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EEE228 Signal Operations v1

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17 views19 pages

EEE228 Signal Operations v1

Uploaded by

Loga Kumaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

PART 1
• Transformation of
Continuous-Time (CT)
Signals
TRANSFORMATION OF CT SIGNAL
-Basic Signal Operations-

LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Understand the transformation on


independent variable
After completion this chapter, 2 Understand the transformation on
dependent variable
student should be able to :
3 Apply the problem for
transformation on dependent and
independent variable
Signal operations
TIME based operation AMPLITUDE based operation
(independent variable) (dependent variable)

❑ Time shifting ❑ Amplitude scaling


❑ Time scaling ❑ Amplitude reversal
❑ Time reversal / reflection ❑ Amplitude shifting

Remember!!!
affects only
1. Time transformation time parameter (horizontal axis)
2. Amplitude transformation affects only amplitude (vertical axis)
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON TIME

1) TIME SHIFTING
➢ A time shift delay (shift to right) or advances (shift to left) the
signal without changing its shape.
➢ The identification is based on moving the whole signal along time-
axis (horizontal) by a constant.

original
Time shifting
A time shift delay (shift to right) or advances (shift to left) the signal
without changing its shape.

The time shifting of signal 𝒙(𝒕) is defined by:

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)

delay
𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎) represents 𝒙(𝒕) time-shifted by 𝒕𝟎 :

If 𝒕𝟎 is + ve [𝒕𝟎 > 0], shift to right (delay)


If 𝒕𝟎 is - ve [𝒕𝟎 < 0], shift to left (advance)

advance 𝒇(𝒕 − 𝟐) = 𝒇(𝒕 − +𝟐 ) is 𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝒇(𝒕) delayed (right-


shifted) by 2-time units.
𝒇 𝒕 + 𝟐 = 𝒇(𝒕 − (−𝟐)) is signal 𝒇(𝒕) advanced (left-
shifted) by 2-time units.
𝒕𝟎 > 0 (+ve) shift right
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)
𝒕𝟎 < 0 (-ve) shift left

(b) 𝒀𝟏(𝒕) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 3)

(c) 𝒀𝟐(𝒕) = 𝑥(𝑡 + 4)


Example : Time shifting
● Figure (a) show the rectangular pulse x(t) of unit amplitude and unit
duration. Find y(t) = x (t - 2)

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0)

▪ 𝑡0 is equal to 2-time units


(+2), means signal 𝑥(𝑡 )
delayed (right-shifted) by
2-time units.

(b) is the time-shifted version


of 𝑥(𝑡) by 2-time shifts.
Time shifting : Exercise 1 (a)

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 + 1)

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)


𝒕𝟎 < 0 (-ve) shift left
Time shifting : Exercise 1 (b)

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 − 1)

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)


𝒕𝟎 > 0 (+ve) shift right
Signal operations
TIME based operation AMPLITUDE based operation
(independent variable) (dependent variable)

❑ Time shifting ❑ Amplitude scaling


❑ Time scaling ❑ Amplitude reversal
❑ Time reversal / reflection ❑ Amplitude shifting

Remember!!!
affects only
1. Time transformation time parameter (horizontal axis)
2. Amplitude transformation affects only amplitude (vertical axis)
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON TIME

2) TIME SCALING
➢ Time scaling is compression or expansion of a signal in time-axis
(horizontal), no changes in signal amplitude (vertical).
➢ The time scaling of signal 𝑥(𝑡) is defined by:

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝐚𝒕) where “a” is a real positive constant

If 𝐚 > 𝟏, the resulting signal 𝑦 𝑡 is a compressed version of 𝑥(𝑡).


If 𝟎 < 𝐚 < 𝟏, the resulting signal 𝑦 𝑡 is an expanded version of 𝑥(𝑡).

a=2 a = 1/2

Time-compressed Time-expanded
(speed-up) (slowed-down)
Example : Time scaling
Example : Time scaling
Time scaling : Exercise 2 (a)

𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑓(3𝑡)

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝐚𝒕)

For a>1, Time-compressed


Time scaling : Exercise 2 (b)

2
𝑏 𝑡 =𝑓 𝑡
5

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝐚𝒕)
For a<1, Time-expanded
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝒕 − 𝟑 = 𝒙(𝒕 − +𝟑 ) 𝒕𝟎 > 0 (+ve) shift right
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎)
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝟑 = 𝒙(𝒕 − −𝟑 ) 𝒕𝟎 < 0 (-ve) shift left

Time Shifting : adding or subtracting (equation)


Time shifting is, as the name suggests, the shifting of a signal in time (left or
right).

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝟑𝒕 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟓𝒕 𝐚 > 1 narrower (compression)


𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝐚𝒕) 𝟐
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝟎. 𝟓𝒕) 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝟑 𝒕) 𝟎 < 𝐚< 1 wider (expansion)

Time Scaling : multiplying (equation)


Remember!!! the operations for signal transformation is multiplication division

What happens when the time variable is multiplied


by a negative number?
Answer is TIME REVERSAL
Signal operations
TIME based operation AMPLITUDE based operation
(independent variable) (dependent variable)

❑ Time shifting ❑ Amplitude scaling


❑ Time scaling ❑ Amplitude reversal
❑ Time reversal / reflection ❑ Amplitude shifting

Remember!!!
affects only
1. Time transformation time parameter (horizontal axis)
2. Amplitude transformation affects only amplitude (vertical axis)
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS | SIGNAL OPERATIONS | TRANSFORMATION ON TIME

3) TIME REVERSAL / REFLECTION


➢ This operation is the reversal of time axis, or flipping the signal
over the y-axis.
➢ The identification is based on MIRROR at Vertical y-axis.
➢ Replace 𝑡 with −𝑡; if 𝑦(𝑡) is a time inverted signal for 𝑥(𝑡), then

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(−𝒕)

(b) is reflected version


flip along the y-axis of 𝑥 𝑡 about the origin
at 𝑡 = 0.
(the reflection of about
the vertical axis)
Example : Time reversal /reflection

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(−𝒕)

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