecting different beam and column design groups and individual elements from those
groups in the model.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.3.2 Renaming Design Groups

When design groups are generated as you build up the model, they are automatically assigned group
names. For beams, the groups will be CRB followed by a number and for columns, CRC followed by a
number. To assign meaningful names, you may manually re-name groups by right clicking over the
Design Group name in the Groups tree, and choose Rename Group. Then type in a new name, and
press Enter to confirm. This will also update the related Detailing Groups names as well.

Step 5 Try selecting some design groups and then use the Rename Group command to assign more
meaningful names to them

4.3.3 Splitting groups

Although the automatically formed design groups will

be suitable most of the time, you may occasionally
find a group composed of dimensionally similar
elements with quite different forces acting on them.
This may result in some elements in the design group
having more reinforcement placed in them than
needed for the design. In this case, you may decide
to use the Split Group command. This will place all
members from the group being split into their own
individual groups, effectively allowing them to be
designed as ungrouped. Groups are split by right-
clicking the Design Group name in the Groups tree
and choosing Split Group.

Step 6 Try splitting the column design group CRC13 to form two new groups containing only one
element each

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.3.4 Adding and modifying existing groups

You may also decide to create a new group,

moving elements from the automatically
generated groups into the new group.

To add a new group, simply right-click over the

appropriate Design Group sub-heading, either
Concrete Reinforced Beams or Concrete
Reinforced Columns, depending on the type of
group you want to create, and then choose Add
Group. This will create a new, empty design group
inside that folder, as well as a corresponding
Detailing Group.

To add elements to the new group, simply click

and drag the element name from inside one group
into the new group folder. Tekla Structural
Designer will prevent you from moving an element
into a group that contains elements that can’t be
grouped together, such as those with different
section sizes. For more information, please refer
to the Tekla Structural Designer Help system.

In this model, the Concrete Reinforced Column design group CRC11 contains several elements. The
designs for these elements are obviously the same, but column C42 has some large loads applied on
and near it, resulting in much higher moments in this element, which in turn is dominating the bending
design for the whole group. Therefore, C42 could be moved into a new, separate group to be designed
independently from the other elements.

Step 7 Ensure the design results for the whole model are up to date.
Step 8 Right-click on C42 and choose Check Member to see an overview of the reinforcement
selected for all elements in the group. Repeat this process for another member in this group
to confirm the reinforcement is the same.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 9 Use the Add Group command to create a new Concrete Reinforced Column design group.
Step 10 Click and drag column C42 from group CRC11 into the newly created group.

4.3.5 Designing individual groups

Instead of repeating the full analysis and design process, individual design groups can be designed to
take their updated contents into account. This is done by right-clicking over the Design Group name
and choosing Design Group. You can then check the designs of the members again to see the
differences.

Step 11 Use the Design Group command to redesign CRC11 and the newly created group
Step 12 Use the Check Member command to compare the designs between the two

4.3.6 Re-Group all model members

If you have edited the Design Groups in a model and want to go back to the original groups created by
Tekla Structural Designer, you can click the Re-Group ALL Model Members button, located in the top
left corner of the Groups tree window.

If you click this button by mistake, the Undo command will revert changes.

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LESSON
4

Session 4 – Interactive Design of Columns and Walls

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5 Interactive design of columns and walls

As already shown, all frame elements can designed at once by using one of the Design Concrete
options on the Design Ribbon. Most of the time, this analysis should be sufficient. However, if you
want to investigate the designs of individual elements in more detail, or if you need to interactively
design a member, a variety of tools are available.

Step 1 Open the model TSD Concrete Design Fundamentals Model 3 - Element Design.tsmd which
is very similar to one used earlier, but with a few slight differences.

5.1 Check Member

You may perform a check design on an initially designed column by right-clicking over it in your active
scene view and selecting Check Member. A summary of the existing reinforcement placed in that
column will be displayed, which will be the same reinforcement layout as all other columns in the same
design group, along with its status, based on the current analysis results. You may also view all design
calculations and checks based on the analysis results for the specific column you are looking at by
expanding the options down the left-hand side.

• The critical checks and results for each stack within the checked column will be highlighted with
blue exclamation marks on the left-hand side of this window.
• The right-hand pane will display the calculations and results; clicking the arrow icons next to the
text will either collapse or expand the information.
• The Settings button will allow you to edit the formatting of the text in the Check Member window.

Walls can be check-designed in the exact same way, except this option is called Check Wall. Walls are
designed independently from each other and do not use Design Groups.

Step 2 Perform a Design Concrete (Static) process via the Design Ribbon.
Step 3 Use the Check commands to check a few different columns and walls.

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5.2 Design member

In addition to checking a column’s existing design or designing

all frame elements in a model, Tekla Structural Designer can
also design an individual column by right-clicking over it in
your active scene view and selecting Design Member.

The Design Member command carries out an Automatic

design for that individual column, and then allows you to view
these new design calculations and results for that member.
However, when you choose to Close this window, it applies
the same reinforcement selected as part of the design to all
other members in the same Design Group and then performs
a Check Design on them. Therefore, if you happen to use the
Design Member command on an element that is not a critical
member in its Design Group, you may find that some other
members from that group change from a pass to a fail.

Step 4 Use the Groups tree to locate the column design group CRC3.
Step 5 Use the Check Member command to view the current design for non-critical column C11,
which is located at the gridline intersection (F,3).

Step 6 Close this window and use the Design Member command to redesign this member based on
its own analysis results.

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The reinforcement in this column has now been reduced from its original
design, but this has resulted in columns C7 and C6 now failing. This occurs
because C7 was the critical column for the design of group CRC1.

This failure could be removed by either:

• Using the Design Member command on the now failing column.

• Redesigning group CRC1, as discussed in the previous session.
• Interactively designing the failing column, which will be discussed in detail
shortly.

Step 7 Use the Design Member command to design the failing column and have its updated
reinforcement applied all columns in the group.
For walls, this option is called Design Wall, and simply does an automatic design for the individual wall
being viewed.

5.3 Design…

The automatic designs of elements in Tekla Structural Designer are generally sufficient in most cases.
However, if you would like to check a column or wall for specific reinforcement, or you just want to
adjust the reinforcement automatically selected by Tekla Structural Designer to see how it affects the
design, you can use the Interactive Design capabilities. To do this, simply right click a column or wall in
your active scene view and choose Interactive Design…

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5.3.1 Interactive Design

Once selected, the Design… option will first perform a check design on the element in question, and
then allow you to edit the existing rebar for each stack of that element, based on its analysis results.

For columns, you can adjust the principal (corner) and intermediate (edge) longitudinal bar sizes and
their quantity, and the link bar size and spacing by selecting the appropriate stack in the left-hand
pane, then selecting the required tab on the right and adjusting the various settings.

When any of these settings are changed, the sketch, design statuses and results are instantly updated
and displayed. You may also click the Check button on the right-hand side of this window to perform a
Check Design of the edited reinforcement and view the full design calculations, as discussed earlier.

Step 1 Open the Interactive Column Design window for the column C10.
Step 2 Try adjusting the reinforcement in the column to see if it can be reduced.
Step 3 Use the Check button to view the updated results.

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5.3.2 Interaction Diagrams

Another useful function in this window is the ability to view the Interaction Diagrams for the column
or wall by selecting the Interaction Diagrams tab in the right-hand pane. Once opened, it allows
further interrogation of the column design and shows two different diagrams based on the current
reinforcement you have specified in the design. Once the design is edited, these diagrams will also
update.

The diagram on the left shows the axial load capacity against the moment capacity for the two
directions of the column. The results for all combinations and for all analyses completed are all plotted
on this diagram, allowing you to quickly see the overall status of the column and how hard it’s working.

The diagram on the right shows the major axis moment capacity against the minor axis moment
capacity for the axial load from the critical combination. The one plot displayed on this diagram is for
the same critical combination results, which is calculated as the worst-case results from all
combinations, considering all results from all the analyses completed.

In the P-M diagram, the red lines and plotted points are for the major axis and the blue lines and points
are for the minor axis.

Step 1 Try adjusting the reinforcement placed in column C10 to see how this affects the Interaction
Diagrams

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5.3.3 Detail Drawing

The Detail Drawing button in the Interactive Design window allows you to quickly view a detailed
drawing of the column or wall. You can adjust the design of the element and instantly create a
detailed drawing, using whichever detail drawing program is installed on your machine.

The detailed drawing generated by this method will include an elevation drawing of all stacks
comprising the whole column or wall, a section drawing for each stack and a quantities table by
default.

While you are more likely to generate detail drawings of multiple columns and walls at once using
other functionality in the program, this feature is still very useful in understanding the design of the
element in question. The production of detail drawings will be discussed further later in this course.

Step 2 Generate and review the Detail Drawing for column C10

5.3.4 Updating the design groups

As with the Design Member command, when you click OK to confirm the interactive design of a
column, the rebar selected in the new design is applied to all the columns in the same design group. A
Check Design is then performed on them and their design calculations and statuses will be instantly
updated. To maximize the productivity of this process, make sure you interactively design the critical
column(s) from the Design Group by checking the Groups tree – the critical column within a group is
signified with a red exclamation mark.

This does not apply to the Interactive Design of walls, as they are not designed using Design Groups.
Confirming the Interactive Design of a wall simply applies the rebar to the wall that has been designed.

Step 3 Click OK to confirm the column design

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5.3.5 Interactive design of the walls

The Interactive Design of walls works in a very similar way to that of columns, with some slight
differences.

The Interactive Wall Design allows you to specify whether you want to use end zones, and whether
you want one or two layers of reinforcement.

Wall design also allows you to choose to use loose bars or mesh reinforcement. When using loose
bars, you can select the vertical bar size, the

number of rows of bars and any additional end row bars. Using mesh has the same options, but allows
you to choose the mesh size.

As you see on this model, all walls have a Warning and are highlighted in Amber when viewing the
Results View Design Status.

When accessing the Interactive Design window for any of the walls in the model, there are no
immediately obvious reasons why the walls in this model have warnings, as all checks shown are
passing and have green ticks next to them. This suggests that the issues are actually due to detailing
problems rather than any of the actual design checks having problems.

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Clicking the Check button in the Interactive Wall Design window allows you to view all of the design
calculations and any other additional detailing checks completed by the program. As seen here by
reviewing these calculations, the issue is with the concrete cover for the walls. The cover specified in
the wall properties is ½”, but according to code checks, the cover needs to be ¾” or greater.

To resolve this issue, do the following:

Step 4 Select all concrete walls in the model

Step 5 Increase the Nominal Cover property to ¾ in and press Enter to confirm
Step 6 Update the design results for all the walls in the model by either repeating the Design
Concrete (Static) process or by using the Check Wall or Design Wall commands for each wall,
one by one
Step 7 Save the model

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

LESSON
5

Session 5 – Interactive Design of Beams

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

6 Interactive design of beams

As with columns, TSD can complete a Check Design or an Automatic Design on an individual beam
member, or an Interactive Beam Design may be performed.

Step 1 Open the model TSD Concrete Design Fundamentals Model 3 – Element Design.tsmd and run
a Design Concrete (Static) process from the Design Ribbon.

6.1 Check member

Just as with columns, you may perform a check design on a beam by right-clicking over it in your active
scene view and selecting Check Member. The Check Member command and window work in the same
way for columns and walls, except all the design and detailing calculations for the beam are displayed,
and you may check these for each of the beam’s spans. For more information on the Check Member
command, please refer to the previous exercise.

Step 1 Use the Check Member command to perform check designs on some of the beams that are
already passing their designs

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

6.2 Design member

The Design Member command also works for beams in the same way it does for columns. To perform an automatic
design for a single beam, simply right click over a beam and choose Design Member. All spans of that individual
beam will be designed based on the analysis results for that beam, and the reinforcement selected will then be
copied to all other beams in the same design group. Check Designs will be completed on these members, and their
design calculations and statuses will be immediately updated. As with columns, if the Design Member command is
used on a beam that is not a critical beam in that design group, you may find some beams that had passed will
suddenly fail.

Step 3 Locate beam 1B4 in the model from design group CRB3
Step 4 Use the Design Member command to design beam 1B4 – some other beams should now
warnings against them
Step 5 Use the Design Group command in the Groups Tree to re-design group CRB6

6.3 Design…

If you would like to check a beam for specific reinforcement, or simply want to adjust the
reinforcement automatically selected by Tekla Structural Designer to see how it affects the design, you
can use the Interactive Design capabilities in a similar way to columns and walls. To do this, simply
right click over a beam in your active scene view and choose Design…

6.3.1 Interactive Design

Once selected, the Design… option will first perform a check design on the beam in question, and then
allow you to edit the existing rebar for each span, based on that element’s analysis results.

For beams, select the appropriate span on the left-hand pane, then select the required tab on the right
and adjust the various settings for:

• The top and bottom longitudinal bar sizes and their quantity
• The side bar size and quantity (if required),
• The stirrup bar size, number of legs and spacing

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Once any of these settings are changed, the sketch, design statuses and results are instantly updated
and displayed.

You may also click the Check button on the right-hand side of this window to perform a check design
of the edited reinforcement and view the full design calculations, as discussed earlier.

Step 6 Open the Interactive Beam Design window for a few different beams in the model, except
the ones with warnings
Step 7 Review their designs, and try adjusting the reinforcement placed in some of them to see how
they affect their statuses

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

6.3.2 Detail Drawing

The Detail Drawing button in the Interactive Beam Design window allows you to quickly view a
detailed drawing of the beam. You can adjust the design of the element and instantly create a detailed
drawing of it using whichever drawing program is installed on your machine.

The detailed drawing generated by this method will include an elevation drawing of all spans making
up the entire beam, section drawings for each span and support regions for each beam span, and a
quantities table as default.

This feature can be very useful in understanding the design of the element in question. The production
of detail drawings will be discussed further later in this course.

Step 8 Generate and review the Detail Drawing for some beams

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

6.3.3 Correcting the warnings

As you see in this model, some beams have warnings and are shaded amber when viewing the Results
View Design Status. Opening the Design… window for any of these beams shows green ticks for all of
the design results displayed, suggesting a potential detailing issue. Therefore, to discover the issue,
the Check window should be opened to view all calculations.

Step 9 Open the Interactive Beam Design window for beam 4B3
Step 10 Click the Check button to view the calculations

As seen above, the issue here is with the cover checks. The automatic design has selected bars that
are sufficient for the design checks but, due to the selection of #14 bars, the cover specified in the
beam properties is not quite sufficient to meet the code criteria.

There are various ways to correct this issue, such as increasing the beam cover properties, adjusting
the section sizes or reducing the forces in the beam by editing the model. However, the easiest, and
probably most sensible approach in this example, would be to reduce the bar size being used in the
beam design. For a model of this size with these sorts of element sections, it is quite unlikely that #14
bars would be used.

Step 11 Use the Interactive Beam Design window to adjust the reinforcement provided for beam
4B6 so that it passes both the design and detailing checks

Alternatively, you could try setting the Maximum Longitudinal Bar Size setting for beams in the Design
Options window to a smaller bar size, and then complete the Design Concrete (Static) process again to
make sure no beams in the model use this bar size.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

6.3.4 Updating the design groups

As with the Design Member command, when you click OK to confirm the interactive design of a beam,
the rebar selected in the new design is applied to all beams in the same design group. A Check Design
is then performed on the beams and their design calculations and statuses will be instantly updated.
To make this a more productive process, make sure that you interactively design the critical beam(s)
from the Design Group by checking the Groups tree – the critical beam within a group is signified with
a red exclamation mark.

Step 12 Click OK to confirm the beam design and ensure that all beams in the same group now pass.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

LESSON
6

Session 6 – Slab Design

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

7 Slab design
As previously shown, all frame elements are designed at once as part of the Design Concrete (Static)
process. This example will address in more detail the separate process for designing of Slabs, which
utilizes a slightly more manual procedure.

Step 1 Open the model TSD Concrete Design Fundamentals Model 4 - Slab Design.tsmd and run
the Design Concrete (Static) command.

7.1 Introduction to slab design

To design the concrete slabs in a model, whether they are part

of a Flat Slab or a Beam and Slab structure, many steps are
required to produce the simplest, yet economical,
reinforcement arrangement.

When slabs are first created, the several properties relating to

their reinforcement are known as their background
reinforcement. Following initial design of the slab, this
reinforcement will be automatically selected based on all
analysis results calculated anywhere within the slabs and then
placed throughout the whole slab panel.

Designing the background reinforcement to resist all forces in

the slabs as described above would result in excessive
reinforcement layouts. The higher peak forces, and therefore
the higher reinforcement requirements in the slabs, normally
only occur in isolated positions, such as near beams or at the
corners of core wall areas.

Therefore, a variety of Patches need to be inserted into the

model in these local areas so that the background
reinforcement placed throughout the whole slab panels can be
minimized and additional reinforcement can be placed in the
patch positions.

There are a variety of Patch types available, dependent on the location of the patch to be placed, such
as over columns, walls, beams or in the middle of slab panels. The patches essentially contain many
strips running in both directions, some of which are set to design for the average design forces across
their widths, and others are simply gathering a maximum value from across their widths.

Once the main slab design is complete, Punching Shear Checks may also be added to specific columns
and walls, in a similar manner to adding patches, to see whether any additional shear reinforcement is
required in these locations.

The model used for this exercise has some floors which are flat slab and others which are of beam and
slab construction.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 2 Select any slab in the model and review its Reinforcement properties.

7.1.1 Overall slab design procedure

Below is a brief synopsis of the full slab design procedure. These points will be discussed in more detail
throughout the rest of this example.

• Insert the Patches in the appropriate locations

• Design the Slab Panels to select the background reinforcement for the entire slab panels to resist
the forces in the slab areas not covered by patches
• Review and optimize the panel designs by rationalizing the selected steel
• Design the Patches to calculate the additional reinforcement required in the areas of slab covered
by the slab patches
• Review and optimize the patch designs by rationalizing the selected steel

7.2 Checking the background reinforcement with no patches

As an initial test, all slabs contained in a model can be designed without any patches being placed in
the model by clicking the Design Slabs button on the Design ribbon tab. This will result in the
background reinforcement being selected on every level, so that each slab panel in the model will have
sufficient reinforcement placed in it to be able to resist any of the moments anywhere within that
panel.

Step 3 Go to the St.2 scene view of the model, then click Design Slabs on the Design Ribbon

Once the design of the slabs is complete, the scene view should automatically switch to the Review
View scene mode and show the whole slab passing. However, using the Slab Reinforcement
command on the Review tab, you can see the somewhat excessive reinforcement selected, based on
the options selected in the Properties window.

Step 4 Use the Slab Reinforcement review command and the Properties window to see the
reinforcement that has been automatically selected and placed throughout the slab panels

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

7.3 Types and application of patches

As the background reinforcement selected is excessive, Patches need to be inserted into the model in
the areas where higher reinforcement areas are required. There are a variety of patch types available,
dependent upon the location of the patch to be placed; they are found on the Design tab. They
include:

Patch Column Placed on columns in flat slab models, for localized peak moments
Patch Beam Placed along beams, usually to deal with negative moments
Patch Wall Placed along walls, with options associated with the position and span of the wall
Patch Panel Placed in the middle of slab spans to deal with local peak moments

Patches contain several strips, some of which are set to design for the average design forces across
their widths, while others simply gather a maximum value. The patches also have a variety of
properties allowing you to control options such as patch size, strip widths, bar sizes and spacings. It is
important to make sure the patch sizes are appropriate for the model; the easiest way to do this is to
insert the patches while viewing the results contours to ensure the peak forces are contained within
the patch dimensions. You should also ensure that both the slab panel and patch minimum bar
spacings are sensible before attempting the design.

Patches are inserted into the model by first selecting the patch command you wish to use, then by
either left clicking on an appropriate element or by selecting multiple elements.

Step 5 Go to the Results View scene mode, select the 1 LRFD2-1.2D+1.6L combination
Step 6 Choose the FE Chasedown results type from the Results tab
Step 7 Review the slab design moment and area of steel requirement contours
Step 8 Switch to the Design tab

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

7.3.1 Wall patches

There are multiple wall patches available, dependent upon where the walls are located and how they
intersect. The different types are selected using the Create Mode option in the Properties window
once the Patch Wall command has been activated.

In this example, the Single Patch Along Wall option will be used for the three walls. They are inserted
by either left clicking on the individual walls, or by dragging a box around them.

Step 9 Select the Patch Wall command on the Design ribbon tab
Step 10 Specify the width of the patch to be 4ft
Step 11 Insert the patches on the 3 walls in the model, using the appropriate Create Mode settings

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

7.3.2 Beam patches

The remaining patches inserted on St.2 will be Beam Patches. Column Patches are not required, as all
columns on this floor are connected to beams, causing the columns to be covered by the beam
patches.

Step 12 Activate the Patch Beam command on the Design tab.

Step 13 Ensure the Patch Width is set to 6ft and then drag a window around the whole floor to insert
all Beam Patches at once.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

7.4 Design the slab panels

Now that all patches are inserted into the floor, the slab panels can be designed by clicking Design
Slabs on the Design tab. The Autodesign selects the background reinforcement for the slab panels,
ignoring the forces that develop within the slab patch areas, but the background reinforcement is
placed throughout the whole slab panel. This process still applies to the slabs on all levels.

Step 14 Click Design Slabs on the Design Ribbon

Step 15 Use the Review View and the Review Ribbon commands to view the design status of the slab
panels.

The reinforcement selected for the panels now should be less than before the patches were added.

7.5 Review and rationalize the panel design

Once the slab panels have been designed, you may view the selected reinforcement using the Slab
Reinforcement option on the Review Ribbon when in the Review View. The Slab setting in the
Properties window should be set to Panel; you can then review the reinforcement placed in the panels
for both the top and bottom of the slab and in the X and Y directions.

The Apply property allows you to apply the reinforcement selected for one panel into other panels.
Simply select the reinforcement you want to apply to a panel in the Properties window, then left click
on the panel in the scene view, allowing you to rationalize the background reinforcement for all slab
panels. Once applied, a check design is performed on the slabs to ensure they still work.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 16 Review and rationalize the top reinforcement selected in the X direction.
Step 17 Delete and reapply (8’-0” wide) beam patches to encapsulate high Mdx top moments to get
an economical working design for the entire floor’s Top X rebar.

7.6 Design the slab patches

Now that the panels are appropriately designed, the patches may also be designed by clicking Design
Patches on the Design tab. This Autodesign process considers the reinforcement that has already
been provided in the whole slab panels, and selects the additional reinforcement required for within
the patch areas. Once complete, the patch areas should have sufficient total reinforcement to resist
the forces that are acting within them.

Step 18 Click Design Patches on the Design tab.

Step 19 Use the Review View and the Review tab commands to view the design status of the slab
patches.

7.7 Review and rationalize the patch design

As with the slab panels, once the patches have been designed, you may view the selected
reinforcement by using the Slab Reinforcement option on the Review ribbon tab when in the Review
View. The Slab setting in the Properties window should first be set to Patch and allowing you to
review the reinforcement placed in the patches.

The Apply property allows you to apply the reinforcement selected for one patch into other patches,
simply by selecting the reinforcement you want applied to a panel in the Properties window, then left
clicking on the patch in the scene view. This allows you to rationalize the additional patch

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

reinforcement, producing a simple yet economic arrangement. Once applied, a check design is
performed on the slabs to ensure they still work for the new arrangement.

Step 20 Review and rationalize the additional patch reinforcement selected for the X direction – this
will typically only apply to the top reinforcement

Once this stage is complete, the slab is completely designed for the first story. However, as St.2 is a
unique story, no patches exist on any other levels. A similar process would need to be completed for all
other unique levels or levels that have been used as the Source Story in the Construction Levels
window. At present, the slabs on all other stories are designed with no patches, producing an
excessive current background reinforcement.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

7.8 Flat slab design

The process for designing a flat slab structure or floor is the same as designing a beam and slab model
– the only real difference is the type of patches used.

Step 21 Switch to the 2D Plan scene view for St.4, activate the Review View scene mode, and select
the Slab Design Status command on the Review tab.

Note that this level is a flat slab. The Slab Design Status should show that the slab passes the design as
the Design Slabs process was earlier completed. However, as there are no patches inserted on this
level, the background reinforcement has been selected to resist all forces acting anywhere within the
slab panels. Using the Slab Reinforcement command on the Review Tab, you should be able to see
that the selected top reinforcement is quite high in some slab panels due to the higher negative
moments over the columns and at the corners of the core wall. Therefore, some patches need to be
inserted into this floor to help reduce this background reinforcement in a similar manner to the beam
and slab level.

Step 22 Review the currently selected background reinforcement.

Step 23 Go to the Results View scene mode, select the Total Load combination, choose the FE
Chasedown results type from the Results tab and review the slab design moment and area
of steel requirement contours.
Step 24 Switch to the Design tab.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

7.8.1 Wall patches

The wall patches can be inserted into this floor following the same method as discussed earlier,
instead using the Internal with End Patches option for the Create Mode for the two horizontal walls.
These are inserted by either left clicking on the individual walls or dragging a box around the walls. On
the other floor, beams connected into the walls, so the beam patches helped to cover the forces on
the corners of the core wall; on flat slab level, the use of wall end patches should ensure that all peak
forces at the corner positions are covered by the wall patches.

The remaining wall will use the Internal Patch option. Draw the internal patch by left-clicking on the
wall between the end patches.

Step 25 Select the Patch Wall command on the Design ribbon tab
Step 26 Specify the width of the patch to be 6ft
Step 27 Insert the patches on the 3 walls in the model, using the appropriate Create Mode settings

7.8.2 Column patches

The rest of the patches on this story will be Column Patches. Column patches are inserted into the
floor by either left clicking on individual columns or by selecting multiple columns. As with the beam
and wall patches, their dimensions may be adjusted in the Properties window to ensure all higher
peak force contours are contained within the column patch. For models such as this example, you will
likely find larger column patches are required for the internal column positions, where the moments in
the slabs will be higher.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 28 Try inserting some column patches into the model, adjusting their dimensions as required

7.8.3 Completing the design of the floor

To complete the design of this floor, simply follow the same process as for the other level:

Step 29 Design the Slab Panels to select the background reinforcement for the whole slab panels to
resist the forces in the slab areas not covered by patches.
Step 30 Review and optimize the panel designs by rationalizing the selected steel.
Step 31 Design the Patches to calculate the additional reinforcement required in the areas of slab
covered by the slab patches.
Step 32 Review and optimize the patch designs by rationalizing the selected steel.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

As St.3 is a duplicate of St.4, you should find that this floor has also been designed. When duplicate
levels are modelled and the slabs are designed, it works in a similar way to Design Groups. When the
Design Slabs and the Design Patches commands are completed, the panels and patches on the Source
floor are designed, and then their selected reinforcement is copied to its duplicates. A check design is
then completed on the duplicate floors and the design statuses are updated. You may find that some
panels and/or patches fail on the duplicate levels.

To rectify this, you simply need to complete an Autodesign on the level with the failures. This can be
done by either selecting the failing element, right clicking and choosing Design Member, or by right
clicking anywhere in the scene view and choosing Design Slabs or Design Patches.

Once one of these design processes have been completed, you may then review the full design
calculations for the slabs in question.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

7.9 Punching shear checks

The final step in the slab design process is to complete the Punching Shear Checks. This must be
completed after the main slab reinforcement has been designed so that it can be correctly considered
when calculating if any additional shear reinforcement is required.

Punching checks are inserted by clicking Add Check on the Design tab. They are inserted using a
similar method to inserting column patches – you can select multiple columns.

Step 33 Insert a few punching shear checks in different locations on St.4 using the Add Check
command.

Once you have inserted the punching shear checks, you may use the Punch Check Position command
on the Review tab to ensure Tekla Structural Designer has specified the correct position settings for
each inserted check.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

If you want to change the position setting for a particular check, simply left-click on the check in the
scene view and it will change to the next setting in the list. Keep left clicking on the check to cycle
through the options until the one you want to use is selected.

Once you are happy with the position settings of the checks, the Design Punching Shear command on
the Design ribbon tab will complete the checks.

The checks will be highlighted in green or red, depending on whether the checks passes or fails.

To view the punching check calculations, simply right click over one of the punching checks and choose
the option Check Punching.

Step 34 Complete the punching checks on a few columns and review the punching check calculations
Step 35 Save the model

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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