Automation

Testing Notes
2024

Selenium Full course link in captions

WHAT IS AUTOMATION TESTING?

Automation testing is the testing process which makes use of test automation tool and
executes our test script. It compares our actual result with the expected result and reports it to
the testers

Benefits:
1. Saves the time
2. Faster
3. Requires less manual effort
4. Accuracy will be more
5. Multitask
6. Requires less human resource

SELENIUM
Selenium is an open-source automation testing tool which is used to automate web-
based application.
Advantages of Selenium
1. Supports multiple programming languages like Java, C#, Ruby, Python, pearl etc.
2. Framework support
3. Free and Opensource
4. It supports multiple platform such as Windows, Linux, MacOS etc.
5. It have cross browser compatibility like Firefox, Chrome, IE, Safari etc.
6. Less hardware usage
Drawback:
We can’t automate desktop application using selenium.
Selenium Components:
1. Selenium IDE
2. Selenium RC (Remote control)
3. Selenium WebDriver
4. Grid
Selenium IDE: -

 Selenium IDE comes with Firefox plugin, thus it supports Firefox browser only.

Selenium Grid: -

 Selenium Grid is used for parallel testing or distributed testing. It allows us to execute
test scripts parallelly on different machines.

Selenium RC: -
  Selenium Remote Control (RC) is used to write test cases in different Programming
languages
 In Selenium IDE, we can run the recorded scripts only in Firefox browser, whereas, in
Selenium RC, we can run the recorded script in any browser like IE, Chrome, Safari,
Opera and so on

Selenium WebDriver: -

 Selenium WebDriver is a tool used to automate testing for web application

 It allows us to execute tests against different browsers like Firefox, Chrome, IE & Safari
 Selenium WebDriver eliminated the use of Selenium Server thus making it work faster
than RC

Latest version of selenium

selenium-server-standalone-3.141.59
To configure Selenium jar:
Create new project  Right click  New  New folder {copy selenium jar file}

Name the folder (lib will be best practicing)

Paste jar file

Right Click jar file

Build Path

Add to Build Path

Browser Driver Key Class

 Chrome chrome driver webdriver.chrome.driver ChromeDriver

Firefox gecko driver webdriver.gecko.driver FirefoxDriver

Internet Explorer ie driver webdriver.ie.driver InternetExplorerDriver

To configure Driver:
Create new project  Right click  New  New folder {copy driver file}

Name the folder (driver will be best practicing)

Paste driver exe file

To configure browser:

System.setProperty( key , path of the driver );

System is a class.
setProperty() is a method in this we have to pass key and value.
It is used to set the key and path location of driver.

WebDriver
WebDriver is an interface.
WebDriver is a web automation framework that allows you to execute your tests in
different browser.
WebDriver also enables you to use a programming language in creating your test script.
It is mainly used for providing the connection between the browser and local system.
It acts as a bridge.

Instantiate for webdriver:

WebDriver refName = new DriverClassName();

WebDriver Methods:
 Return
Method Description
Type
To launch given URL in the
driver.get(“url”);
configured browser
To get the title of the webpage
driver.gettitle(); String
launched
To get the URL of the current
driver.getCurrentUrl(); String
webpage
driver.quit(); To quit the browser

driver.manage().window().maximize() To maximize the browser tab

driver.switchTo().alert() Alert Switch to alert

Sample Program:
==============

package org.day.one;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class Sample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//configure your browser

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Users\\Azar. A.
R\\eclipse-workspace\\SCalss1\\Drivers\\chromedriver.exe");

//Instantiate for webdrivers

WebDriver d=new ChromeDriver();

//to maximize browser

driver.manage().window().maximize();

//to launch given url

d.get("https://www.facebook.com");

//to get the title of the webpage launched

String title = d.getTitle();
System.out.println(title);

//to get the url of the current page

String url = d.getCurrentUrl();
System.out.println(url);

//to quit the browser

driver.quit();

}
Locator:
 When we need to perform any action in the browser, we have to find the locator.
Locators used to find and match the elements of your page that it needs to interact with.
In By class all the locator methods are available
By Abstract Class Package selenium.By
Static Methods of By

id xpath
name tagName
className linkText
partiallyLinkText
cssSelector
WebElement
WebElement  Interface Package selenium.WebElement
Anything that is present on the web page is a WebElement such as text box, button, etc.
WebElement represents an HTML element. Selenium WebDriver encapsulates a simple form
element as an object of the WebElement. It basically represents a DOM element and all the
HTML documents are made up by these HTML elements.
WebElements in Selenium can be divided into different types, namely:

 Edit box: It is a basic text control that enables a user to type a small amount of text.

 Link: link is more appropriately referred to as a hyperlink and connects one web page
to another. It allows the user to click their way from page to page.

 Button: This represents a clickable button, which can be used in forms and places in
the document that needs a simple, standard button functionality.

 Image: It helps in performing actions on images like clicking on the image link or the
image button, etc.

 Text area: It is an inline element used to designate a plain-text editing control

containing multiple lines.

 Checkbox: This is a selection box or a tick box which is a small interactive box that
can be toggled by the user to indicate an affirmative or a negative choice.

 Radio button: It is an option button which is a graphical control element that allows
the user to choose only one predefined set of mutually exclusive options.

 Dropdown list: It is a graphical control element, similar to the list box, which allows
the user to choose one value from the list. When this drop-down list is inactive, it
displays only a single value.
To find Locator:
<input type="text" class="inputtext _55r1 _6luy" name="email" id="email" data-
testid="royal_email" placeholder="Email address or phone number" autofocus="1" aria-
label="Email address or phone number">
input  tag name (at first near to open arrow <)
Class  attribute name (left side of the equal symbol)
inputtext _55r1 _6luy  attribute value (right side of the equal, enclosed within double quotes)
Find locator
WebElement txt = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));

Methods of WebElement:

txt.sendKeys(“sequence”) To pass any values in the textbox

btn.click() To perform click option for button
txt.getText() String To print the text in the WebElement

To print the attribute value in the web

txt.getAttribute(“AttribiuteName) String
element

To print the values we have passed in

txt.getAttribute(“value”) String
text box

1) By.id()
id value is “email”. and it’s a textbox, then we can find the locator by
WebElement txt = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));

2) By.name()
name value is “email”. and it’s a textbox, then we can find the locator by
WebElement txt = driver.findElement(By.name("email"));

3) By.className()
class value is “inputtext _55r1 _6luy”. and it’s a textbox, then we can find the locator by
WebElement txt = driver.findElement(By.className("inputtext _55r1 _6luy"));
package org.day.two;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class One {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Users\\Azar. A.
R\\eclipse-workspace\\SDay2\\driver\\chromedriver.exe");

WebDriver driver=new ChromeDriver();

driver.get("https://www.facebook.com/");

//to find locator of the user name

WebElement txtUserName = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
//to pass values in the text box
txtUserName.sendKeys("[email protected]");

//to find locator of the password field

WebElement txtPassword = driver.findElement(By.name("pass"));
txtPassword.sendKeys("123456789");

//to find locator of login button

WebElement btnLogin = driver.findElement(By.className("login"));
//to click button
btnLogin.click();
}
}

4) By.xpath()
Xpath is one of the locator available in webpage.
/  absolute path (It find the WebElement from the top of the downstream.)
//  relative path (It find the WebElement from that particular tag.)
Reason for going to Xpath:
For validating the locator. (We can check this in webelements by ctrl+F)
When id,classname,name is not present.
General syntax:
//tagName [ @attributeName = ’ attributeValue ’ ]
If there is more than one attribute value is same for same attribute names in the web element
then we have to go for index(matching with more than one loctor)

General syntax:
( //tagName [ @attributeName = ’ attributeValue ’ ] ) [2]
When we try to find locator, if only text is present there then we go for text
text()
//tagName [ text( ) = ’ text name ’ ]
contains()
//tagName [ contains ( text( ) , ’partially text’ ) ]
contains() using attributes
//tagName [ contains ( @attributeName , ’attributeValue’ ) ]

Example Program
==========================================================================================
DEBUG
It is the step by step verification.
We can easily identify the step where the code getting exception.

Steps for debug:

1. Set a break point(double click at the line number.
2. R+click
3. Debug as
4. Java application
5. Switch
F6=> stepover
F8=>close debug
Types of Debug
Eclipse debugger.
Firefox JavaScript debugger.
Dynamic debugging technique
On line debugging tool.

For page loading time issue

Thread.sleep(milliseconds);
Thread => class
sleep()=>static method
It throws Interrupted Exception
1000 milli second = 1 second
ACTIONS
Actions  Class
Package  selenium.interactions
MouseOverAction
When we place a mouse on some option it will display a list of subOption.
For mouseOverAction we can use Actions class.

Declare Actions
Actions a = new Actions(WebDriver ref name);
Methods in Action

a.moveToElement(WebElement) To move mouse point or curser to webelement

a.dragAndDrop(source,target) For drag and drop option

a.sendKeys(source,sequence) To pass any values in the textbox

a.sendKeys(char sequence) To pass any values in the textbox

a.doubleClick(WebElement) To perform double click

a.contextClick(WebElement) To perform right click

The menu list disappears within the fractions of seconds before Selenium identify the next
submenu item and perform click action on it.

So, it is better to use .perform() method.

Whenever Actions methods takes place we use or end that method with perform() to perform
that method.
If we use one method to perform we use perform();
If we use more than one method in one line of code we use buid().perform();
Example Program

==========================================================================================
ROBOT
o Robot  class
o Package  java.awt
o Exception AwtException(Abstract window toolkit)
Robot class is a class which is used to perform the keyboard action in java.
Declare Robot
Robot r=new Robot();
Mehods of Robot:
r.keyPress() To press any key
r.keyRelease() To release key(whenever keyPress() takes place
keyRelease() should also mentioned)
KeyEvent => Class(takes place inside the robot method where it consists of all keyboard
keys).

Example Program
ALERT
Alert  interface
Alert is a small message box displayed on the screen to give some information to the
user. Alert and webpage are different Alert has no locators. When alert appeared first we
need to switch into the alert to handle the alert, then only user can perform the next operation
in the webpage.
To switch into the alert
Alert a=WebDriver.switchTO().alert();
Types of Alert
1. Simple Alert  Contains only ok button
2. Confirm Alert  Contains both ok and cancel button
3. Prompt Alert  Contains text box with ok and cancel button
Methods in Alert
r.accept() Accept the alert
a.dismiss() Dismiss the alert
a.sendKey() To insert the values
a.getText To print the text in the alert

Simple Alert
Confirm Alert

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Confirm Alert
JAVASCRIPT EXECUTOR

Java Script  Interface

Package  selenium.JavaScriptExecutor

JavaScriptExecutor is an Interface that helps to execute JavaScript through Selenium

Webdriver.
In Selenium Webdriver, locators like XPath, CSS, etc. are used to identify and
perform operations on a web page.
In case, these locators do not work you can use JavaScriptExecutor. You can use
JavaScriptExecutor to perform a desired operation on a web element.

To implement JavaScript

1. Type casting
JavaScriptExecutor js = ( JavaScriptExecutor ) WebdriverRef.Name
2. Use methods in JavaScript

Methods of JavaScript

js.executeScript ( “JavaSript code” ,WebElement reference );

JavaScript Codes

To pass any input text in text

arguments[0].setAttribute('value','input txt')
box

Retrieve the values of user

return arguments[0].getAttribute('value') String
entered text

arguments[0].click() For button click

arguments[0].scrollIntoView(false) Scroll down

arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true) Scroll up

When ever we want retrieve the user entered values the method returns Object. With
that object reference name we can do upcasting to get string values to be printed.
String s1=(String)object;
Example

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TAKES SCREENSHOT
TakesScreenshot  Interface
TakesScreenshot ts=(TakesScreenshot)WebDriverRef.Name;
Methods
File src = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
File  Return type for getScreenshotAs( );
Steps:
1. Typecast
2. Store screenshot in default
3. Create a screenshot
The output format of the screenshot will be Base64, Bytes, Class, FILE.
In order to store the screenshot in our project folder
1. After taking the scerrnshot, create a file class
2. Create a folder in the package and give the path of the folder in the File class
3. In the path at last add the name of the screen shot.
4. Use FileUtils.copyFile(source, destination); to copy src file and past it in the desired
project folder. Source  ref name of getScreenshotAs( ).
5. copyFile() is a static method in the FileUtils class.

Example
VISIBLITY OF WEBELEMENT

To check visibility of the WebElements

isEnabled() - method to check whether the web element is enabled or not.
isDisplayed() - method to check whether the web element is displayed(present) or not
isSelected() -method to check whether the web element is selectable or not

It is widely used in radio button, dropdown, checkbox

FRAMES
html embedded inside another html
When any locator is placed inside the frame we cannot directly access the locator.
First we need to switch into the frame, then only we can access frame.

To switch into frame

First we have to check frame is available in DOM or not.
R + click  view frame source
Or
Inspectcntrl + F //iframe or //frameset etc.

Methods to switch into frame (method-overloading)

driver.switchTo().frame(string id);
driver.switchTo().frame(string name);
driver.switchTo().frame(web element);
driver.switchTo().frame(index);
Methods to switch out of frame
To switch from current frame to immediate parent frame (frame inside frame concept)
driver.switchTo().parentframe();
To switch the control from any frame to main.
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
Example
WINDOWS HANDLING
Whenever we execute any program it can access current window webelement only.
When we have multiple windows to switch control between windows we go for
windows handling.
To switch into other window
driver.switchTo().window(String URL)
driver.switchTo().window(String title)
driver.switchTo().window(Window ID)

To find window ID
Parent id:
driver.getWindowHandle()  String
Child id:
driver.getWindowHandles()  Set<String>
WEBTABLE
To access the elements in the webtable we need to go for it.
Every table must be in the pattern of

table - tag name

tr - table row

th - table heading

td - table data

To find the web table

To print the first row of the table
DROPDOWN
Whenever dropdown takes place we need to go for Select class.
Select s=new Select(WebElement)
Dropdown Syntax Methods:

Example:
CSS VALUE

If the tag name changes dynamically we can use *.

Eg:
//button[@name=’login’] here the button name changes dynamically
//*[@name=’login’]  use *
Highlighting text
NAVIGATION COMMANDS

driver.navigate().to(“url”) To navigate to given url

driver.navigate().forward() To move to the next page
driver.navigate().backward() To move to the current page
driver.navigate().refresh() To refresh the particular page

get() Will wait till the webpage loaded completely and it will not maintain
cookies(history)
navigate().to() Will not wait till the page load completely. But it will maintain browser history
so that we can move to the previous page and next page.
WAITS (synchronisation)
Types:
1. unconditional wait
2. conditional wait
1. Unconditional Wait
Thread.sleep()  For the given time script will pause its execution. Even the
webelement is found earlier the program will not resume until the given time completes.
Disadvantages
1. Application will get slow
2. Performance will be reduced.
2. Conditional Wait
For a given condition we can make our script to wait is known as conditional wait.
Types
1. Implicit Wait
2. Explicit Wait
2.1 Implicit Wait
Whenever we need to find webelement in webpage, if the webelement is not present,
before throwing the exception it will wait for the given time. When the webelement appeared
the program will resume and it wont wait for the time to complete
If it could not find the webelement it will throw TimeOutException.
It is applicable for all the locators.
Default polling time is 250 ms(milli seconds)[every 250ms it will go and check the
webelement found or not)
2.2 Explicit Wait
It is applicable for particular locator/ condition.
For the given condition to be satisfied or for finding the webelement till that we can
make our program to wait.
Types
1. WebDriverWait
2. FluentWait

Wait (Wait is the interface)

FluentWait implements Wait
WebDriverWait extends FluentWait
All the methods in fluent wait will also be in WebDriverWait
2.2.1 WebDriverWait
Whenever the time interval we give it will take only in SECONDS (so we cannot
overload).
It cannot handle TimeOutException.
Default polling time is 500 ms
WebDriverWait w = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
2.2.2 FluentWait
We can give the time interval in terms of MILLISECONDS, MACROSECONDS etc.
It can handle TimeOutException.(because here we have additional method)
We can set the polling time.
Methods

WebDriver d=new ChromeDriver();

WebDriver = d

d.get("url") To get into / launch webpage

d.getTitle() String To print the title of the webpage
d.getCurrentUrl String To print the current page url
d.manage().window().maximize() To maximize the window screen
d.findElement() WebElement Find the webelement in the webpage
d.findElements() List<WebElement> Find all the xpath with similar xpath name
d.quit() To quit the browser

ALERT
d.switchTo().alert() Alert To switch into alert when alert takes place

FRAMES
d.switchTo().frame() to switch into frame
d.switchTo().parantFrame() to switch from child frame to parent frame
d.switchTo().defaultContent() to switch from frame to main content
 WebElement e=driver.findElement(By.id("email"))
WebElement=e

By.locator() to get the locator

e.sendKeys to pass the values in the text box
e.click to click button in web page
e.getText() String print existing text in the webpage
e.getAttribute("AttributeName") String to print the atribute value
e.getAttribute("value") String to print the user enterd value in the webpage
e.findElement() Find the webelement in the webpage
e.findElements() Find all the xpath with similar xpath name

Locator
By.Locator

By.id() id value
By.name() name value
By.className() class value

By.Xpath() attributes
//tagName[@attributeName='attributeValue']
text
//tagName[text()='textName']
partial text
//tagName[contains(text(),'partial text']
partial attribute
//tagName[contains(@atttributeName,'attributeValue')]

VISIBLITY OF WEBELEMENT
e.isSelected() Boolean to check whether the webelement is selected or not
e.isEnabled() Boolean to check whether the webelement is enabled or not
e.isDisplayed() Boolean to check whether the webelement is displayed or not

CSS VALES
e.getCssValue("details tag");
 Actions a = new Actions(d)
a.moveToElement(e) To move curser/ mouse point
a.dragAndDrop(source e, target e) For drag and drop option
a.doubleClick(e) double click option
a.contextClick(e) right click option
a.sendKeys(source e, target words) pass values in text field
perform() mentioned at last of actions method

Robot r =new Robot()

r.keyPress() Key press operation
r.keyRelease() Key release operation
KeyEvent.VK_DOWN eg for downkey operation inside robot method
KeyEvent.VK_UP eg for upkey operation inside robot method
KeyEvent.VK_SHIFT eg for shiftkey operation inside robot method

Alert ar=d.switchTo().alert();

ar.accept() accept the alert

ar.dismiss() to dismiss the alert
ar.sendKeys() to insert the value in alert
ar.getText() String to print text in the alert

JavaScriptExecutor js = (JavaScriptExecutor)d

js.executeScript ( “JavaSript code” ,WebElement

reference ); to excecute JavaScript
JavaScript Codes
arguments[0].setAttribute('value','input txt') to pass any input text in the text box
return arguments[0].getAttribute('value') String to retrieve the user enterd values
arguments[0].click() to click any button
arguments[0].scrollIntoView(false) for scroll down operation
arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true) for scroll up operation
to heighlight the webelement in the
arguments[0].setAttribute('style','background:color') wepage
 TakesScreenshot ts=(TakesScreenshot) d;

ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE) File to take screen short and return file directiry stored

to copy from the default storage and paste it in the

FileUtils.copyFiles(source,destination) destination

d.switchTo().frame()

d.switchTo().frame(String id) To switch into frame

d.switchTo().frame(String name) To switch into frame
d.switchTo().frame(webelement) To switch into frame
d.switchTo().parantFrame(String id) to switch out of child frame
d.switchTo().defaultContent() to switch to main page of DOM

d.switchTo().window()

d.switchTo().window(string url) to switch into other window using url

d.switchTo().window(string title) to switch into other window using page title
d.switchTo().window(string id) to switch into other window using window id
to find id
d.getWindowHandle() String to get parent id
d.getWindowHandles() Set<String> to get all the windows id
d.switchTo().defaultContent() to switch to main parent window

Select s=new Select(WebElement)

s.selectByValue()
s.selectByVisibleText()
s.selectByIndex()
s.getOptions(); List<WebElement>
s.getAllSelectedOptions(); List<WebElement>
s.getFirstSelectedOptions(); WebElement
s.isMultiple() Boolean
s.deSelectByValue()
s.deSelectByVisibleText()
s.deSelectByIndex()
s.deSelectAll()
7Navigation

d.navigate().to("url") to navigate to given url

d.navigate().forward() to move to the next page
d.navigate().backward() to move to previous page
d.navigate().refresh() to refresh the current page

Waits

Unconditional wait
Thread.sleep(milliseconds)
Conditional Wait
Implicit wait
d.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.SECONDS)
d.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.MINUTES)
d.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
d.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS)
d.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.HOURS)
d.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.DAYS)

Explicit Wait
WebDriverWait
WebDriverWait w = new WebDriverWait(d, 10);
w.until(ExpectedConditions.elementsToBeClickable(By.Name("login");
FluentWait<WebDriver> w = new FluentWait<>(driver).withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(20)).
pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(1)).ignoring(Throwable.class);
w.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());