INFLUENCE OF FACEBOOK AND TIKTOK FRAMING OF THE NAIRA REDESIGN

POLICY ON REACTIONS TO THE POLICY AT MADALLA, MINNA, NIGERIA

BY

KASSIM, RABIU

JULY 2023

i
INFLUENCE OF FACEBOOK AND TIKTOK FRAMING OF THE NAIRA REDESIGN

POLICY ON REACTIONS TO THE POLICY AT MADALLA, MINNA, NIGERIA

BY

KASSIM RABIU
NOU222057725

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MASS COMMUNICATION OF THE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
MASS COMMUNICATION

JULY, 2023

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 Declaration

I, KASSIM, Rabiu hereby declare that this work is as a result of my research effort and

that to the best of my knowledge, it has not been presented by any other person for the

award of any degree except where due acknowledgements have been made.

________________________ _________
KASSIM, Rabiu Date
P15SSMM7012

iii
 Certification

This is to certify that this research project titled: “Influence of Facebook and Tiktok

framing of the naira redesign policy on reactions to the policy at Madalla, Minna,

Nigeria.” was written by Kassim Rabiu (NOU222057725) under my supervision.

Prof. Jude Terna Kur Date:________________

Project Supervisor

M.A. Gana Date:________________

Centre Director

Adelakin Lateef Adekunle Date:________________

Head of Department

Dr. Shaibu Moses Date:________________

Dean of Faculty

External Examiner Date:________________

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 Dedication

This work is solely dedicated to my sweet mum, Hajia As’mau Kassim and my late dad,

Alhaji Kassim Momoh.

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 Acknowledgements

Glory and praise be to Allah a number of times equal to the number of His

creatures, to the extent of His Throne and as many as His words. I am indeed grateful to

Allah for the journey so far, ALHAMDULILLAH RABBI AL-AMEEN!

I want to also appreciate the indefatigable effort of my supervisor, Prof. Jude Terna

Kur, who vetted the research write-up, as well all my lecturers in the Department of Mass

Communication. I thank you all.

I sincerely acknowledge the painstaking effort of my mentor and elder brother, Mr.

Mohammed Sado, for his unwavering encouragement and support. I also appreciate Mrs.

Olubunmi Dorcas Olajide for her unflinching support and encouragement. I equally want

to acknowledge the goodwill and advice of Mrs. Raji. In fact, my note of gratitude will not

be complete without appreciating my erudite professor from University of Benin, Prof.

Tony Afejuku.

To my family, my siblings, friends and well-wishers, I say a big thank to you all

and God bless.

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 Abstract

The aim of this study is specifically to examine the influence of Facebook and Tiktok

framing of the naira redesign policy on reactions to the policy at Madalla, Minna, Nigeria.

It is also meant to evaluate how did the facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira

Redesign Policy in Nigeria impact on people’s reactions towards the policy; to determine

to what extent had facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in

Nigeria affected the people’s economic participation; and to evaluate how did facebook

and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in Nigeria influence people’s

perception of the policy. The method adopted in the study is quantitative survey method

and data collected from primary data are analyzed using quantitative analysis method.

Some findings show that the social media, especially, facebook and tiktok framing of new

Naira redesign policy affects people’s perceptions and reactions towards the policy. A lot

of people perceived the policy as a wrong economic policy. And some recommendations

are made that social media users should be more positive in framing any developmental

news and stories on their blogs and pages. They should be more patriotic in reporting

stories about government policy for the success and development of the nation.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Declaration ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgements

Abstract vi

Table of Contents vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 5

1.3 Research Questions 6

1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study 6

1.5 Significance of the Study 7

1.6 Scope of the Study 7

1.7 Operational Definition Terms 8

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.0 Introduction 10

2.1 Conceptual Framework 10

2.1.1 Concept of Media Framing 10

2.1.2 Effect of Media Framing 11

2.1.3 Brief History of Facebook 12

2.1.4 Brief History of Tiktok 14

2.1.5 Use of Facebook in the Media House 16

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2.1.6 Social Media and the Rise of Citizen Journalism 17

2.1.7 Brief Overview of Currency Redesign in Nigeria 20

2.2 Theoretical Framework 23

2.3 Empirical Review 24

2.3.1 The economic Effects of New Naira Redesign Policy 24

2.3.2 The Effects of Media Framing of News Reportage 27

2.3.3 People’s Perception of the Redesign of New Naira Policy 31

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32

3.0 Introduction 32

3.1 Research Design 32

3.2 Population of the Study 32

3.3 Sampling and Sample Size 33

3.4 Instrument of Data Collection 34

3.5 Validation of the Instrument 34

3.6 Reliability of the Instrument 34

3.7 Method of Data Collection 35

3.8 Limitation of the Methodology 35

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction 36

4.1 Data Presentation and Interpretation 36

4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data 36

4.3 Discussion of Findings 44

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 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0. Introduction 48

5.1 Summary 48

5.2 Conclusion 49

5.3 Recommendations 49

References 51

Appendix A: Introduction Letter and Questionnaire 54

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Nowadays, people no longer wait for the traditional media to hear the latest news

about the current happenings around them. They now rely heavily on the new media

platforms for breaking news because the way and manner information is disseminated to

members of the public on the online media platforms is of great interest. Sometimes,

information is reported with high sense of immediacy as it breaks. Everybody appears to

be nosing for the latest information about happenings around. This is where the use of

social media, which is otherwise known as online media or new media, comes in handy

for the people especially the youth. The use of social media platforms by the youth makes

any breaking news goes viral within a short possible time. This is possible because

“advances in Internet technologies have spurred on compelling changes in how we

interact, communicate, learn, and build knowledge” (Banda, 2020, p.3). Sharing news

over Facebook, Twitter and other social media has become an everyday practice for

online news users around the globe (Nielsen & Schroder, 2014).

This is to confirm that social media revolution has made it possible for every

individual to be part of what goes on around them in terms of communication. The

audiences are expected to be able to choose what they read, and should be able to

contribute their content and opinions too. This is a shift from the conventional way of

information sharing. Consequently, the new way of communication is the birth of a

democratic movement that emphasizes some of journalism’s key factors: transparency,

honesty, and giving a voice to the person who doesn’t have one (Harper 2010, p.2)

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 According to Banda (2020), a wide array of social media tools is used to transmit

news to the audience. The urgency and speed with which the news is shared via various

online platforms like facebook, instagram, twitter, tiktok, snapchat, Youtube, Linkedin,

Pinterest and many more is quite alarming. Aside the viral nature of social media news,

the mode of framing information is another pocket of concerns that has impacted on our

news habits, perception and reaction. According to Anders (2017) news sharing across

different social media platforms is increasingly impacting on our news habits. This was

mainly observed during the recent naira redesign policy of Central Bank of Nigeria in

2022.

In November 2022, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) announced a redesign of

the country's currency notes - the Naira. The new notes were introduced to celebrate

Nigeria's diamond jubilee and to enhance the security features of the currency. The

redesign sparked a flurry of media coverage, with various newspapers in the country

publishing articles and opinion pieces about the new notes (Guardian Nigeria, 2022).

The redesigning decision was not unanticipated to generate economic disorder,

considering the short time frame which triggered a rush by the people to banks to pay in

their old notes, as well as withdrawal, runs at automated teller machines immediately

after the new notes come into circulation. It was feared that the rural dwellers who lived

far from where banking services were available would experience hardship dumping the

old notes, as well as, initially, obtaining the new ones.

Following this, social media platforms like Facebook and Tiktok played a crucial

role in moulding public opinion, setting agenda for discourse and swaying the public's

perception of events, issues, and individuals (Hågvar, 2019). Facebook and Tiktok serve

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as a platform for the dissemination of news, information, ideas, opinions, and analysis. In

the case of the new Naira redesign, the framing of the news about the policy by the

facebook and tiktok, for instance, swayed how the people perceived the redesign of new

Naira policy and the CBN's intentions. The way the information about the policy was

framed and shared on facebook, tiktok and other social media platforms agitated a lot of

people. It made the entire world have a certain perception about the policy.

According to Isu (2020) framing refers to how media outlets select and present

information to their audiences. In other words, framing involves selecting certain aspects

of an issue or event and giving prominence to them while de-emphasizing or ignoring

others. In communication studies, therefore, framing is the way news stories are

constructed to evoke a particular interpretation or reaction from the audience.

In this case, Facebook and Tiktok, being one of the eminent new media or online

media with heterogeneous users, gave prominence and framed the news of the new Naira

redesign policy in a way that the public viewed the policy with mixed feelings. It was a

period of intense media coverage of the Naira note redesign policy and its concomitant

fallouts. Considering the power of social media, Hermida, et al. (2012) submitted that

social media have the hidden and dormant power to alter society’s configurations and

structures.

Consequently, it is important to examine Facebook and Tiktok’s role and impact

on the redesign policy of the new Naira. When looking at the users of social media,

Matsa and Mitchell (2014) wrote that half of Facebook and Tiktok users obtain their

news from these two platforms. However, they noted that only 34% of Facebook users,

who consume news, “follow” or “like” a news organization or journalist. Matsa and

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 Mitchell (2014) determined that 78% of Facebook users read news on Facebook for other

reasons, which included seeing a link shared by a friend. They also found that there is a

broad range of topics on Facebook, with 75% of the news being about entertainment.

Facebook makes it possible for two-way interaction to take place rather than one-

way broadcast communication. It also supports multiple channels of communication like

the use of text, voiced and visual information for communication, which has simplified

and enhanced efficient communication across networks (Debjani, et al., 2014).

Tiktok, as a social media platform, is used for creating, sharing, and discovering

short videos. Pelina (2023) explained that in Nigeria TikTok makes up 47.7 percent of 34

million social media users in the country. The app is dominated by young people as well

as adults who now use it as their go-to social media platform in Nigeria. People use

Tiktok to gratify their various needs and wants in the world of communication.

According to Pelina (2023), the basic function of Tiktok is that users can film videos of

themselves doing anything as long as the rules and regulations of the app are put in place.

He added that that Tiktok also has video editing and customization tools. Users have

access to a library of songs, effects, filters, and sound bites to add to their videos.

During the saga of new Naira redesign policy, several Tiktokers used the platform

to disseminate and share short videos about the new policy. A lot of videos were made by

skit-makers in Nigeria to create content for their tiktok page.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Recently, Central Bank of Nigeria declared its intention to embark on redesign of

new naira notes in 2022. During this period, Nigerians were practically thrown into

confusion, agony and anxiety as a result of this new policy. Every day, people scrabbled

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 for where to get cash to spend and useful information about the directives of CBN. The

nearest available source of information and entertainment were the social media platforms.

During this time, Facebook and Tiktok platforms were undulated with stories and

videos of people expressing their disappointments and frustrations about the new Naira

redesign policy at the time. Divergent views and opinions were expressed by different

economic experts on the redesign of new Naira policy as reported on various online

platforms. Sherwood and Nicholson (2012) wrote that journalists use social media like

Facebook and Tiktok to "monitor and research news" (p.945), meaning that social media

have become a powerful tool for journalists not only for disseminating news, but also for

reporting and researching.

In this case, Facebook and Tiktok, being one of the eminent new media or online

media platforms with heterogeneous users, gave prominence and framed the news of the

new Naira redesign policy in a way that the public viewed the policy with mixed feelings.

It was a period of intense media coverage of the Naira note redesign policy and its

concomitant fallouts. Hence, this research examines Facebook and Tiktok framing of the

new Naira Redesign Policy in Nigeria and the impact of the framing on people’s reaction

to the policy.

1.3. Research Questions

The questions answered in this study include:

i. How did the Facebook and Tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in

Nigeria impact on people’s reactions to the policy?

ii. To what extent did Facebook and Tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy

in Nigeria affect the people’s economic participation?

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 iii. How did Facebook and Tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in

Nigeria influence people’s perception of the policy?

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to assess influence of Facebook and Tiktok framing of the

naira redesign policy on reactions to the policy at Madalla, Minna, Nigeria and other

specific objectives of the study include:

i. To ascertain how Facebook and Tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy

in Nigeria impacted on people’s reaction to the policy.

ii. To determine the extent Facebook and Tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign

Policy in Nigeria affected the people’s economic participation.

iii. To find out how Facebook and Tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in

Nigeria influenced people’s perception of the policy.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is an assessment of influence of Facebook and Tiktok framing of the

naira redesign policy on reactions to the policy at Madalla, Minna, Nigeria, and it would be

useful in many ways. For instance, the findings of this study will help policy makers

especially government institutions to appreciate the significance of people’s perceptions

and feelings about their policies.

Secondly, results from the study can help government agencies to understand better

how to fine-tune and harmonize ideas and policies in line with the general perception of

the people. The study can serve as a parameter to gauge the public feelings about

government’s policies and programmes.

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 In addition to this, social media content makers can find the study useful by

learning how to create more useful contents for the benefit the public. The study will be of

great importance to social media users to learn the different ways to perceive and react to

media content. For the content creators to learn how to frame content to engender greater

positive impact in the perception and participation of the members of public.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is within the influence of Facebook and Tiktok framing of the

naira redesign policy on reactions to the policy at Madalla, Minna, Nigeria. Mandella was

chosen due to the availability of people willing to respond to the questionnaires. The

respondents were mainly the youth who are the greater number of users of social media.

1.7 Operational Definition terms

Facebook: Facebook is an electronic directory made up of individuals’ photographs

and names where ideas, information can be shared.

Framing: Framing is the way news stories on the new Naira redesign policy were

constructed by Facebook and Tiktok to evoke a particular interpretation or

reaction from the audience.

Naira: Naira is a paper currency used as a legal tender in Nigeria and it has

different denominations and colours like N5, N10, N50, N100, N200, N500

and N1000

Redesign Policy: Redesign was the changing to the structure of N200, N500 and

N1000.

TikTok: TikTok is a video sharing social media platform.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0. Introduction

This chapter is a review of literature. The review covers examination of concepts

germane to the study, theoretical framework and empirical studies

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1 Media framing

The media have to construct a clear narrative that will make sense to the audience

so they will draw our attention to certain facts while ignoring other aspects of the story.

They might filter their report through a political point of view or find an angle that

reinforces their own bias (McConnell, 2011). The audience’s understanding of a story

could be anchored by placing it in a wider cultural context. Of course, how the message is

encoded will also be determined by the technical infrastructure available to produce the

story and the news organisation’s own values and ideologies.

There are different ways people have defined media framing. According to

Tankard et al (1991) media framing is defined as the central organizing idea for news

content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection,

emphasis, exclusion and elaboration. Entman (1993) noted that frames are shown by the

presence or absence of certain keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of

information, and sentences that provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or

judgments. Entman (1993) averred that to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived

reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote

a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment

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recommendation for the item described. As noted by Gamson (1992), frames usually

diagnose, evaluate, and prescribe. Similarly, Entman suggested that frames define

problems, diagnose causes, make more judgments, and suggest remedies. A framing

analysis is a method widely used in mass communication research.

Ryan (1991) defined framing analysis as a tool for ordering information about how

people perceive political problems. She also wrote that a framing analysis can be used to

listen and grasp the fears and pains of a class, community, or a nation, and then crystalize

their understanding of a problem. A framing analysis studies framing as a 16 concept and

allows for greater cultural understanding than a content analysis (Ryan, 1991).

Furthermore, McConnell (2011) noted that scholars invoking the framing perspective

explore media professionals' use of media texts as organizing device that structure

information and help shape the social world. Through framing, members of the media

create particular interpretations through the selection, emphasis and juxtaposition of

material. Consequently, media organizations help produce discourse that do not simply

reflect an objective reality.

Dissemination of news on social media does not only affect the media organization

but it also has important democratic, social and economic consequences. The

dissemination of online news may sway users’ interest in information content, either

through direct involvement in deciding what to share or through incidental exposure to

information (Bode, 2016). Media use frame as a method of swaying people’s perception

about certain reality through coverage and reportage. Frames influence the perception of

the news by readers, listeners and viewers (Adeniran, Hassan, Mikaila & Kayode, 2015).

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 Talking about how content of news can affect social media users, Velenzuala, Pina &

Ramerez (2017) mentioned that media content is the only factor that is fully controllable

by journalists and media organizations to influence what people share on social media.

Because content factors can predict news virality by interacting with users’ psychological

needs (Cappella, Kim, & Albarracín, 2015). Velenzuala, Pina & Ramerez (2017) further

explained that in the current media environment, news sites structure their content to make

it shareable on social media—as evidenced by the prominent display of social media

toolbars.

2.1.2 Brief history of Facebook

Facebook is an American online social network service that is part of the company

Meta Platforms. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 alongside with Eduardo

Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes, all of whom were students at Harvard

University. Then Mark Zuckerberg was studying psychology at Harvard University. At this

time, Zuckerberg was already developing a number of social-networking websites like

Coursematch for his fellow students, which allowed users to view people taking their

degree, and Facemash, where you could rate people's attractiveness. He had a keen interest

in computer programming. In February, 2004, Zucherberg formally launched the Facebook

and within 24 hours of its launch, 1200 Harvard students had signed up, and after one

month, over half of the undergraduate population had a profile on facebook. Originally, the

name, “facebook", was taken from the sheets of paper distributed to new students to profile

students and staff on campus (Phillips, 2007, p.123).

Shortly after the network was promptly expanded to other Boston universities,

Phillips (2007) explained that the Ivy League and eventually all US universities,

10
facebook address was purchased for $200,000 and immediately, it became Facebook.com

in August 2005. This made it possible for other US high schools to sign up from

September 2005. Thereafter, the network began to expand worldwide, reaching out to UK

universities and other tertiary institutions in the Europe.

In September 2006, the network was extended beyond educational institutions to

any individual who had an email address. The site remains free to sign up and makes a

profit only through advertising placement. Yahoo and Google were among the first

companies which expressed interest to acquire the site at $2bn (about £975m) but Mr

Zuckerberg declined to sell to them (Carlson, 2010).

Once one signs up on facebook, Carlson (2010) said one can create profiles,

upload photos, join a pre-existing group, and start new groups. The site has several

components, including Timeline, a space on each user’s profile page where users can post

their content and friends can post messages; Status, which enables users to alert friends to

their current location or situation; and News Feed, which informs users of changes to

their friends’ profiles and status. Users can chat with each other and send each other

private messages. Users can signal their approval of content on Facebook with the Like

button, a feature that also appears on many other websites.

Myspace was surpassed by Facebook in 2008 as the most popular social media

platform. With the launch of Live stream, the corporation also made a competitive move

against Twitter, a social network that operates a live stream of postings that resemble news

services from users that a user follows. Similar to the continuous stream of user updates on

Twitter, Live Feed automatically pushed posts from friends to a member's homepage

(Nguyen, 2004, p.21).

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 Since the U.S. presidential election of 2008, when more than 1,000 Facebook

groups were created in support of either Democratic candidate Barack Obama or

Republican contender John McCain, Facebook has grown to be a potent instrument for

political movements. The application was utilized in Colombia to mobilize thousands of

people in protests against the anti-government FARC guerrilla rebellion. During the 2011

uprising in Egypt, people opposed to President Hosni Mubarak frequently coordinated

themselves by creating Facebook groups. Till date, facebook still being used as a social

network to disseminate information and news (Nguyen, 2004, p.21).

2.1.3 Brief history of TikTok

TikTok was founded by a Chinese tech giant ByteDance and was first released in

September 2016 under the name “Douyin”, which was marketed as a video-sharing social

networking service similar to Facebook and Instagram (both of which are banned in

China). In November 2017, ByteDance acquired another social media app called

Musical.ly - which allows users (a.k.a. “Musers”) to create and share short 15-second lip-

sync videos on their platform. ByteDance eventually closed down the Musical.ly app and

incorporated most of its features into Douyin. In August 2018, ByteDance released the

global version of Douyin, TikTok. One of the main draws of TikTok is its elaborate

algorithm that quickly figures users’ tastes and preferences based on how they engage

with the app (Isaac, 2020, p.23).

Isaac (2020) further stated that most of TikTok’s prominent features come from

Musical.ly, but what you might not know is that Musical.ly came very close to failure.

Musical.ly, which was originally called “Cicada”, started out as an app for sharing short-

form education videos targeting a teenage audience. According to founders Alex Zhu and

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Luyu Yang, the app was doomed for failure - lesson planners faced a tough time creating

videos that were educational, entertaining, and short enough to fit the 3-5 minutes time

frame. The app failed to attract users and creators.

With only 8% of their funds remaining, Zhu and Yang decided to completely

rework their app. In July 2014, they rebranded as Musical.ly - a social network that

combines music and videos to attract an early-teen demographic. Videos were shortened

to 15 seconds long and the app gave users a huge database of songs, filters and movie

clips to lip-sync to. The app’s initial release was largely positive with good user retention

numbers, but after 10 months of slow growth, the company came close to shutting down

again due to cash flow problems (Isaac, 2020, p.23).

Carman (2020) added that Lip-sync videos were gaining popularity, with other

lip-syncing apps like Triller and Dubsmash entering the market around this time. Zhu and

Yang discovered that videos being made on Musical.ly were being downloaded and

shared on other social media platforms, but without any links or reference on their videos,

they were unable to drive traffic to their platform. Within 2 months of including a

watermark logo in their videos, Musical.ly jumped to the top of the Apple App Store

charts, where it would stay for many months - and the rest is history.

Tiktok has multiple of uses and this depends on what you need it for. For

instance, most people know TikTok for dance and lip-sync videos, which are made

possible by TikTok’s extensive music library, called “Sounds”, that licenses music from

popular music labels like Sony Music, Warner Music and Universal Music. TikTok users

can select what they want to see on the app - choosing from categories like

comedy, baking, food, sports, motion graphics, DIY, animals, facial treatments, etc.

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 Video display is another good content of tiktok where a number of users are fond

of often time the videos are displayed one at a time and users scroll down to see the next

video. Whenever a new video is uploaded, the algorithm will display it to a small subset

of users. Videos with good user engagement (likes, shares, watch time) will be pushed to

more users with similar interests, and if the process repeats itself enough times, the video

can go viral (Carman, 2020).

According Kastrenakes (2021) another interesting aspect of tiktok is its online

community. TikTok is available in 155 countries and in 75 languages. As such,

practically anyone with an internet connection can join the TikTok community. TikTok

showcases some impressive user engagement figures: each user spends an average of 52

minutes per day on TikTok and an average of 1 million TikTok videos are watched every

day. 90% of TikTok users access the app on a daily basis, and 41% of TikTok users are

aged between 16 and 24. TikTok’s main community-building feature is “Duet”, which

allows users to record themselves alongside existing TikTok videos in a split-screen

format.

2.1.4 Use of Facebook in the media house

The use of facebook in news gathering and reporting has become inevitable in the practice

of modern day journalism. Facebook has become one of the leading and rapidly growing

online networks. The users have soared well over a billion in world over. It is as an active

and effective place for businesses. Banda (2020) stated that there is possibility to attract

new customers and readers, build online relationships and use Facebook as an online

marketing communication channel. With facebook’s great strategic marketing

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 characteristics and its effective capacity to extend information across the networks of each

other, it becomes a key marketing place for marketers these days.

According to Barefoot and Szabo (2010, 172), “Facebook is the elephant in the social

media marketing living room. The site is enormous and daunting, and everybody is still

figuring out the best ways to market within it. The number of Facebook users has more

than doubled in the past six months, and the growth curve will likely remain pretty steep in

the near future”. Facebook has several marketing opportunities with active features for

marketers. Facebook provides avenue for marketers to advertise their products free or pay

for them. Facebook users can make normal pages, brand/product pages or groups and

consumers can link the companies’ pages or groups that they operate for any useful

information about their products. Aside this, facebook also serves as a reliable source of

news, ideas and information gathering and dissemination for journalists and media users

(Barefoot & Szabo, 2010, p172).

2.1.5 Social media and the rise of citizen journalism

With the coming of social media sites such as Facebook, Tiktok, Twitter, LinkedIn,

YouTube, and blogs, citizen journalists have new alternatives to the mainstream journalists

in gathering and disseminating news to the public and engaging audiences. Citizen

journalism is described in different ways. Some experts have seen citizen journalism as

grassroots journalism, open source journalism, participatory journalism, hyperlocal

journalism, distributed journalism, or networked journalism, as well as user-generated

content (Allan, 2007, p18).

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Social media users constantly seek out latest, accurate, relevant, and reliable information

during emergencies-activities that are expanding because of pervasive information and

communication technology (Palen and Liu, 2007, p 32). Media convergence is where

information goes through several media channels including old and new media. It is also

the relationship between media producers and consumers systematically reshaped to serve

their actual functions (Jenkins, 2006, p. 19).

People learn a lot of skills through different online sites. For instance, consumers

are learning how to become producers by using these different media technologies to have

a better control over media flow. As the world is becoming a global village with

increasingly digitally connected, there is astronomical rise in the citizens’ participatory

culture in what happens in the media world. Social media technology-mobile and web

applications that support easy, ad hoc ways to communicate are increasingly testing

conventionally understood boundaries between informal and formal crisis response

activities (Palen 2007) through grassroots organizations and citizen journalism information

reporting (Gillmor, 2006).

As we become a more connected society, Allan (2007, p.22) explains that

journalism is being decisively reconfigured across an emergent communication field

supported by digital platforms and that instant reporters go beyond traditional journalistic

boundaries by situating it through personal experience. Social media and traditional news

media have a symbiotic relationship where stories from the traditional news media are

spread to, and discussed by, a larger audience in social media (Grzywinska & Borden,

2012). The impact of social network has been found vital on dissemination (Guo, 2012).

The users of social media select media of their choice to share and like content to show

16
their support or disagreement on a particular story that they find personally meaningful

(Weeks & Holbert, 2013). This use of weak network ties to share news in social media can

facilitate the formation of social movements, political campaigns and various protest

groups (Svendsen, 2006, Benkler, 2006).

The Occupy Nigeria protest of January, 2012 was a big show of the power of the

social media in the drive for good governance. The increase in the fuel price in Nigeria

from 65 to 140 naira, led to the peaceful protest of citizens that took to social media to

register their discountenance, part of which was directed at former president Goodluck

Jonathan’s Facebook account (Ogunlesi, 2013). Social media gave the protest the needed

audience that actually made the government respond through reducing the fuel pump price

(Ogunlesi, 2013).

Similarly, in 2020, there was Endsars protest where a large number of youth took to

the streets to express their disaffection against the rife indiscriminate extra-judicial killing

carried on the Nigerian citizens by Nigerian Police’s Special Anti-robbery Squad (SARS).

The youth employed the use of social media especially Twitter and Facebook to spread the

information about the Endsars protest and within short time, the protest went viral different

social media platforms (Olakunle, 2023).

Facebook has also played far-reaching roles in e-government in Africa. Of note is

the influence it had in the coordination of the chaos that happened in the Middle East,

which was tagged ‘Arab Spring’ (Rosen, 2011). Facebook helped engage the citizens

through opinions that influenced change. Also in the outbreak of the deadly virus Ebola;

Facebook served a medium used by government in sensitising people about how to stay

protected from the virus. Reports of the spread was to a great extent communicated

17
 through the channel, thereby reducing reporting times that would normally take 12 h by

half initially, then 75%, before becoming real time (Daniel Tom-Aba as cited by Yinka,

2014). All these put together have made information hoarding and management a difficult

task to mitigate at the time of crisis because with smart phone everybody is a news vendor.

2.1.6 Brief overview of currency redesign in Nigeria

The first launching of Nigeria currency Naira took place on January 1, 1963 as a

result of the resolution reached by the Nigerian government. The Naira replaced the regal

system got from the British Colonial administration. Over the years, Naira has gone

through several phases transformation and so also its redesign. The first redesign of Naira

was in 1968, during the war, when currency was abused and trafficking as a result of the

conflict and so the Naira was redesigned again. In 1973, our local currency was created

under the supervision of Obafemi Awolowo (CBN, 2015).

Similarly, in order to stop the currency trafficking which was rife at that time,

another move was made in April 1984 when the colours of all the banknotes in

circulation in Nigeria were changed with the exception of the 50 Kobo banknote. In 1991,

the 50K and 10K were both coined. On 1st July, 1959 the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)

issued Nigerian currency banknotes, while the WACB-issued banknotes and coins were

withdrawn. It was not until 1st July, 1962 that the currency was changed to reflect the

country’s republican status. The currency notes were again changed in 1968 following

the misuse of the currency banknotes during the civil war (CBN, 2015).

Following the decision to change from the metric to decimal, in January, 1973,

Nigeria changed from pound to naira. This new change made naira the major unit of

currency while kobo became the minor unit of currency and one hundred of kobo was

18
made one naira (CBN, 2015). The twenty naira (N20) note was introduced as the new

banknote on 11th February 1977, and it became the highest denomination introduced at

the time. The note was adorned with the portrait of the late Head of State, General

Murtala Ramat Muhammed (1938-1976) and the note was first issued on the 1st

anniversary of his assassination as an appropriate tribute to the late Head of State on 1st

October 1978 (CBN, 2015). Subsequently, other denominations of Nigerian currency

which used to be coin or metric were made banknotes these include: N1, N5 and N10 on

2nd July, 1979. For easy identification, distinct colours were used for the different

denominations (Olatubosun, 2022). In April 1984, there was another major change in the

Nigerian currency. The colours of all the banknotes were changed except 50 Kobo

banknote. In 1991, the 50K and N1 were again made coined.

As the economic activities were expanding, Nigerian government decided to

introduce the N100 banknote in December 1999, N200 banknote in November 2000,

N500 banknote in April 2001and N1000 banknote in October 2005 respectively (CBN,

2015). All these were done to facilitate payment and improve economic life of the people

of Nigeria. Similarly, on 28th February, 2007, for the first time, the Naira was issued in

polymer substrate i.e. N20 while N50, N10 and N5 banknotes remained in the old

banknotes and N1 and 50K coins were reissued in new designs, and the 2 Naira coin was

introduced. Later on 30th September, 2009, the redesigned N50, N10 and N5 banknotes

were printed in the polymer substrate following the general acceptance and success of the

20 (polymer) banknotes (CBN, 2015).

Furthermore, in commemoration of 50th anniversary of Nigeria’s Independence

and 100 years of its existence as a nation, the CBN launched the N50 polymer banknotes

19
 on 29th September, 2010; and the N100 banknote on 19th December, 2014 respectively.

Recently, the CBN Governor, Godwin Emiefiele observed that more than three trillion-

naira notes that supposed to be the vault was in circulation but the banks could only

account for merely a trillion naira.

Sequel to the above observation of the CBN Governor, and in pursuant of the

provisions of section 2(b), section 18(a) and section 19(a) and (b of the 1999 Nigerian

constitution, the management of the CBN requested for the approval of President of the

Nigeria, President Muhammadu Buhari (PMB) to redesign, produce, release and circulate

new series of bank notes of N200, N500 and N1000 at all levels in the country.

Subsequently, arrangements and announcements were made for the new currency to

begin circulation from December 15, 2022 onward. President Muhammadu Buhari

launched the new redesigned Naira notes on December 15, 2022. However, the new and

existing currencies of N200, N500 and N1000 were to remain a legal tender and circulate

simultaneously until January 31, 2023 when the old currencies would cease to be legal

tender. Meanwhile, the aftermath of this CBN’s action was cash crunch and chaotic after

people were ordered to deposit their old N200, N500 and N1000 notes to the bank prior

the deadline of January 31, 2023 (Olakunle, 2023).

2.2 Theoretical Framework

This research work is affixed on Framing Theory. Framing is one of the media

effects theories, largely used in analyzing how the mass-media filters information and,

thus, influences the public’s reactions and perceptions to a whole collection of external

stimuli (De Vreese, 2007). In the same vein, Azlan (2012) describes framing as the way

20
and manner public attitudes are shaped as a result of media mode employed in the

reportage of a subject.

A framing theory was chosen because as McConnell (2011) noted that scholars

invoking the framing perspective explore media professionals' use of media texts as

organizing device that structure information and help shape the social world. Through

framing, members of the media create particular interpretations through the selection,

emphasis and juxtaposition of material. Consequently, media organizations help produce

discourse that do not simply reflect an objective reality.

Viewing factors that facilitate the use of framing as a style of reporting news and

passing information, Azlan advances two factors that facilitate the adoption of frames:

the accessibility of an issue, and the correlation between a subject and the audience’ pre-

existing opinions. This means that there is a relationship between what is reported and the

previous views held among the people on a particular matter under media coverage. This

makes, (Azlan, 2012) to conclude that framing effects are not independent; they are

subject to pre-existing attitude of the target audience.

On this basis, it is appropriate to conclude that to frame is to select some aspects

of a perceived reality and make them more meaningful in communication text, in such a

way to highlight a particular problem definition, casual interpretation, moral evaluation

(Entman, 1993) cited in (Nebojsa, 2015) and or treatment recommendation for the item

described. The core value of this theory is that the media select and focus attention on

certain events and then place them within a field of meaning (Okugo, Onwukwe, Ihechu

& Okereke, 2015). This field of meaning can have some significant effects on the

audience’s perception, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours by conferring a particular

21
 meaning or interpretation to an issue. Frames influence the perception of the news by

readers, listeners and viewers (Adeniran, Hassan, Mikaila & Kayode, 2015).

The significance of the above statement is that frames are the ways in which the

media and media gate keepers organize and present events and issues they cover, and the

way the audience interpret what they are provided. In other words, since the media frame

influences audience interpretation of messages, it is imperative to note that negative

media framing of any issue will attract negative perception and interpretation of such

issue by the audience (Nebojša, 2015).

2.3 Empirical Review

Under this subtopic, different variables as related to the topic of this study will be

discussed and reviewed.

2.3.1 The economic effects of new Naira redesign policy

The effect of new Naira redesign policy was never envisaged to be negative or

painful at the initial stage of its introduction. Some financial analysts were of the opinion

that the coming experience would bring more traditionally unbanked people into the

banking system. However, the pains people later encountered were unprecedented.

According to Muda (2023), there will be lots of long queues in the banking hall. It’s

going to create lots of inconveniences for the people. The unbanked and the elderly may

not be able to cope since we do not have banks in most local government areas.

Morgen (2022) estimates that the Naira redesign policy of the CBN had a

negative impact on 84.5% of Nigerians, with young people suffering the most. The report

also showed that Nigerian youths were the hardest hit, with 90.9% of those who

participated between the ages of 18 and 29 attesting to have suffered negative effects

22
from the cash crunch. Overall, participants between the ages of 18 and 49 the

demographic that is most productive in the nation were more devastated by the disastrous

policy (SBM report 2022).

Elimian (2023) detailed how the strategy had led Nigerians to exchanging fists at

every bank location where lines were never-ending. In his report, he highlighted

additional detrimental economic implications of the program. Businesses saw a fall in

sales and patronage, bankers climbed fences to avoid being lynched, and the nation was

on fire over a decision that many viewed as the glaring example of a tyrannical,

ineffective government that does not care about the people. In particular, 76.09% of

respondents indicated their company had been seriously harmed. 17.39% more people

claimed that their companies had some impact. According to a report by SBM (2022)

roughly 6.52% of respondents and their ventures were not at all impacted.

Pillah (2023) carried out a research to assess the redesign of the naira note. This

study evaluated Nigeria's monetary policies from 2015 to 2023 in order to determine the

effect of currency redesign. According to the studied literature, the redesign of the Naira

is necessary for economic reasons, including but not restricted to lowering inflation,

thwarting forgery, preventing financial instability, and reducing the amount of money in

circulation.

Iwedi, Wachuku, & Court (2023) theorized about the impact of the redesign of the Naira

on Nigeria's economic expansion. The goal of the study was to ascertain the economic

effects of the Naira redesign, the justifications for the redesign, and the recommended

applicability of the Central Bank of Nigeria's Naira redesign policy. The study found that

the main justifications for currency redesign were to lower the level of money hoarding

23
by wealthy Nigerians, to lessen currency counterfeiting, and to manage the amount of

money in circulation with a view to controlling the rate of inflation in Nigeria. The study

also found that the redesign of the naira has both advantages and disadvantages. These

advantages include the possibility of a decrease in cash insecurity and money laundering,

a reduction in the enormous deficit costs to the economy, an increase in price levels, and

a reduction in counterfeiting.

Muhammed & Abdulmajeed (2022) studied the impact of currency reform and

monetary policy on the Nigerian economy and the findings revealed how the regression

model showed a significant link between GDP and monetary policy while taking inflation

into consideration. The model also showed that while the inflation rate coefficient had a

negative and substantial influence on Nigeria's GDP, the exchange rate and interest rate

coefficients had a positive and significant impact. They recommended that, in order to

reduce inflation, which has essentially plunged Nigeria into recession, and to strictly

implement the Naira redesign decision, the government periodically work with the

Nigerian apex bank to remove about 80% of Naira currency from locations other than

commercial banks.

In the Ikere Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Omoyeni (2023) undertook a

study to investigate the effects of the currency redesign on vote buying, quality, and

integrity of the electoral process. The results of this study showed that, although the

blatant buying and selling of votes had decreased as a result of the new currency,

politicians still found other ways to influence voters in the recently held election in the

Ikere Local Government Area.

24
 Olujobi (2022) made an effort to look into the economic ramifications and reason

for the monetary authority in Nigeria's decision to embrace the policy of currency

redesign. The study's conclusions demonstrated that currency redesigning by the CBN is

another method for reducing the amount of extra money in circulation, reinforced the

efficiency of monetary policy in containing inflationary pressure, and improved the

CBN's exchange rate policy and added liquidity.

2.3.2 The effects of media framing of news reportage

Media can show the impacts of framing because the same material is utilized as a

base, allowing the frame around the topic to modify the reader's view without changing

the real facts. This occurs via the media's selection of specific words and visuals while

reporting a story. A frame is defined as the packaging of a rhetorical element in the

context of politics or mass media communication so as to favor some readings and

disfavor others. For political reasons, facts are frequently presented through framing in a

way that suggests a problem that has to be solved (Druckman, 2001).

According to who is listening and the type of information being delivered,

framing in communication can be beneficial or harmful. The method of framing may take

the form of focus frames, which simplify reality by focusing on a select number of

important characteristics of a situation or issue, or it may take the form of equivalence

frames, where two or more logically similar options are presented in various ways

((Plous, 1993). Even though the information being presented in "equivalence frames" is

based on the same facts, the "frame" in which it is presented alters, leading to a reference-

dependent perception.

25
 People choose between options based on whether they are presented with positive

or negative connotations (Plous, 1993). This cognitive bias is known as the framing

effect. When options are given in a favorable light, people tend to avoid risk, whereas

when options are presented in a negative light, people tend to avoid loss more. Options

are provided in studies of the bias in terms of the likelihood of either losses or gains. The

options stated are the same in reality despite having different expressions. Amos Tversky

and Daniel Kahneman (1981) characterized the advantages and disadvantages in the

situation in question as assessments of effects, which include lives killed or saved,

patients treated or not treated, and monetary gains or losses.

According to prospect theory, a loss is more important than a comparable gain

(Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel 1981) stated that a certain gain is preferred over a

probabilistic gain (the confidence effect and pseudo certainty effect). According to

Tversky & Kahneman (1981) and Clark (2009), a conditional loss is preferred over a

definite loss. People are frequently given options under the context of just one of the two

frames, which is one of the risks of framing effects (Druckman, 2001).

The idea aids in the development of frame analysis skills in social movements as

well as in the creation of societal opinion, where spin plays a significant role in political

views surveys that are framed to encourage a response advantageous to the group that

conducted the poll. It has been argued that the method's use delegitimizes political polls

in general. If people are given enough reliable information, the effect is diminished or

even abolished (Druckman, 2001).

Framing is a helpful tool for infographics, social media posts, blog entries and

articles, and product descriptions, according to Stasik (2021). It can control how the

26
audience interprets certain meanings and how they are accepted (Stasik, 2021). In all

spheres of the media and other entities, framing can be employed for successful

interaction. It is mostly used to comprehend the effects of media. A structured framing of

concepts and topics can facilitate productive interaction among a mass. Politicians can

persuasively articulate their goals so that the public would recognize their importance and

accept them (Communication theory.org).

Newspapers, for instance, prioritize and highlight news items in accordance with

agency policies. Accordingly, the journalists choose the context in which the news is

delivered. If a journalist writes on pollution coming from a nearby river, they may do so

from the perspective of the locals, emphasizing the difficulties they experience.

In a report by the Pew Research Center, Barthel, Shearer, Gottfried, & Mitchell

(2015) wrote that using Facebook and Twitter as a source to read and find news is

increasing every year, and these two sites are now platforms to learn about news and

current events. For instance, they noted that 63% of Facebook and Twitter users use

social media for this purpose. In 2011 news organizations were not using Facebook and

Twitter as reporting tools, and only 2% of the postings asked users to provide information

(Barthel et al., 2015). Today, these numbers have changed because of an increase in the

use of social media by news organizations and the emergence of interactivity features.

Lopez, Gonzalez-Barrera, and Patten (2013) focused on Latino users and noted that 68%

of Latino Internet users use Facebook, Twitter, and other social media platforms. In

comparison, a study by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press found that

58% of all users in the United States access social media sites. According to the study

performed by Lopez et al., Latinos are the highest users of social media. Matsa and

27
 Mitchell also found that English is the dominant language among Facebook and Twitter

users, including among Latinos.

Media framing is defined as “the central organizing idea for news content that

supplies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis,

exclusion and elaboration” (Tankard, Hendrickson, Silberman, Bliss & Ghanem,1991).

Entman (1993) noted that frames are manifested by the presence or absence of certain

keywords, stock phrases, stereotyped images, sources of information, and sentences that

provide thematically reinforcing clusters of facts or judgments. Barthel et al., (2015)

found that a frame identifies a relationship between the elements of a text. Entman noted

that to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient

in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition,

causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation for the item

described. As noted by Gamson (1992), frames usually diagnose, evaluate, and prescribe.

Similarly, Entman suggested that frames define problems, diagnose causes, make more

judgments, and suggest remedies.

A framing analysis is a method widely used in mass communication research.

Ryan (1991) defined framing analysis as a tool for ordering information about how

people perceive political problems. She also wrote that a framing analysis can be used to

listen and grasp the fears and pains of a class, community, or a nation, and then crystalize

their understanding of a problem. A framing analysis studies framing as a concept and

allows for greater cultural understanding than a content analysis (Ryan, 1991).

2.3.3 People’s perception of the redesign of new Naira policy

28
 Since the advent of the redesign of new Naira policy of CBN, a lot of Nigerians

have expressed frustration and disappointment about the policy and they have seen it not

favourable to the common man on the street. Olakunle (2023) averred that large number

of Nigerians have a wrong perception of the naira redesign policy of the Central Bank of

Nigeria. Olakunle (2023) further added that there were large numbers of people who

misconceived or have wrong perception of the new naira redesign policy of the CBN.

Most of the market men and women complained of not having bank accounts. Members

of the public believed the naira redesign policy is a misplaced priority, as there are a lot

of Nigerians living below poverty line (Olakunle, 2023). This policy negatively impacted

several informal sector businesses, such as local retail shops, artisans, and commercial

bus drivers. Trading activities for small-scale manufacturers were also affected

(Mongalu, 2023).

Mongalu (2023) further stressed that whatever may have been the benefits of the naira redesign

policy have been cancelled out by the economic and social waste and gridlock it has created. We

are still suffering from it, after the “almighty” presidential election has come and gone.

29
 Chapter Three

Methodology

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the research design, population of the study, research instrument,

validity and reliability of research instrument and method of data analysis. The main

objective of this study is to ascertain the influence of Facebook and Tiktok framing of the

naira redesign policy on reactions to the policy at Madalla, Minna, Nigeria. Hence,

quantitative data will be needed to address the objectives of this study.

3.1 Research Design

The design for this study is descriptive research using survey method. According

to Shaughnesby, Harps and Andaugy (2011), quantitative survey research method is often

used to assess true opinion and feeling of individuals known as respondents. The survey

method is used because it allows a large sample size of the population whose findings can

be generalized unlike in-depth interview or focus group discussion methods.

Similarly, Ohaja (2003) defines survey research method as a study of the characteristics

of a sample through questioning that enables a researcher to make generalization

concerning his population of interest. He notes that it is usually employed in studies of

attitudinal and behavioral trends with the researcher seeking to uncover their

demographic underpinning.

3.2 Population of the Study

The population of the study comprises only the inhabitants of Madalla

Community. Madalla is an autonomous community in Chanchaga Local Government

Area of Niger State with a population of about 7,000 people (2006 Census) who are

30
 mainly farmers and artisans. The community is situated along Mandalla Express Way. It

comprises indigenous people of Gbagyi and Nupe and non-indigenes who are from other

parts of Nigeria. The Mandalla people are predominantly Muslims and Christians.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique

A haphazard or accidental or convenient sampling technique was used to draw

sample of 350 respondents from the sample size. The sample was drawn from among the

different categories of people in the Madalla which comprise traders, artisans, civil

servants, public servants, security personnel and students. It is from this population a

sample of 350 respondents was selected for the study using haphazard method of research

technique. Haphazard method, also known as accidental or purposive sampling, is a

research technique used where a researcher cannot get a formal record or a list of the

members of the population intended to be studied and hence, the researcher uses the

available people who are ready and willing to participate in the study. Consequently, the

researcher used haphazard sampling method in this case because there was no official

record containing the names of the Mandalla residents. The researcher and his assistant

administered questionnaires to 350 people who were available and willing to participate

in the study. The researcher and his assistant administered questionnaires to people who

were available and willing to participate in the study.

3.4 Instrument of data collection

The instrument used to collect data for this study was the questionnaire. The

questionnaire contains two sections. Section ‘A’ is on demographic data of the

respondent. Section ‘B’ is based on the research questions where the respondents were

expected to express their feelings, reactions, views and opinions about the subject matter.

31
 The questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. As many as 350

copies of questionnaire were administered to the respondents in their various locations

under study and thereafter, 300 of duly filled copies of the questionnaire were retrieved

from the respondents. Questionnaire as a method of data collection was used because it

enables respondents to feel free to respond to questions at their convenient time and

place.

Similarly, the researcher also sourced materials from secondary data like

textbooks, newspapers, magazines, workshop papers, previous academic research works

and the Internet etc. to enable him to review other related literature to the study.

3.5 Validation of the Instrument

Validity is defined as the authentic nature of the measuring instrument which is

capable of eliciting information, applicable to study (Owums, 2012). To ensure the validity

of the instrument, 150 copies of questionnaires were administered before the actual

research work was carried out. This was done to enable the researcher to make meaningful

discovery or amend any error discovered to ensure reliability of the study.

3.6 Reliability of Research Instrument

According to Owums (2012), reliability assures researcher of the measuring

instrument in any replicable study, similar to the one for which the instrument was

designed. Pretest or test retest reliability was used to establish the reliability of the

questionnaire. The test retest is an approach in determining reliability (Owums, 2012). In

the test retest approach, the researcher produced few copies of the questionnaire and

administered it at different times to a selected group similar to the population of the study.

The reason was to make the questions asked in the questionnaire clearly understandable

32
 and to correct any ambiguity that might hinder responses from the sample to be used in the

actual study (Owums, 2012). Hence, the researcher carried out the test retest before the

actual research with the help of an assistant.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

Data collected were analyzed using quantitative method of data analysis (mean).

The quantitative method of data analysis is a mathematical and statistical based method

involving analyzing research data using such approach like simple arithmetic percentage,

mean, media, mode, pie chart, bar chart, histogram etc to present data. It is used in a study

that intends to generate numerical data which require high level of precision and accuracy.

Quantitative analysis was used since thhe data generated were quantitative in nature.

3.8 Limitation of the study

The researcher experienced some challenges during the course of putting together

this research work. First, it was pretty difficult for the researcher to find relevant materials

for the topic of study being a new case study. Even the few materials available were

grossly inadequate and irrelevant to the main topic of study.

Aside this, time allotted for the study was insufficient to carry out a thorough

research of this nature. Most times, some respondents were not available to provide

answers to questions posed by the researcher.

Another challenge faced by the researcher in the course of this study was lack of

cooperation from the respondents. Majority of the respondents were reluctant to respond to

questions in the questionnaire provided. Some expressed fear that their information might

be used against them. However, the researcher had to assure them that all information

33
provided would be treated with utmost confidentiality and they would be purely used for

academic purposes.

34
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents interpretation of the collected data and discussion /analysis of

findings.

4.1 Data Presentation and Interpretation

4.2 Presentation and analysis of demographic data of respondents

Table 4.2.1: Gender of the respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 210 70

Female 90 30

Total 300 100

Table 4.2.1 shows gender of the respondents. As many as 210 respondents representing

70% were males while 90 respondents representing 30% are females.

Table 4.2.2: Age of the respondent

Age Frequency Percentage

15- 25 years 42 14

26- 35 years 95 31.6

36 – 45 years 80 26.6
46 – 55 years 63 21
56 – 65 years 20 6.6
Total 300 100

35
Table 4.2.2 shows the age of the respondents. As many as 95 respondents representing

31% were between 36 – 45 years, 80 respondents representing 26.6% were within 36 -45

years, 60 respondents representing 21% were within age bracket of 46-55 years, 45

respondents representing 14% were within the age of 15 – 25 years and 20 respondents

representing 6.6% were between 56 – 65 years.

Table 4.2.3: Marital status of the respondents

Marital Status Frequency Percentage

Married 90 30

Single 198 66

Divorced 12 4

Total 300 100

Table 4.2.3 shows marital status of the respondents. Accordingly, 198 respondents

representing 47.5% were single and 90 respondents representing 45% were married while

12 respondents representing 4% were divorced.

Table 4.2.4: Occupation of the respondents

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Farmers 20 6.6

Civil servant 50 16.6

Security personnel 30 10

Traders 55 18.3

Students 100 33.3

Artisans 45 15

Total 300 100

36
Table 4.2.4 shows the occupation of the respondents. The majority of the respondents

representing 33.3% were students, 18.3% were traders, 16.3% were civil servants, 15%

were artisans and 10% were security personnel.

Table 4.2.5: Academic qualifications of the respondents

Academic Qualification Frequency Percentage

HND/BA/BSC 106 35.3

NCE/OND 100 33.3

Pry/SSCE/GCE 60 20

Uneducated 34 11.3

Total 300 100

Table 4.2.5 shows academic qualification of the respondents. As many as 106 of the

respondents representing 35.3% owned HND/BA/BSC, 100 respondents representing

33.3% had NCE/OND, 60 respondents representing 20% had SSCE/GCE and 34

respondents representing11.3% did not acquire formal educated.

Table 4.2.6: Preference of social media usage

Social Media Platform Frequency Percentage

Facebook 210 70
Twitter 15 5
Tiktok 70 23.3
Instagram 5 1.6
Snapchat 0 0
Others 0 0
Total 300 100

37
 Table 4.2.6 shows the preference of social media platforms by the respondents. As many as

210 respondents representing 70% used facebook, while 70 respondents representing

23.3% used Tiktok and 10 respondents representing 3.3% used twitter, 5 respondents

representing 1.3% used instagram and none of the respondents used snapchat and other

social media platforms.

Table 4.2.7: Reliance on Facebook and Tiktok to get news

Frequency Frequency Percentage

Frequently 210 70

Occasionally 85 28.3

Rarely 5 1.6

Never 0 0

Total 300 100

Table 4.2.7 shows how the respondents rely on facebook and tiktok to get news.

Accordingly, 210 respondents representing 70% used facebook and tiktok frequently while

85 respondents representing 28.3% used facebook and tiktok occasionally and 5

respondents representing 1.6% said they rarely used facebook and tiktok and none of the

respondents attested to never using facebook and tiktok for news consumption.

4.3 Answers to Research Question 1:

How did the facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in Nigeria

impact on people’s reactions towards the policy?

38
TABLE S/N Reactions towards the policy Frequency Percentage

4.3.1: 1 Pleased with the policy 10 3.3

2 Displeased with the policy 105 35

3 Skeptical of the policy 18 6

4 Indifferent to the policy 18 6

5 Viewed the policy with doubt 20 6.6

6 Viewed the policy with certainty 5 1.6

7 Approved of the policy 5 1.6

8 Disapproved of the policy 65 21.6

9 Scared of the policy 50 16.6

10 Confident of the policy 4 1.3

Total 300 100

Respondents’ reactions to Facebook and Tiktok framing of new Naira redesign policy

Table 4.3.1 shows how the respondents reacted to the new Naira redesign policy by the CBN.

Thus, 105 respondents representing 35% were displeased with the policy; 65 respondents

representing 21.6% disapproved of the policy; 50 respondents representing 16.6% were scared of

the policy; 20 respondents representing 6.6% viewed the policy with doubt; 18 respondents

representing 6% were skeptical and indifferent of the policy. However, 10 respondents

representing 3.3% said they were pleased with the policy while 5 respondents representing 1.6%

approved the policy with certainty and 4 respondents representing 1.3% said they were confident

with the policy.

This indicates that majority of the people were not happy and comfortable with new Naira

redesign policy of the CBN as framed by Facebook and Tiktok.

39
Research Question 2: To what extent had facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira

redesign policy in Nigeria affected the people’s economic participation?

TABLE 4.3.2: Respondents’ economic participation as a result of Facebook and

Tiktok framing of new Naira redesign policy

S/N Economic participation Frequency Percentage

11 High 0 0

12 Very high 0 0

13 Low 25 8.3

14 Very low 100 33.3

15 Excellent 0 0

16 Very excellent 0 0

17 Poor 60 20

18 Very poor 70 23.3

19 Positive 0 0

20 Negative 45 15

Total 300 100

Table 4.3.2 shows respondent’s economic participation during the new Naira redesign

policy of CBN. As many as 100 respondents representing 33.3% had very low economic

participation during the policy; 70 respondents representing 23.3% recorded very poor

participation in the economy; 60 respondents representing 20% said their participation was

poor economically; 45 respondents representing 15% said their economic participation was

negative while 25 respondents representing 8.3% had a low economic participation but

none of the respondents agreed that their economic participation was high or very high;

40
excellent or very excellent, even positive. This suggests that economic performance of the

people was very poor, negative and low during the new Naira redesign policy of CBN.

Research Question 3: How did Facebook and Tiktok framing of the new Naira redesign

policy in Nigeria influence people’s perception of the policy?

TABLE 4.3.3: Respondents’ perceptions of the new Naira redesign policy as a

result Facebook and Tiktok framing of the policy.

S/N Perception of the policy Frequency Percentage

21 Perceive the policy as positive 0 0

22 Perceive the policy as negative 60 20

23 Perceive the policy as good 12 4

24 Perceive the policy as bad 100 33.3

25 Perceive the policy as people-oriented 10 3

26 Perceive the policy as anti-people 75 25

27 Perceive the policy as progressive 0 0

28 Perceive the policy as retrogressive 25 8.3

29 Perceive the policy as right economic policy 0 0

30 Perceive the policy as wrong economic 18 6

policy

Total 300 100

Table 4.3.3 shows respondents’ perception of new Naira redesign policy. As many as 100

respondents representing 33.3% perceived the new Naira redesign policy as a bad policy;

75 respondents representing 25% perceived the new Naira redesign policy as anti-people

41
 policy; 60 respondents representing 20% perceived the new Naira redesign policy as a

negative policy; 25 respondents representing 8.3% perceived the new Naira redesign policy

as a retrogressive policy; 18 respondents representing 6% perceived the new Naira

redesign policy a wrong economic policy. However, 12 respondents representing 4%

perceived the new Naira redesign policy as a good policy; 10 respondents representing 3%

perceived the new Naira redesign policy as people-oriented policy but no respondent

perceived the policy as positive, progressive or right economic policy. This shows that a lot

of people perceived the policy as a wrong economic policy that had negative impact on the

lives of the people.

4.4 Discussion of findings

To analyze how facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in

Nigeria has impacted on people’s reaction towards the policy.

Findings from research question revealed how people reacted to the new Naira redesign

policy by the CBN. The results show many respondents representing 35% were displeased

with the policy, some disapproved of the policy while others were scared and viewed the

policy with doubt. With this revelation, it is obvious that many people were not happy and

comfortable with new Naira redesign policy of the CBN as reported by Facebook and

Tiktok.

This is in line with the observation of Muda (2023) that the new Naira redesign policy of

the CBN was going to create lots of inconveniences for the people. The unbanked and the

elderly may not be able to cope since we don’t have banks in most local government areas.

42
Similarly, Morgen (2022) estimates that the Naira redesign policy of the CBN had a

negative impact on 84.5% of Nigerians, with young people suffering the most.

To determine the extent the facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign

Policy in Nigeria has affected the people’s economic participation.

Research question two raises the question to what extent facebook and tiktok framing of

new Naira redesign policy affected respondent’s economic participation during the policy.

Findings show that many Nigerians had very low economic participation during the policy

as a result of cash crunch where people were finding it extremely difficult to find cash to

spend and many other people had a very poor participation in the economy; 60 respondents

representing 20% said their participation was poor economically; 45 respondents

representing 15% said their economic participation was negative while 25 respondents

representing 8.3% had a low economic participation but none of the respondents agreed

that their economic participation was high or very high; excellent or very excellent, even

positive.

This suggests that economic performance of the people was very poor, negative and low

during the new Naira redesign policy of CBN. This is in conformity with the findings of

SBM report (2022) that participants between the ages of 18 and 49 were more devastated

by the disastrous policy. The same report revealed that 90.9% of those who participated

between the ages of 18 and 29 attesting to have suffered negative effects from the cash

crunch.

To evaluate how the facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in

Nigeria has influenced people’s perception of the policy.

43
Research question three shows how facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira redesign

policy of CBN has influenced respondents’ perception of the policy. Findings reveal that

overwhelming number of respondents representing 33.3% perceived the new Naira

redesign policy as a bad policy and other respondents perceived the policy as anti-people

policy, negative policy, retrogressive policy and wrong economic policy. However, a

negligible number of respondents perceived the new Naira redesign policy as good and

people-oriented policy but no respondent perceived the policy as positive, progressive or

right economic policy.

This shows that a lot of people perceived the policy as a wrong economic policy that has

no positive impact on the lives of the people. This is line with Olakunle (2023)’s view that

the large number of Nigerians have a wrong perception of the naira redesign policy of the

Central Bank of Nigeria. Olakunle (2023) also found out that a large number of people

misconceived or have wrong perception of the new naira redesign policy of the CBN.

In all of these three research questions, their findings so far confirm that media framing

has strong impact on audience reactions and perceptions of the news item. It has

confirmed also that facebook and tiktok framing of new Naira redesign policy of the

CBN has truly influenced users’ reactions and perceptions of the policy. This further

affirms what Stasik (2021) averred that frame can control how the audience interprets

certain meanings and how they are accepted.

44
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0. Introduction

This chapter deals with the summary, conclusion and recommendations.

5.1 Summary

The study was aimed at assessing influence of Facebook and Tiktok framing of the

naira redesign policy on reactions to the policy at Madalla, Minna, Nigeria. In the

background to the study some previous research works were reviewed. Conceptual

framework and empirical studies were also reviewed. The study adopted the framing

theory to explain the influence and capacity of media frame. Three hundred and fifty (350)

copies of questionnaire were administered to the respondents to elicit their views and

opinions on the subject matter and three hundred (300) copies were retrieved. The method

used was survey research and data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistic

(mean), thus making the result quantitative.

Finally, based on the study, the researcher finds that facebook and titktok framing

has the ability to affect how people react to the new Naira redesign policy by the CBN. The

result show many respondents were displeased with the policy, as some respondents

disapproved of the policy while others were scared and viewed the policy with doubt. With

this revelation, it is obvious that many people were not happy and comfortable with new

Naira redesign policy of the CBN as reported by Facebook and Tiktok.

The second finding also revealed that facebook and titktok framing of the new

Naira redesign policy of CBN affected people’s economic performance. Similarly,

45
 facebook and titktok framing of the new Naira redesign policy of CBN also influenced

people’s perception of the policy.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, this study has shed light on facebook and tiktok framing of the new

Naira redesign policy of the CBN. The findings indicate that facebook and tiktok framing

of the policy has affected the people’s reaction as overwhelming number of respondents

were displeased and disapproved of the policy. Findings revealed that people’s perception

of the policy was negatively influenced as a great number of the respondents perceived the

policy as anti-people, bad and wrong economic policy. Findings have also shown that

facebook and tiktok framing has impacted negatively on the economic participation of the

people as large number of respondents’ economic performance was very poor, negative

and low during the new Naira redesign policy of CBN.

The implication of the findings is that media frame has the capacity to change,

alter, influence and impact on people’s reaction and perception of any government policy.

The way and manner a news item is framed and reported can impact heavily on the

audience’s perception and reactions towards the item being reported.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

1. Consider patriotism in framing stories: It is clear from the findings that the way

people reacted and perceived the new Naira redesign policy was as a result of the way

facebook users framed stories about the policy. The facebook users and tiktokers

should always be patriotic in their framing of any news story to reflect love for their

country.

46
2. Increase positive reporting: Online media should de-emphasize the use of negative

framing of stories. News stories about national issues should be reported in a more

positive light in order to promote national cohesion and development.

3. Online media should portray government policy as good and people-oriented policy.

4. Social media practitioners should tailor the news content and news value to reflect the

promotion and development of government activities.

5. A similar study should be carried out in another social media platforms or

comparative study of online media and conventional media.

47
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52
 APPENDIX A

QUESTIONNAIRE

Department of Mass Communication

Faculty of Social Science
National Open University of Nigeria,
Minna.
22nd May, 2023.

Dear Respondent,

QUESTIONNAIRE

This questionnaire is designed by the researcher to assist in the collection of data

for a research work. The researcher is interested in assessing “influence of Facebook and

Tiktok framing of the naira redesign policy on reactions to the policy at Madalla, Minna,

Nigeria.” and whatever information that is given will be purely used for academic purpose

and it would be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Yours faithfully,

Kassim, Rabiu
NOU222057725

53
 QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION ‘A’

Instruction: Read the instruction properly and tick (√) appropriately the

option your choice.

Section A: Presentation and analysis of demographic data of respondents

1. Gender of the respondents

Male { }

Female { }

2. Age of the respondents

15- 25 years { }

26- 35 years { }

36 – 45 years { }

46 – 55 years { }

56 – 65 years { }

3. Marital status of the respondents

Married { }
Single { }
Divorced { }

4. Occupation of the respondents

Farmer { }

Civil servant { }

Security personnel { }

Trader { }

Student { }

54
 Artisan { }

5. Academic qualification of the respondents

HND/BA/BSC { }

NCE/OND { }

Pry/SSCE/GCE { }

Uneducated { }

6. Preference of social media usage

Facebook { }

Twitter { }

Tiktok { }

Instagram { }

Snapchat { }

Others { }

7. Reliance on Facebook and Tiktok to get news

Frequently { }

Occasionally { }

Rarely { }

Never { }

Section B:

Research question 1:

How did the facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in Nigeria

impact on people’s reactions towards the policy?

55
a. Pleased with the policy { }

b. Displeased with the policy { }

c. Skeptical of the policy { }

d. Indifferent to the policy { }

e. Viewed the policy with doubt { }

f. Viewed the policy with certainty { }

g. Approved of the policy { }

h. Disapproved of the policy { }

i. Scared of the policy { }

j. Confident of the policy { }

Research question 2:

i. To what extent did facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign

Policy in Nigeria affect the people’s economic participation?

People’s economic participation

a. High { }

b. Very high { }

c. Low { }

d. Very low { }

e. Excellent { }

f. Very excellent { }

g. Poor { }

h. Very poor { }

i. Positive { }

56
 j. Negative { }

Research question 3:

How did facebook and tiktok framing of the new Naira Redesign Policy in Nigeria

influence people’s perception of the policy?

Respondents’ perception of the policy

a. Perceive the policy as positive { }

b. Perceive the policy as negative { }

c. Perceive the policy as good { }

d. Perceive the policy as bad { }

e. Perceive the policy as people-oriented { }

f Perceive the policy as anti-people { }

g. Perceive the policy as progressive { }

h. Perceive the policy as retrogressive { }

i. Perceive the policy as right economic policy { }

j. Perceive the policy as wrong economic policy { }

57