CHAPTER 1

PART 1
• Transformation of
Continuous-Time (CT)
Signals
 TRANSFORMATION OF CT SIGNAL
-Basic Signal Operations-

LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Understand the transformation on

independent variable
After completion this chapter, 2 Understand the transformation on
dependent variable
student should be able to :
3 Apply the problem for
transformation on dependent and
independent variable
 Signal operations
TIME based operation AMPLITUDE based operation
(independent variable) (dependent variable)

❑ Time shifting ❑ Amplitude scaling

❑ Time scaling ❑ Amplitude reversal
❑ Time reversal / reflection ❑ Amplitude shifting

Remember!!!

affects only
1. Time transformation time parameter (horizontal axis)
2. Amplitude transformation affects only amplitude (vertical axis)
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON TIME

1) TIME SHIFTING
➢ A time shift delay (shift to right) or advances (shift to left) the
signal without changing its shape.
➢ The identification is based on moving the whole signal along time-
axis (horizontal) by a constant.

original
 Time shifting
A time shift delay (shift to right) or advances (shift to left) the signal
without changing its shape.

The time shifting of signal 𝒙(𝒕) is defined by:

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)

delay
𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎) represents 𝒙(𝒕) time-shifted by 𝒕𝟎 :

If 𝒕𝟎 is + ve [𝒕𝟎 > 0], shift to right (delay)

If 𝒕𝟎 is - ve [𝒕𝟎 < 0], shift to left (advance)

advance 𝒇(𝒕 − 𝟐) = 𝒇(𝒕 − +𝟐 ) is 𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝒇(𝒕) delayed (right-

shifted) by 2-time units.
𝒇 𝒕 + 𝟐 = 𝒇(𝒕 − (−𝟐)) is signal 𝒇(𝒕) advanced (left-
shifted) by 2-time units.
 𝒕𝟎 > 0 (+ve) shift right
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)
𝒕𝟎 < 0 (-ve) shift left

(b) 𝒀𝟏(𝒕) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 3)

(c) 𝒀𝟐(𝒕) = 𝑥(𝑡 + 4)

Example : Time shifting
● Figure (a) show the rectangular pulse x(t) of unit amplitude and unit
duration. Find y(t) = x (t - 2)

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0)

▪ 𝑡0 is equal to 2-time units

(+2), means signal 𝑥(𝑡 )
delayed (right-shifted) by
2-time units.

(b) is the time-shifted version

of 𝑥(𝑡) by 2-time shifts.
Time shifting : Exercise 1 (a)

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 + 1)

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)

𝒕𝟎 < 0 (-ve) shift left
Time shifting : Exercise 1 (b)

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 − 1)

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)

𝒕𝟎 > 0 (+ve) shift right
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON TIME

2) TIME SCALING
➢ Time scaling is compression or expansion of a signal in time-axis
(horizontal), no changes in signal amplitude (vertical).
➢ The time scaling of signal 𝑥(𝑡) is defined by:

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝐚𝒕) where “a” is a real positive constant

If 𝐚 > 𝟏, the resulting signal 𝑦 𝑡 is a compressed version of 𝑥(𝑡).

If 𝟎 < 𝐚 < 𝟏, the resulting signal 𝑦 𝑡 is an expanded version of 𝑥(𝑡).

a=2 a = 1/2

Time-compressed Time-expanded
(speed-up) (slowed-down)
Example : Time scaling
Time scaling : Exercise 2 (a)

𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑓(3𝑡)

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝐚𝒕)

For a>1, Time-compressed

Time scaling : Exercise 2 (b)

2
𝑏 𝑡 =𝑓 𝑡
5

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝐚𝒕)
For a<1, Time-expanded
 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝒕 − 𝟑 = 𝒙(𝒕 − +𝟑 ) 𝒕𝟎 > 0 (+ve) shift right
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝟑 = 𝒙(𝒕 − −𝟑 ) 𝒕𝟎 < 0 (-ve) shift left

Time Shifting : adding or subtracting (equation)

Time shifting is, as the name suggests, the shifting of a signal in time (left or
right).

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝟑𝒕 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟓𝒕 𝐚 > 1 narrower (compression)

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝐚𝒕) 𝟐
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝟎. 𝟓𝒕) 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙( 𝒕) 𝟎 < 𝐚< 1 wider (expansion)
𝟑
Time Scaling : multiplying (equation)
Remember!!! the operations for signal transformation is multiplication division

What happens when the time variable is multiplied

by a negative number?
Answer is TIME REVERSAL
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON TIME

3) TIME REVERSAL / REFLECTION

➢ This operation is the reversal of time axis, or flipping the signal
over the y-axis.
➢ The identification is based on MIRROR at Vertical y-axis.
➢ Replace 𝑡 with −𝑡; if 𝑦(𝑡) is a time inverted signal for 𝑥(𝑡), then

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(−𝒕)

(b) is reflected version

flip along the y-axis of 𝑥 𝑡 about the origin
at 𝑡 = 0.
(the reflection of about
the vertical axis)
Example : Time reversal /reflection

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(−𝒕)
 Exercise 3
A CT signal 𝑥 𝑡 is shown below, sketch and label each of this signal;

a) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(−𝑡) Solution
b) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(−2𝑡) a) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(−𝑡)
Solution Step 1 (scale) : a 𝑡 = 𝑥(2𝑡)
Time scaling

b) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(−2𝑡)

Time reversal

Step 2 (reversal) : y 𝑡 = 𝑥(−2𝑡)

CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON TIME

Combinations of Operations
➢ Time shifting, scaling, and inversion can all be combined.

Example :
➢ Signal 𝑥(𝑡) will have both scaling and time shift simultaneously

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 (𝒂𝒕 − 𝒃)
Time scaling Time shifting

➢ If signal 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆, time reversal is involved.

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 (−𝒂𝒕 − 𝒃)

Time shifting, scaling, and reversal

Example : Time shifting & Solution A : Shift first, then scale ??
scaling Step 1 (shift) : 𝑥(𝑡 + 3).
Step 2 (scale) : 𝑥(2𝑡).

(a) Plot signal 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(2𝑡 + 3).

Correct

Solution B : Scale first, then shift ??

Step 1 (scale) : 𝑥(2𝑡).
Step 2 (shift) : 𝑥(𝑡 + 3).

Incorrect
Precedence Rule: Time Shifting & Time Scaling
 Time shifting operation is performed first on x(t), which results in

 Time shift has replaced t in x(t) by t - b.

 Next, the time scaling operation is performed on v(t), replacing t by at
and resulting in,
y (t ) = v(at )
y (t ) = x(at − b )

Precedence Rule: Follow the proper order if Time Shifting, Time

Scaling, and Time Reversal occurs in same signal.

Time shifting Time scaling Time reversal

 Exercise 4
For the signal 𝑥 𝑡 shown, sketch and label 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(−4𝑡 − 2).
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON AMPLITUDE

1) AMPLITUDE SCALING
➢ The identification is based on VERTICAL Y-axis (amplitude).
➢ The scaled signal 𝐀𝒙(𝒕) is 𝑥(𝑡) multiplied by the constant 𝑨.

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒙(𝒕)

For A > 1, 𝑦(𝑡) = A𝑥(𝑡) results is

expansion (amplified) in amplitude.
For A < 1, 𝑦(𝑡) = A𝑥(𝑡) results is
compression in amplitude.
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON AMPLITUDE

1) AMPLITUDE SCALING
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒙(𝒕)

For A > 1, 𝑦(𝑡) = A𝑥(𝑡) results is expansion (amplified) in amplitude.

For A < 1, 𝑦(𝑡) = A𝑥(𝑡) results is compression in amplitude.
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON AMPLITUDE

2) AMPLITUDE REVERSAL
➢ The mirror image of 𝑥(𝑡) about the 𝒚(𝒕) = −𝒙(𝒕)
HORIZONTAL axis.

Remember!!! TIME reversal

AMPLITUDE
1. The mirror image of 𝒙(𝒕) about the VERTICAL axis is 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(−𝒕).
reversal
2. The mirror image of 𝒙(𝒕) about the HORIZONTAL axis is 𝒚 𝒕 = −𝒙(𝒕).
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON AMPLITUDE

3) AMPLITUDE SHIFTING
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝑩
SUMMARY

NO CHANGE IN
AMPLITUDE

NO CHANGE IN
TIME
 Exercise 5
For the signal 𝑥 𝑡 shown, sketch and label 𝑦 𝑡 = 2𝑥(3𝑡 − 1).
Amplitude Shifting, Scaling, and Reversal/inversion