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3.2 The natural logarithm and the function y = loge(x)
3.2.1 Defining the natural logarithm
Recall from chapter 1 that the term logarithm is another name for the exponent, index or power, including
expressions in e.
Consider the following indicial equations.
Exponent Exponent
↓ ↓
Base number → 102 = 100 Base number → e p = q

Written as logarithms they become:

log10 (100) = 2 ← Exponent loge q = ( p) ← Exponent
↑ ↑
Base number Base number
The logarithm in base e is known as the natural logarithm or the Napierian logarithm.
The natural logarithm is written as loge (x) or ln(x). ( )
The logarithmic laws apply in the normal way when e is the base.

The logarithm laws

1. loga (m) + loga (n) = loga (mn)
( )
m
2. loga (m) − loga (n) = loga
n
3. loga (mn ) = n loga (m)
4. loga (1) = 0
5. loga (a) = 1
6. loga (0) = undefined
7. loga (x) is defined for x > 0 and a ∈ R+ \ {1}.
( )
8. aloga m = m

WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Solve the following for x, giving your answers correct to 3 decimal places where appropriate.
a. log e (x) = 3 b. ln(x) + ln(2) = ln(6)

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Rewrite the equation as an exponential. a. loge (x) = 3
e3 = x
2. Evaluate. x = 20.085 536 9
3. Answer the question. x = 20.086 (to 3 decimal places)
b. 1. Apply log laws to rewrite the equation. b. ln(x) + ln(2) = ln(6)
ln(2x) = ln(6)
(2x) = 6
2. Answer the question. x=3

84 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

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Exercise 3.2 The natural logarithm and the function y = loge (x)
Technology active
1. WE1 Solve for x in each of the following. Give exact answers when appropriate; otherwise, give
answers correct to 3 decimal places.
a. loge (x) = 1 b. loge (x) = 2 c. loge (x) = −2
d. loge (x) = −1 e. loge (x) = 0.3 f. loge (x) = −0.69
2. Solve the following for x. Give exact answers when appropriate; otherwise, give answers correct to
3 decimal places.
a. loge (2x) = 2 b. loge (3x) = 1 c. loge (x3 ) = 3
3. Solve the following for x. Give exact answers when appropriate; otherwise, give answers correct
to 3 decimal places.
a. loge (x − 1) = −1 b. loge (2x + 1) = −2 c. loge (−x) = 0.36
d. loge (−x) = 0.72 e. loge (1 − x) = −0.54 f. loge (2 + x) = −0.83
4. WE2 Solve the following for x. Give exact answers when appropriate; otherwise, give answers correct

to 3 decimal places.
a. loge (x) + loge (5) = 8 b. 2 ln(x) − ln(5) = 9
c. 1 + ln(x) = ln(6) d. 2 − loge (x) = loge 10
5. Solve the following for x, giving exact answers.
a. loge (x) + loge (5) − loge (10) = loge (3) b. loge (x) + loge (3) − loge (9) = loge (4)
c. 2 loge (3) + loge (x) − loge (2) = loge (3) d. 3 loge (2) + loge (x) − loge (4) = loge (5)
e. loge (6) + loge (2) − loge (x) = loge (4) f. loge (4) + loge (3) − loge (x) = loge (2)
6. Solve the following for x, giving exact answers.
a. loge (x) + loge (x + 1) = loge (2) b. loge (x) + loge (2x − 1) = loge (3)
c. loge (x − 1) + loge (x + 2) = loge (4) d. loge (x + 1) + loge (2x − 1) = loge (5)
7. MC If log y = log (x) + log (a), then an equation relating x and y that does not involve logarithms is:
e e e
x
A. y = x + a B. y = ax C. y = x − a D. y =
a
8. MC In the equation 2 log (x) − log (3x) = a, x equals:
e e
A. 3ea B. y = ax C. 3a D. loge (6a)
9. Write the following equation without logarithms and with y as the subject.

2 loge (x) + 1 = loge (y)

10. WE3 Sketch the graphs of the following functions, showing all important characteristics. State the
domain and range for each graph.
a. y = loge (x + 4) b. y = loge (x) + 2
c. y = 4 loge (x) d. y = − loge (x − 4)
11. Sketch the following graphs, clearly showing any axis intercepts and asymptotes.
a. y = loge (x) + 3 b. y = loge (x) − 5 c. y = loge (x) + 0.5
12. Sketch the following graphs, clearly showing any axis intercepts and asymptotes.
a. y = loge (x − 4) b. y = loge (x + 2) c. y = loge (x + 0.5)
13. Sketch the following graphs, clearly showing any axis intercepts and asymptotes.
1
a. y = loge (x) b. y = 3 loge (x) c. y = 6 loge (x)
4
14. Sketch the following graphs, clearly showing any axis intercepts and asymptotes.
( )
x
a. y = loge (3x) b. y = loge c. y = loge (4x)
4

CHAPTER 3 Calculus of logarithmic functions 89

15. Sketch the following graphs, clearly showing any axis intercepts and asymptotes. ( )
1 x
a. y = 1 − 2 loge (x − 1) b. y = loge (2x + 4) c. y = loge +1
2 4
16. The rule for the function shown is y = loge (x − m) + n.
Find the values of the constants m and n.

(e + 2, 3)

0 x

x=2

17. A logarithmic function with the rule of the form y = p loge (x − q) passes through the points (0, 0) and
(1, −0.35). Determine the values of the constants p and q.
18. The graph of a logarithmic function of the form y
y = a loge (x − h) + k is shown. Determine the values
of a, h and k.
19. The graph of y = m log2 (nx) passes through the points
( )
1 1
(−2, 3) and − , . Show that the values of m and n 0 (1, 0) x
2 2
7 (0, –2)
are 1.25 and −2 5 respectively.
20. Consider the function f (x) = 2 loge (3x + 3).
a. State the domain and range of the function, f.
b. Define the inverse function, f −1 . x = –1
c. State the domain and range of the inverse function, f −1 .
d. On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of f and f −1 .
e. Use technology to give the coordinates of any points of intersection, correct to 2 decimal places.

90 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

3.3 The derivative of y = loge(x)
3.3.1 Proof for the derivative of y = loge (x)
The proof for the derivative of y = loge (x) relies on its link to its inverse function y = ex along with the
chain rule.
Let y = loge (x).
Then x = ey .
Differentiate both sides with respect to x:
d d
(x) = (ey )
dx dx
dy d ( f (x) )
1 = ey × (using the formula e = f ′ (x) × e f (x) )
dx dx
dy 1
= y
dx e
dy 1
Substitute x = ey : = , x > 0 (Note: The log function y = loge (x) has a restricted domain, x > 0.)
dx x

3.3.2 The derivative of y = loge f(x)

Let y = loge f (x). Then f (x) = ey .
Differentiate both sides with respect to x:

d d
(f (x)) = (ey )
dx dx
dy d ( f (x) )
f ′ (x) = ey × (using the formula e = f ′ (x) × e f (x) )
dx dx
dy f ′ (x)
= y
dx e
dy f ′ (x)
Substitute f (x) = ey : =
dx f (x)

The differential of loge (x)

d 1
(loge (x)) =
dx x
d f ′ (x)
(loge ( f (x))) =
dx f (x)
or
d 1 du
(loge (u)) = × where u = f (x)
dx u dx

Note: The above rules are only applicable for logarithmic functions of base e.
dy 4 1
For example, if y = loge (4x), = = .
dx 4x x

CHAPTER 3 Calculus of logarithmic functions 91

 WORKED EXAMPLE 4
Differentiate the following functions by first simplifying using the log laws.
( )
a. y = 3 loge (2x) b. y = 3 loge √x

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Simplify the function by applying the log laws. a. y = 3 loge (2x)
y = 3 (loge (2) + loge (x))
y = 3 loge (2) + 3 loge (x)
dy 1
2. Differentiate the function. =0+3×
dx x
dy 3
3. Simplify. =
dx x
b. 1. Rewrite the function using fractional indices. b. y = 3 loge √x ( ))
(
1
y = 3 loge x 2
1
2. Simplify by applying the log laws. y=3× × loge (x)
2
3
y= loge (x)
2
dy 3 1
3. Differentiate the function. = ×
dx 2 x
dy 3
4. Simplify. =
dx 2x

WORKED EXAMPLE 5

d f ′ (x)
Differentiate the following using the formula (loge ( f (x))) = ′ .
dx f ( x)
a. y = ln (2x + 1) b. y = 4 ln (−3x), x < 0
c. y = 5 ln (x2 ) d. y = loge (3x2 − 13x + 15)

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Let y = ln(2x + 1) = ln( f (x)). a. f (x) = 2x + 1
State f (x) and f ′ (x). f ′ (x) = 2
d f ′ (x) dy 2
2. Substitute into the formula (ln( f (x))) = . =
dx f (x) dx 2x + 1
b. 1. Let y = 4 ln(−3x) = 4 ln f (x), x < 0. b. f (x) = −3x
State f (x) and f ′ (x). f ′ (x) = −3
d f ′ (x) dy −3
2. Substitute into the formula (ln( f (x))) = . =4×
dx f (x) dx −3x
dy 4
3. Simplify. = ,x < 0
d 1 dx x
Note: (loge (kx)) = may be useful.
dx x

92 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

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Technology active
2. Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the following functions at the specified point.
1
a. y = 2 ln(x), x = 5 b. y = ln (4x + 1), x = 2 c. y = ln (x2 + 3), x = 3
3
3. Find the equation of the tangent to each of the given curves at the specified point.
( )
3 1
a. y = loge (2x − 2) at ,0 b. y = 3 loge (x) at (e, 3) c. y = loge x2 at (e, 1)
2 2
4. a. Calculate the gradient of the curve y = 3 loge (x − 5) at the point where x = 6.
b. Hence, find the equations of the tangent to the curve and the line perpendicular to the curve at the
point where x = 6.
5. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 4 loge (3x − 1) at the point where the tangent is parallel
to the line 6x − y + 2 = 0.
6. Determine the equations of the tangent and the line perpendicular to the tangent to the curve
y = 7 ln(2x + 3) at the point where the tangent is parallel to the line 2x − y + 4 = 0.
7. The graph of the function defined by the rule y = 2 loge 2x is shown.
a. Find the derivative of y with respect to x.
( ) y
e
b. Find the equation of the tangent at ,2 .
2
8. The line y = x is a tangent to the curve y = loge (x − 1) + b, y = 2 loge (2x )
where b is a constant. Find the possible value of b.
9. The equation of a line perpendicular to the curve y = loge (2(x − 1))
has the equation y = −2x + k, where k is a constant. Find the 0 1,0 x
–
) )
value of k, correct to 1 decimal place. 2
10. Consider the function defined by the rule f (x) = ln(3 − x).
a. State the domain and range of the function f and explain why
x=0
the domain is restricted.
b. Calculate, in exact form, the coordinates of any axis intercepts of f.
c. Determine the equation of the inverse function, f −1 , and state the domain and range of the inverse
function.
d. State, in exact form, the coordinates of any axis intercepts of the inverse function, f −1 .
e. On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of f and f −1 , showing all relevant features.
f. Using technology, determine the coordinates of the point(s) of intersection of f and f −1 .
11. Consider the function defined by the rule f (x) = loge (2x − 1).
a. State the domain and range of the function f and explain why the domain is restricted.
b. Calculate, in exact form, the coordinates of any axis intercepts of f.
c. Determine the equation of the inverse function, f −1 , and state the domain and range of the inverse
function.
d. State, in exact form, the coordinates of any axis intercepts of the inverse function, f −1 .
e. On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of f and f −1 , showing all relevant features.
f. Explain why the two graphs do not intersect.
12. Consider the function defined by the rule f (x) = −2 ln(2 − x) − 1.
a. State the domain and range of the function f and explain why the domain is restricted.
b. Calculate, in exact form, the coordinates of any axis intercepts of f.
c. Determine the equation of the inverse function, f −1 , and state the domain and range of the inverse
function.
d. State, in exact form, the coordinates of any axis intercepts of the inverse function, f −1 .
e. On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of f and f −1 , showing all relevant features.
f. Using technology, determine the coordinates of the point(s) of intersection of f and f −1 . Give your
answers correct to 2 decimal places.

96 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

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 +BDBSBOEB .BUIT 2VFTU  .BUIFNBUJDBM .FUIPET 6OJUT    GPS 2VFFOTMBOE

 9. D
1
11. a. Domain: x > ; range: y ∈ R
10. D 2
11. A b. (1, 0)
7 2x(3x + 4) −1
1
′
12. a. f (x) =
′
b. f (x) = c. f (x) = (ex + 1); domain of f −1 (x): x ∈ R; range of
x x3 + 2x2 − 1 2
3ex −5 1
′
c. f (x) =
′
d. f (x) = f −1 (x): y >
ex + 1 x 2
13. B d. (0, 1)
14. The function y = ln(100x) can be simplified to e. 1
x=–
y = ln(100) + ln(x). The differential of a constant is zero, y 2
y=x
hence the differential of y = ln(100x) and y = ln(x) will be
the same. This would be true for any logarithmic function 1
y = – (ex + 1)
of the form y = ln(kx) where k is a constant. 2

(0, 1) 1
y=–
Exercise 3.4 Applications of logarithmic 2
functions 0 (1, 0) x
1. a. Domain: {x : x ∈ (2, ∞)}; range: {y : y ∈ R} y = ln(2x – 1)
b. a = 3
c. y = 2x − 6
1 3
d. y = − x +
2 2
dy 2 dy 4 dy 1 f. Inverse functions are reflections in the line y = x. The
2. a. = b. = c. = functions y = loge (x) and y = ex lie on either side of
dx 5 dx 27 dx 2
3. a. y = 2x − 3
y = x, so they do not intersect. The functions
3 1
b. y = x or 3x − ey = 0 f (x) = loge (2x − 1) and f −1 (x) = (ex + 1) have been
e 2
1 translated further away from the line of symmetry, so
c. y = x or x − ey = 0 there is no point of intersection.
e 12. a. Domain: x < 2; range: y ∈ R
dy ( )
4. a. =3 1
dx b. 2− , 0 and (0, −1 − 2 loge 2)
b. Tangent: y = 3x − 18; perpendicular: x + 3y − 6 = 0 √e
5. y = 6x + 4 loge 2 − 6 (approximately (1.4, 0), (0, −2.4))
6. Tangent: y = 2x − 4 + 7 loge 7 −1
( )
−1 c. f −1 (x) = 2 − e 2 x+1 ; domain of f −1 (x): x ∈ R; range of
−1
Perpendicular: y = x + 1 + 7 loge 7 or f (x): y < 2
2 ( )
x + 2y = 2 + 14 loge 7 1
d. 0, 2 − , (−1 − 2 loge 2, 0)
dy 2 4x √e
7. a. = b. y =
dx x e e. y (1.747, 1.747)
8. b = 2 y=2 (0, 1.393)
9. k = 7.4
10. a. Domain: x < 3; range: y ∈ R (–2.386, 0) (1.393, 0)
b. (2, 0), (0, loge 3) 0 x
−1
c. f (x) = 3 − ex ; domain of f −1 (x): x ∈ R; range of
−1 (0, –2.386)
f (x): y < 3
( )
x=2
d. (0, 2) and loge 3, 0 (–4.848, –4.848)
e. –1
y – (x + 1)
y=x y = 2 – e2
y = –2 ln(2 – x) – 1
y = 3 – ex
(0, 2) y=3 f. (−4.85, −4.85) and (1.75, 1.75)
y = ln(3 – x) 12(x − 2)
(0, 1.099) (0.792, 0.792) ′
13. a. f (x) =
0 x (x2 − 4x + 8)
(2, 0) b. (2, 6 loge 4)
c. Local minimum stationary point
(1.099, 0)
x=3

f. (0.792, 0.792), (–17.086, 2.999 999 96) and (2.999 999 96, −17.086)

CHAPTER 3 Calculus of logarithmic functions 103

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 b. y = −2 ln(x)
dy −11
8. a. =
Domain: x > 0 dx (2x + 1)(x − 5)
Range: y ∈ R dy −1
Asymptote: x = 0 b. =
dx x−3
Transformation: dilation of 2 from the x-axis and a dy 6(3x − 1)
reflection in the x-axis c. =
dx 9x2 − 6x + 7
y 9. A
10. D
11. A
y = –2 ln (x) 12. A
13. D
14. C
0 (1, 0) x 1 5
15. y = x+
or x − ey + 5 = 0
e ( e )
1
(2, –2 ln (2)) 16. a. D = {x: x ∈ −∞, }
3
b. (0, 0)
dh 1
x=0 c. =2× × −3
dx 1 − 3x
c. y = ln (2 − x)
Domain: x < 2 dh −6
=
Range: y ∈ R dx 1 − 3x
Asymptote: x = 2 1 dh
Transformation: horizontal translation of 2 units to the For x < , 1 − 3x > 0; hence, the rate of change is
right (in the positive direction) and a reflection in the 3 dx
always negative.
y-axis
−1
1 1 x
y d. i. f (x) = − e2
3 3
1
ii. Domain: x ∈ R; range: y <
y = ln (2 – x) 3
(0, 0.693)
e. y

0 (1, 0) x y = 2 loge (1 – 3x) 1

x=–
3
1
y=–
3
x x
0
y = 1– 1e
x=2 2
3 3 (0, 0)
d. y = −ln(−2x)
Domain: x < 0
Range: y ∈ R
Asymptote: x = 0
1
Transformation: dilation of a half from the y-axis, 17. a. m = −2, n = ,p=2
reflection in the y-axis, and reflection in the x-axis 2
b. Dilation of 2 from the y-axis, dilation of 2 from the
y
x-axis, reflection in the x-axis, and horizontal translation
in the negative direction of 2 units
−x
−1
c. f (x) = 2e 2 − 2
(–0.5, 0) Domain: x ∈ R
0 x Range: y > −2
y = –ln (–2x) Asymptote: y = −2
d.
(–1, –ln (2)) y = –2 loge –
3 (
1 (x + 2)
y
)
x=0
x = –2
dy x−1
7. a. = ; no restrictions on x. Domain: x ∈ R
dx x2 − 2x + 7
dy −5 (0, 0)
b. = ; x < −2 or x > 3 0 x
dx (x + 2)(x − 3)
dy 2 –x
c. = ; x ∈ R, x ≠ −2 –
dx x+2 y = 2e 2 – 2
y = –2

CHAPTER 3 Calculus of logarithmic functions 105

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