IE6400 Foundations for Data Analytics

Engineering

Fall 2024
-- STUDENT VERSION --

Basic of Python - Part 3

Python Conditions and If statements

Equals: a == b
Not Equals: a != b
Less than: a < b
Less than or equal to: a <= b
Greater than: a > b
Greater than or equal to: a >= b

Exercise 1 Creating the If statement

In [76]: a = 33
b = 200

# --- Added the code here ---

if b>a:
# ---------------------------
print("b is greater than a")

b is greater than a

Exercise 2 Creating the Elif statement

In [77]: a = 33
b = 33

if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
# --- Added the code here ---
elif a==b:
# ---------------------------
print("a and b are equal")

a and b are equal

Exercise 3 Creating the Else statement

 The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding conditions.

In [78]: a = 200
b = 33

if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
# --- Added the code here ---
else:
# ---------------------------
print("a is greater than b")

a is greater than b

In [79]: a = 200
b = 33

if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")

b is not greater than a

Exercise 4 Short Hand If

In [80]: a = 200
b = 33

# --- Added the code here ---

if a>b: print("a is greater than b")
# ---------------------------

a is greater than b

Exercise 5 Short Hand If ... Else

In [81]: a = 2
b = 330

# --- Added the code here ---

print("A") if a>b else print("B")
# ---------------------------

In [82]: a = 330
b = 330

# --- Added the code here ---

print("A") if a>b else print("=") if a==b else print("B")
# ---------------------------

Exercise 6 Logical Operators

 And operator

In [84]: a = 200
b = 33
c = 500

# --- Added the code here ---

if a > b and c > a:
# ---------------------------
print("Both conditions are True")

Both conditions are True

OR operator

In [85]: a = 200
b = 33
c = 500

# --- Added the code here ---

if a > b or a > c:
# ---------------------------
print("At least one of the conditions is True")

At least one of the conditions is True

Not operator

In [86]: a = 33
b = 200

# --- Added the code here ---

if not a > b:
# ---------------------------
print("a is NOT greater than b")

a is NOT greater than b

Exercise 7 Nested If

In [87]: x = 41

if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")

# --- Added the code here ---

if x>20:
# ---------------------------
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")

Above ten,
and also above 20!

Exercise 8 The pass Statement

In [88]: a = 33
b = 200

if b > a:
# --- Added the code here ---
pass
# ---------------------------

Python While Loops

Exercise 9 Creating the while Loop

In [89]: i = 1
# --- Added the code here ---
while i<6:
# ---------------------------
print(i)
i = i + 1

1
2
3
4
5

Exercise 10 The break Statement

In [91]: i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)

# --- Added the code here ---

if i == 3:
break
# ---------------------------

i = i + 1

1
2
3

Exercise 11 The continue Statement

In [92]: i = 0
while i < 6:
i += 1 # same as i = i + 1

# --- Added the code here ---

if i == 3:
continue
# ---------------------------

print(i)
 1
2
4
5
6

Exercise 12 The else Statement

In [93]: i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1

# --- Added the code here ---

else:
# ---------------------------
print("i is no longer less than 6")

1
2
3
4
5
i is no longer less than 6

Python For Loops

Exercise 13 Creating the For Loop

In [94]: fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry","Mango"]

# --- Added the code here ---

for x in fruits:
# ---------------------------
print(x)

apple
banana
cherry
Mango

Exercise 14 Looping Through a String

In [96]: # --- Added the code here ---

for x in "banana":
# ---------------------------
print(x)

b
a
n
a
n
a

Exercise 15 The break Statement

In [97]: fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)

# --- Added the code here ---

if x == "banana":
break
#
# ---------------------------

apple
banana

In [98]: fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
# --- Added the code here ---
if x == "banana":
break
# ---------------------------

print(x)

apple

Exercise 16 The continue Statement

In [99]: fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
# --- Added the code here ---
if x == "banana":
continue
# ---------------------------

print(x)

apple
cherry

Exercise 17 The range() Function

In [100… # --- Added the code here ---

for x in range(6):
# ---------------------------
print(x)

0
1
2
3
4
5

In [101… # --- Added the code here ---

for x in range(2,6):
# ---------------------------
print(x)
 2
3
4
5

In [103… # --- Added the code here ---

for x in range(2,30,3):
# ---------------------------
print(x)

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
29

Exercise 18 Else in For Loop

In [104… for x in range(6):

print(x)
# --- Added the code here ---
else:
# ---------------------------
print("Finally finished!")

0
1
2
3
4
5
Finally finished!

In [107… for x in range(6):

# --- Added the code here ---
if x==3: break
# ---------------------------
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")

0
1
2

Exercise 19 Nested Loops

In [108… adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in adj:
# --- Added the code here ---
for y in fruits:
 # ---------------------------
print(x, y)

red apple
red banana
red cherry
big apple
big banana
big cherry
tasty apple
tasty banana
tasty cherry

Exercise 20 The pass Statement

In [109… for x in [0, 1, 2]:

pass

Python Functions

Exercise 21 Creating a Function

In [1]: # --- Added the code here ---

def my_function():
# ---------------------------
print('Northeastern University')

In [2]: # No arguments
my_function()

Northeastern University

Exercise 22 Arguments

In [110… # Single arguments

# --- Added the code here ---

def my_function(campus):
# ---------------------------
print('Northeastern University ' + str(campus))

In [111… my_function('Boston')
my_function('Vancouver')
my_function('Seattle')

Northeastern University Boston

Northeastern University Vancouver
Northeastern University Seattle

Multiple Arguments

In [112… # Multiple arguments

# --- Added the code here ---

def my_function(a,b):
 # ---------------------------
print(str(b) + ' ' + str(a))

In [113… my_function('University', 'Northeastern')

Northeastern University

Exercise 23 Arbitrary Arguments, *args

In [114… # --- Added the code here ---

def my_function(*cname):
# ---------------------------
print("Northeastern University " + cname[2])

my_function("Boston", "Vancouver", "Seattle")

Northeastern University Seattle

Exercise 24 Keyword Arguments

In [3]: def my_function(cname3, cname2, cname1):

print("Northeastern University " + cname3)

# --- Added the code here ---

my_function(cname1 = "Boston", cname2 = "Vnacouver", cname3 = "Seatle")
# ---------------------------

Northeastern University Seatle

In [4]: def my_function(a,b):

print(str(a) + ' ' + str(b))

# --- Added the code here ---

my_function(b='University', a='Northeastern')
# ---------------------------

Northeastern University

Exercise 25 Arbitrary Keyword Arguments, **kwargs

In [116… # --- Added the code here ---

def my_function(**kid):
print("His last name is " + kid["lname"])
# ---------------------------

my_function(fname = "Tobias", lname = "Sky")

His last name is Sky

Exercise 26 Default Parameter Value

In [117… # Default parameter:

# --- Added the code here ---

def my_function(a,b='University'):
# ---------------------------
print(str(a) + ' ' + str(b))
 my_function('Northeastern')
my_function('Northeastern', 'Boston')

Northeastern University
Northeastern Boston

In [118… # --- Added the code here ---

def my_function(country = "Norway"):
# ---------------------------
print("I am from " + country)

my_function("Sweden")
my_function("India")
my_function()
my_function("Brazil")

I am from Sweden
I am from India
I am from Norway
I am from Brazil

Exercise 27 Passing a List as an Argument

In [5]: def my_function(food):

for x in food:
print(x)

# --- Added the code here ---

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# ---------------------------

my_function(fruits)

apple
banana
cherry

Exercise 28 Return Values

In [6]: def my_function(x):

# --- Added the code here ---
return 5*x
# ---------------------------

print(my_function(3))
print(my_function(5))
print(my_function(9))

15
25
45

In [7]: def add(a,b):

y = a + b
return y

add(1,2)

3
Out[7]:
In [8]: # Return a list
def vector(a,b):
y=list(range(a,(b+1)))
return y

z = vector(10,40)
print(z)

[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]

In [9]: # Return a dictionary

def dictionary(a,b):
y={'University':a,'City':b}
return y

z=dictionary('NEU','Boston')
print(z)

{'University': 'NEU', 'City': 'Boston'}

Exercise 29 The pass Statement

In [10]: def myfunction():

pass

myfunction()

Python Lambda

Syntax - lambda arguments : expression

Exercise 30 Creating the Lambda functions

In [11]: # --- Added the code here ---

x = lambda a:a+10
# ---------------------------

print(x(5))
print(x(7))
print(x(9))

15
17
19

In [12]: # --- Added the code here ---

x = lambda a,b:a*b
# ---------------------------

print(x(5, 6))
print(x(7, 5))
print(x(3, 4))

30
35
12
In [13]: # --- Added the code here ---
x = lambda a, b, c : a+b+c
# ---------------------------

print(x(5, 6, 2))
print(x(1, 2, 3))
print(x(3, 3, 3))

13
6
9

Python NumPy

Exercise 31 NumPy Getting Started

Installation of NumPy

In [ ]: #!pip install numpy

Import NumPy

In [14]: import numpy as np

Checking NumPy Version

In [15]: import numpy as np

print(np.__version__)

1.21.5

Exercise 32 Creating a NumPy Array

In [17]: import numpy as np

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
# ---------------------------

print(arr)

print(type(arr))

[1 2 3 4 5]
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>

In [19]: import numpy as np

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.array((1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
# ---------------------------

print(arr)
 [1 2 3 4 5]

Dimensions in Arrays

0-D Arrays

In [20]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array(42)

print(arr)

42

1-D Arrays

In [24]: import numpy as np

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
# ---------------------------

print(arr)

[1 2 3 4 5]

2-D Arrays

In [23]: import numpy as np

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
# ---------------------------

print(arr)

[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]

3-D arrays

In [27]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]])

print(arr)

[[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]

[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]]

Exercise 33 Check Number of Dimensions

In [29]: import numpy as np

 a = np.array(42)
b = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
c = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
d = np.array([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(a.ndim)
print(b.ndim)
print(c.ndim)
print(d.ndim)
# ---------------------------

0
1
2
3

Exercise 34 Higher Dimensional Arrays

In [120… import numpy as np

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], ndmin=5)
# ---------------------------

print(arr)
print('Number of dimensions :',arr.ndim)

[[[[[1 2 3 4]]]]]
Number of dimensions : 5

Exercise 35 Access Array Elements

In [31]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[0])
# ---------------------------

In [32]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[1])
# ---------------------------

In [33]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[2] + arr[3])
# ---------------------------
 7

Access 2-D Arrays

In [34]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]])

print(arr)

# --- Added the code here ---

print('2nd element on 1st row: ', arr[0,1])
# ---------------------------

[[ 1 2 3 4 5]
[ 6 7 8 9 10]]
2nd element on 1st row: 2

In [122… import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]])

print(arr)

# --- Added the code here ---

print('5th element on 2nd row: ', arr[1,4])
# ---------------------------

[[ 1 2 3 4 5]
[ 6 7 8 9 10]]
5th element on 2nd row: 10

Access 3-D Arrays

In [ ]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]]])

print(arr)

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[])
# ---------------------------

Negative Indexing

In [35]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]])

# --- Added the code here ---

print('Last element from 2nd dim: ', arr[1,-1])
# ---------------------------

Last element from 2nd dim: 10

Exercise 36 Slicing arrays

In [36]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[1:5])
# ---------------------------

[2 3 4 5]

In [39]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[4:])
# ---------------------------

[5 6 7]

In [40]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[:4])
# ---------------------------

[1 2 3 4]

Negative Slicing

In [41]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[-3:-1])
# ---------------------------

[5 6]

Exercise 37 Slicing 2-D Arrays

In [42]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[1,1:4])
# ---------------------------

[7 8 9]

In [123… import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]])

# --- Added the code here ---

 print(arr[0:2,2:])
# ---------------------------

[[ 3 4 5]
[ 8 9 10]]

In [44]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr[0:2,1:4])
# ---------------------------

[[2 3 4]
[7 8 9]]

Exercise 38 Get the Shape of an Array

In [38]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]])

# --- Added the code here ---

print(arr.shape)
# ---------------------------

(2, 4)

In [124… import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], ndmin=5)

print(arr)
print('shape of array :', arr.shape)

[[[[[1 2 3 4]]]]]
shape of array : (1, 1, 1, 1, 4)

Exercise 39 Reshaping arrays

Reshape From 1-D to 2-D

In [46]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])

# --- Added the code here ---

newarr = arr.reshape(4,3)
# ---------------------------

print(newarr)

[[ 1 2 3]
[ 4 5 6]
[ 7 8 9]
[10 11 12]]
 Reshape From 1-D to 3-D

In [48]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])

# --- Added the code here ---

newarr = arr.reshape(2,3,2)
# ---------------------------

print(newarr)

[[[ 1 2]
[ 3 4]
[ 5 6]]

[[ 7 8]
[ 9 10]
[11 12]]]

Exercise 40 Flattening the arrays

In [49]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

# --- Added the code here ---

newarr = arr.reshape(-1)
# ---------------------------

print(newarr)

[1 2 3 4 5 6]

Exercise 41 Joining NumPy Arrays

In [51]: import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])

arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.concatenate((arr1, arr2))
# ---------------------------

print(arr)

[1 2 3 4 5 6]

In [125… import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

arr2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.concatenate((arr1, arr2), axis=1)
 # ---------------------------

print(arr)

[[1 2 5 6]
[3 4 7 8]]

Exercise 42 Joining Arrays Using Stack Functions

In [54]: import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])

arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.stack((arr1, arr2), axis=1)
# ---------------------------

print(arr)

[[1 4]
[2 5]
[3 6]]

Stacking Along Rows

In [55]: import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])

arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.hstack((arr1, arr2))
# ---------------------------

print(arr)

[1 2 3 4 5 6]

Stacking Along Columns

In [126… import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])

arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.vstack((arr1, arr2))
# ---------------------------

print(arr)

[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]

Stacking Along Height (depth)

In [57]: import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])

arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])

# --- Added the code here ---

arr = np.dstack((arr1, arr2))
# ---------------------------

print(arr)

[[[1 4]
[2 5]
[3 6]]]

Exercise 43 Splitting NumPy Arrays

In [58]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

# --- Added the code here ---

newarr = np.array_split(arr, 3)
# ---------------------------

print(newarr)

[array([1, 2]), array([3, 4]), array([5, 6])]

In [59]: import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

# --- Added the code here ---

newarr = np.array_split(arr, 4)
# ---------------------------

print(newarr)

[array([1, 2]), array([3, 4]), array([5]), array([6])]

Exercise 44 Creating the NumPy zeros

1-dimensional array using zeros

In [60]: import numpy as np

# --- Added the code here ---

one_dim_array = np.zeros(4)
# ---------------------------

print(one_dim_array)

[0. 0. 0. 0.]

2-dimensional array using zeros

 N x M array

In [61]: import numpy as np

two_dim_array = np.zeros((2, 3))

print(two_dim_array)

[[0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0.]]

1 x N array

In [62]: import numpy as np

one_row_array = np.zeros((1, 4))

print(one_row_array)

[[0. 0. 0. 0.]]

N x 1 array

In [63]: import numpy as np

one_col_array = np.zeros((4, 1))

print(one_col_array)

[[0.]
[0.]
[0.]
[0.]]

1-dimensional int-type array

In [64]: import numpy as np

one_dim_int_array = np.zeros(3, dtype=np.int64)

print(one_dim_int_array)

[0 0 0]

2-dimensional int-type array

In [65]: import numpy as np

two_dim_int_array = np.zeros((2, 4), dtype=np.int64)

print(two_dim_int_array)

[[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]]

Exercise 45 Creating the NumPy ones

1-dimensional array using ones

In [66]: import numpy as np

# --- Added the code here ---

 one_dim_array = np.ones(4)
# ---------------------------

print(one_dim_array)

[1. 1. 1. 1.]

2-dimensional array using ones

In [67]: import numpy as np

two_dim_array = np.ones((4, 2))

print(two_dim_array)

[[1. 1.]
[1. 1.]
[1. 1.]
[1. 1.]]

Exercise 46 NumPy arange function

In [68]: # --- Added the code here ---

np.arange(start=1, stop=10, step=3)
# ---------------------------

array([1, 4, 7])
Out[68]:

Exercise 47 NumPy linspace function

In [71]: import numpy as np

# --- Added the code here ---

np.linspace(3.0, 4.0, num=7)
# ---------------------------

array([3. , 3.16666667, 3.33333333, 3.5 , 3.66666667,

Out[71]:
3.83333333, 4. ])

In [72]: # --- Added the code here ---

np.linspace(3.0,4.0, num=7, endpoint=False)
# ---------------------------

array([3. , 3.14285714, 3.28571429, 3.42857143, 3.57142857,

Out[72]:
3.71428571, 3.85714286])

In [74]: # --- Added the code here ---

np.linspace(3.0,4.0, num=7, retstep=True)
# ---------------------------

(array([3. , 3.16666667, 3.33333333, 3.5 , 3.66666667,

Out[74]:
3.83333333, 4. ]),
0.16666666666666666)

Exercise 48 NumPy eye function

In [75]: # Identity matrix

# --- Added the code here ---

 np.eye(6)
# ---------------------------

array([[1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],

Out[75]:
[0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.]])

Revised Date: July 18, 2024