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EEE228 Classification of Signals

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Loga Kumaran
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12 views10 pages

EEE228 Classification of Signals

Uploaded by

Loga Kumaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

Classification of signals

02
Classification of signals
• Continuous-time and discrete-time signals
• Analog and digital signals
• Periodic and aperiodic signals
• Causal and noncausal signals
• Even and odd signals
• Deterministic and probabilistic signals
• Finite and infinite length signals
• Energy and power signals
Continuous-time signals Discrete-time signals
A signal that is specified for every real A signal that is specified only for discrete
value of the independent variable. values of the independent variable.
• Usually generated by sampling. It only has
• The independent variable is continuous.
It takes any value on the real axis. values at equally spaced intervals along the
time axis.

EEE228
Analogue signals Digital signals
A signal whose amplitude can take on A signal whose amplitude can take only a
any value in a continuous range. finite number of values.
Analog corresponds to a continuous y-axis, while digital
Can be both continuous time and A digital signal whose amplitude can take
corresponds to a discrete y-axis only M different values is said to be M-ary.
discrete time
Binary signals are a special case for M= 2

EEE228
Periodic and aperiodic signals
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 + 𝑛𝑇0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡

The smallest value of T0 that satisfies the periodicity condition is the


fundamental period of 𝑓 𝑡 .
A periodic signal remains unchanged when time-shifted of integer multiples of
the period.

A signal that is not periodic is said to be aperiodic.

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Causal and noncausal signals
Causal signals are signals that are zero for all negative time (or spatial
positions).
𝑓 𝑡 = 0; 𝑡 < 0

Anti-causal are signals that are zero for all positive time (or spatial positions).
𝑓 𝑡 = 0; 𝑡 ≥ 0

Noncausal signals are signals that have nonzero values in both positive and
negative time.
𝑓 𝑡1 = 0; 0 < 𝑡1 < 0
Even signals Odd signals

A function is even if 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) = A function is odd if 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡) = −𝑥𝑜 (−𝑡)


𝑥𝑒 −𝑡
xe(t) xo(t)

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Even and odd components of signals

𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑓𝑜 𝑡
Properties
1 even function x odd function = odd function
𝑓𝑒 𝑡 = [𝑓 𝑡 + 𝑓 −𝑡 ]
2
odd function x odd function = even function
1 even function x even function = even
𝑓𝑜 𝑡 = [𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑓 −𝑡 ]
2 function
 ooops..
..even and odd
functions/signals have
basic properties

EEE228
Deterministic signals Probabilistic/ Random signals
A signal whose physical description is known The amplitude values cannot be predicted
completely. precisely but are known only in terms of
Each value of the signal is fixed and can be probabilistic descriptors.
determined by a mathematical expression, rule, The future values of a random signal cannot be
or table. accurately predicted and can usually only be
The future values of the signal can be guessed based on the averages of sets of
calculated from past values with complete signals.
confidence. • They are realization of a stochastic
process for which a model could be
available.

EEE228

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