CBSE Notes for Class 6 Maths

CBSE board is an organization introduced by the government of India, which is designed to

enhance and to support both central and state educational management. The main aim of this
organization is to provide additional information about the subject through practical
knowledge instead of theoretical.
The CBSE Class 6 Maths notes are designed by the subject experts and are as per the NCERT
guidelines. These notes are widely helpful for all students, as it provides the best explanation
and important questions for better performance in their Exams. Apart from the questions, the
CBSE Class 6 Maths Notes also include multiple-choice questions and other objective
questions where students can practice by solving more number of problems. These CBSE
notes are available on our website in pdf format which can be easily downloaded and can be
used for their class assignments and also during their exam preparation.

Access CBSE Notes Class 6 Maths

Check the links given below for more information about each chapter given in the Class 6
Maths syllabus

CBSE Class 6 Maths Notes

Chapter 1 – Knowing Our Numbers

Chapter 2 – Whole Numbers

Chapter 3 – Playing With Numbers

Chapter 4 – Basic Geometrical Ideas

Chapter 5 – Understanding Elementary Shapes

Chapter 6 – Integers

Chapter 7 – Fractions

Chapter 8 – Decimals

Chapter 9 – Data Handling

Chapter 10 – Mensuration

Chapter 11 – Algebra

Chapter 12 – Ratio and Proportion

Chapter 13 – Symmetry

Chapter 14 – Practical Geometry

For more CBSE Class 6 Maths Notes, check the links given below:

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 Previous Year Papers For CBSE Class 6 CBSE Class 6 Maths Question Paper

Class 6 notes - Chapter 1_ Knowing our Numbers

A number is a mathematical value used to count and measure different objects. With the help
of the numbers we all are able to add, subtract, divide and multiple. Here we will be learning
how to compare numbers, expand the number and also learn about the largest and the
smallest numbers.
Roman numerals and the Hindu-Arabic numeral system are the two different types of number
system used for writing numbers in many places. We all can see the roman numerals in
clocks, page numbers, school timetable in syllabus page, etc.

Introduction

Introduction to numbers
 Numbers are arithmetic values.
 Numbers are used to convey the magnitude of everything around us.

Comparing numbers
Comparing numbers when the total number of digits is different

 The number with most number of digits is the largest number by magnitude and the number
with least number of digits is the smallest number.
Example: Consider numbers: 22, 123, 9, 345, 3005. The largest number is 3005 (4 digits) and
the smallest number is 9 (only 1 digit)
Comparing numbers when the total number of digits is same

 The number with highest leftmost digit is the largest number. If this digit also happens to be
the same, we look at the next leftmost digit and so on.
Example: 340, 347, 560, 280, 265. The largest number is 560 (leftmost digit is 5) and the
smallest number is 265 (on comparing 265 and 280, 6 is less than 8).

Ascending and Descending Order and Shifting

Digits

Ascending order and Descending order

 Ascending Order: Arranging numbers from the smallest to the greatest.
 Descending Order: Arranging numbers from the greatest to the smallest number.
 Example: Consider a group of numbers: 32, 12, 90, 433, 9999 and 109020.
They can be arranged in descending order as 109020, 9999, 433, 90, 32 and 12, and
in ascending order as 12, 32, 90, 433, 9999 and 109020.

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To know more about Ascending Order, visit here.
To know more about descending Order, visit here.

How many numbers can be formed using a certain number of

digits?
 If a certain number of digits are given, we can make different numbers having the same
number of digits by interchanging positions of digits.
 Example: Consider 4 digits: 3, 0, 9, 6. Using these four digits,
(i) Largest number possible = 9630
(ii) Smallest number possible = 3069 (Since 4 digit number cannot have 0 as the leftmost
number, as the number then will become a 3 digit number)

Shifting digits
 Changing the position of digits in a number, changes magnitude of the number.
 Example: Consider a number 789. If we swap the hundredths place digit with the digit at
units place, we will get 987 which is greater than 789.
Similarly, if we exchange the tenths place with the units place, we get 798, which is greater
than 789.

Place value
 Each place in a number, has a value of 10 times the place to its right.
 Example: Consider number 789.
(i) Place value of 7 = 700
(ii) Place value of 8 = 80
(iii) Place value of 9 = 9
To know more about Place Value, visit here

Larger Numbers and Estimates

Introducing large numbers

Large numbers can be easily represented using the place value. It goes in the ascending order
as shown below

8 digits 7 digits 6 digits 5 digits 4 digits 3 digits

10 1 million Hundred
Ten
million Thousands Thousands Hundreds
(10 Thousands
(1 crore) lakhs) (1 lakh)

 Largest 3 digit number + 1 = Smallest 4 digit number.

 Largest 4 digit number + 1 = Smallest 5 digit number, and so on.
Example: 9999 (greatest 4 digit number) + 1 = 10,000 (smallest 5 digit number)

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  We can convert every large numbers in terms of smaller numbers:
Remember, 1 hundred = 10 tens
1 thousand = 10 hundreds = 100 tens
1 lakh = 100 thousands = 1000 thousands
1 crore = 100 lakhs = 10,000 thousands
To know more about “Introduction of Large Number”, visit here

Estimation
 When there is a very large figure, we approximate that number to the nearest plausible
value. This is called estimation.
 Estimating depends on the degree of accuracy required and how quickly the estimate is
needed.
 Example:

Given Number Appropriate to Nearest Rounded Form

75847 Tens 75850

75847 Hundreds 75800

75847 Thousands 76000

75847 Tenth thousands 80000

To know more about “Estimation of Numbers”, visit here

Estimating sum or difference

 Estimations are used in adding and subtracting numbers.

 Example of estimation in addition: Estimate 7890 + 437.

Here 7890 > 437.
Therefore, round off to hundreds.
7890 is rounded off to 7900
437 is rounded off to + 400
Estimated Sum = 8300
Actual Sum = 8327
 Example of estimation in subtraction: Estimate 5678 – 1090.
Here 5678 > 1090.
Therefore, round off to thousands.
5678 is rounded off to 6000
1090 is rounded off to – 1000
Estimated Difference = 5000
Actual Difference = 4588

Estimating products of numbers

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  Round off each factor to its greatest place, then multiply the rounded off factors.
 Estimating the product of 199 and 31:
199 is rounded off to 200
31 is rounded off to 30
Estimated Product = 200 × 30 = 6000
Actual Result = 199 × 31 = 6169

BODMAS

BODMAS
 We follow an order to carry out mathematical operations. It is called as BODMAS rule.

While solving mathematical expressions, parts inside a bracket are always done first,
followed by of, then division, and so on.

 Example :
[(5 + 1) × 2] ÷ (2 × 3) + 2 – 2 = ?
[(5 + 1) × 2] ÷ (2 × 2) + 2 – 2….{Solve everything which is inside the brackets}
= [6 × 2] ÷ 6 + 2 – 2…..{Multiplication inside brackets}
= 12 ÷ 6 + 2 – 2……{Division}
= 2 + 2 – 2……{Addition}
= 4 – 2…….{Subtraction}
=2

Using brackets
1. Using brackets can simplify mathematical calculations.
2. Example :

 7 × 109 = 7 × (100 + 9) = 7 × 100 + 7 × 9 = 700 + 63 = 763

 7 × 100 + 6 × 100 = 100 × (7 + 6) = 100 × 13 = 1300

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For More Information On BODMAS, Watch The Below Video.

To know more about “BODMAS”, visit here.

Roman Numerals
 Digits 09 in Roman are represented as : I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X
 Some other Roman numbers are : I = 1, V = 5 , X = 10 , L = 50 , C = 100 , D = 500 , M = 1000
Rules for writing Roman numerals

 If a symbol is repeated, its value is added as many times as it occurs.

Example: XX = 10 + 10 = 20
 A symbol is not repeated more than three times. But the symbols X, L and D are never
repeated.
 If a symbol of smaller value is written to the right of a symbol of greater value, its value gets
added to the value of greater symbol.
Example: VII = 5 + 2 = 7
 If a symbol of smaller value is written to the left of a symbol of greater value, its value is
subtracted from the value of greater symbol.
Example: IX = 10 – 1 = 9.
 Some examples : 105 = CV , 73 = LXXIII and 192 = 100 + 90 + 2 = C XC II = CXCII

For More Information On Roman Numerals, Watch The Below

Video.

To know more about “Roman Numerals”, visit here.

Learn more about the numbers from the topics given below:

Real Numbers Number System

Whole Numbers Natural Numbers

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Class 6 notes - Chapter 2_ Whole Numbers
We have learned about the natural numbers from 1 to 10. Whole numbers are the set natural
numbers including with zero. 0 is the smallest whole number. Whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3,
……… All-natural numbers are whole numbers, but all whole numbers are not natural
numbers

Properties of Whole Numbers

1. Addition and multiplication of any 2 whole number give a whole number.
2. Subtraction and division of any 2 whole number may or may not give a whole number.

To know more about Whole Numbers, visit here.

What is a Number line?

A number line is a picture of a graduated straight and horizontal line in which numbers are
written. A number written on the left-hand side of the number line is lesser and number
written on the right-hand side of the number line is greater. Lets us look into some solved
example problems.
Find 12 × 35 using distributivity.
12 × 35 = 12 × (30 + 5)
= 12 × 30 +12 × 5
= 360 + 60 = 420.
Calculate – (2 + 3) + 4 = ? = 5+ 4 = 9.
To know more about Number Lines, visit here.

Evolution of Numbers

Natural numbers
 Numbers that are used for counting and ordering are called natural Numbers.
 1,2,3,4,5,6… are natural numbers
To know more about Natural Numbers, visit here.

Whole numbers
 Natural numbers along with zero form the collection of whole numbers.
 0,1,2,3,4,5… are called whole numbers.

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For More Information On Number Systems, Watch The Below
Video.

Predecessors and Successors

Predecessor and Successor

 A successor of any number is the next number to it, which is obtained by adding 1.
 A predecessor of any number is the previous number to it, which is obtained by subtracting
1.
 For example, predecessor and successor of the number 12 is 12 – 1 and 12 + 1 which is 11
and 13

For More Information On Predecessors and Successors,

Watch The Below Video.

Where Do Whole Numbers Live?

Number Line
 It is the infinitely long line containing all the whole numbers.
 The line starts at zero, and any two consecutive whole numbers have the same distance
between them.

To know more about Number Lines, visit here.

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Describing Number Line

Operations on a number line

⇒ Addition on a number line. For example, addition of 1 and 5 (1 + 5 = 6). First, locate 1
on the number line. Then move 5 places to the right will give 6.

⇒ Subtraction on a number line. For example, subtraction of 3 from 7 (7 – 3 = 4). First,

locate 7 on the number line. Then move 3 places to the left will give 4.

⇒ Multiplication on a number line. For example product of 3 and 4 (3 × 4 = 12). Start from
0 and skip 3 places to the right 4 times.

⇒ Division on a number line. For example 6 ÷ 3 = 2. Start from 6 and subtract 3 for a
number of times till 0 is reached. The number of times 3 is subtracted gives the quotient.

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Properties of Operators: Commutative
Associative and Distributive

Division by zero
Division of any whole number by 0 is not defined.
Mathematical operations are simplified due to certain properties that every number follows.
They are:

 Commutative property
Addition and multiplication are commutative for whole numbers. i.e whole numbers can be
added or multiplied in any order.
For e.g: 2 + 3 = 5 = 3 + 3 × 4 = 12 = 4 × 3

 To know more about Commutative Property, visit here.

Associative property
Associativity of addition and multiplication
For eg: (5 +6) + 4 = 15 = 5 + (6 + 4)
(2 × 3) × 4 = 24 =2 × (3 × 4)

 To know more about Associative Property, visit here.

Distributive Property
With distributivity property, 4 × (5 + 3) can be written as (4 × 5) + (4 × 3)
Here, 4 × (5 + 3) = 4 × 13 = 52
Also, (4 × 5) + (4 × 3) = 20 + 32 = 52
There exists certain numbers, when included in mathematical operations like addition and
multiplication, the value of the operation remains unchanged. Such numbers are called as
identities.
To know more about Distributive Properties, visit here.

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Additive Identity
Additive identity gives the same whole number when added to another whole number.
Zero is the additive identity as a + 0 = a, (a is any whole number).

Multiplicative Identity
Multiplicative identity gives the same whole number when multiplied by another whole
number.
1 is the Multiplicative identity as a × 1 = a, (a is any whole number)
To know more about Additive Identity and Multiplicative Identity, visit here.

Let’s Play With Whole Numbers

Patterns
 Every number can be arranged as a line.

 E.g : 5 = •••••
 Some whole numbers can be expressed as squares.

 E.g :
 Some whole numbers can be expressed as rectangles.
 E.g : 6 can be shown as 3 × 2

 Some numbers can also be arranged as triangles.

Numbers between square numbers

 Between 2 successive square numbers there exists 2n non-square numbers. Between, n² and
(n + 1)² there are non-square numbers. Here is a whole number.
 For example, between 9 (3)² and 16 (4)², there are 10 , 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 which is 6 = 2 × 3
numbers.

Adding odd numbers

 Sum of the first n natural odd numbers gives n² which is a perfect square.
 For example : Sum of first 5 natural odd numbers ⇒ 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 5²

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Properties of Operators: Closure Properties

Closure property
Whole numbers are closed under addition and also under multiplication.

3 + 1 = 4, a whole number

5 + 3 = 8, a whole number

4 × 4 = 16, a whole number

9 × 2 = 18, a whole number

Whole numbers are not closed under subtraction and division.

8 – 5 = 3, a whole number

5 – 8 = -3, not a whole number

12 ÷ 4 = 3, a whole number

9 ÷ 2 = 9/2, not a whole number

Learn more about the whole numbers from the topics given below:

Real Numbers Number System

Whole Numbers Natural Numbers

Class 6 notes - Chapter 3_ Playing with numbers

A number is defined as an arithmetical value, expressed by a word, symbol, and figures.
These numbers can be written in single digits, double digits, three-digits in the generalized
form.

Types of Numbers
A number system is a system of writing for expressing numbers. According to the number
system, the different types of a number includes:

 Prime numbers
 Even numbers
 Odd numbers

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  Whole numbers
 Natural numbers
 Composite numbers

For More Information On Number Systems, Watch The Below

Video.

To know more about Different Types of Numbers, visit here.

Lets us look into some solved example problems.
Write all the factors of 65
65 is a composite number.
65 = 1 × 65
5 x 13 = 65
Factors of 65: 1, 5, 13, 65.
Find the common factors of: 850 and 680
The common factors of 850 and 680 are 2, 5 and 17.

Facts About Factors and Multiples

Factors
A factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.
Example: 1, 2, 3, and 6 are the factors of 6.
For More Information On Factors and Common Factors,
Watch The Below Video.

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Properties of factors
Properties of factors of a number:

 1 is a factor of every number.

 Every number is a factor of itself.
 Every factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.
 Every factor is less than or equal to the given number.
 Number of factors of a given number are finite.
To know more about Factors and Mutiples, visit here.

Perfect numbers
A number for which sum of all its factors is equal to twice the number is called
a perfect number.
Example: Factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28.
Here, 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 + 28 = 56 = 2 × 28
Therefore, sum of factors of 28 is equal to twice the number 28.
To know more about Perfect Numbers, visit here.

Multiples
Multiples of a number are those numbers which we get on multiplying the number by any
integer.
Example: Multiples of 3 are 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 etc.

Properties of multiples
Properties of multiples of a number:

 Every multiple of a number is greater than or equal to that number.

 Number of multiples of a given number is infinite.
 Every number is a multiple of itself.

Ones with the One and the Others

Prime numbers
Numbers other than 1 whose only factors are 1 and the number itself are called Prime
numbers.
Example: 2, 3, 5, 7 etc.

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For More Information On Prime Numbers, Watch The Below
Video.

To know more about Prime Numbers, visit here.

Composite numbers
Numbers having more than two factors are called Composite numbers.
Example: 4, 6, 8 etc.
To know more about Composite Numbers, visit here.

Divisible by 2 or 5 or Both

Divisibility Tests
A divisibility rule is a method of determining whether a given integer is divisible by a fixed
divisor without performing division, usually by examining its digits.
We have divisibility rules for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.

Divisibility tests for 2

If one’s digit of a number is 0,2,4,6 or 8, then the number is divisible by 2.
Example: 12, 34, 56 and 78.

Divisibility tests for 4

A number with 3 or more digits is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last two digits
(i.e. ones and tens) is divisible by 4.
Example: 1396 is divisible by 4 since its last two digits i.e. 36 is divisible by 4.

Divisibility tests for 3

A number is divisible by 3, if sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Example: Take 27.
Sum of its digits = 2+7= 9, which is divisible by 3.
Therefore, 27 is divisible by 3.

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For More Information On Divisibility Tests, Watch The Below
Video.

Divisibility tests for 5

If the one’s digit of a number is either 5 or 0, then it is divisible by 5.
Example: 75, 90, 100 and 125.

Divisibility tests for 8

A number with 4 or more digits is divisible by 8, if the number formed by its last three digits
is divisible by 8.
Example: 73512 is divisible by 8 since its last three digits i.e. 512 is divisible by 8.

Divisibility tests for 6

If a number is divisible by 2 and 3 both, then it is divisible by 6 also.
Example: 120 is divisible by 2 and 3. Therefore, it is divisible by 6 also.

Divisibility tests for 7

Double the last digit and subtract it from the remaining leading cut number. If result is
divisible by 7, then the original number is divisible by 7. Example: 826 is divisible by 7
since, 82 – (6 × 2) = 82 – 12 =70, which is divisible by 7.

Divisibility tests for 9

A number is divisible by 9 if sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
Example: Consider 126.
Sum of its digits = 1+2+6 = 9, which is divisible by 9.
Therefore, 126 is divisible by 9.

Divisibility tests for 11

Find difference between sum of digits at odd places (from the right) and sum of digits at even
places (from the right) of a number. If the difference is either 0 or divisible by 11, then the
number is divisible by 11.
Example: 1234321 is divisible by 11 since, (1+3+3+1) – (2+4+2) = 8 – 8 = 0, which is
divisible by 11.

Divisibility tests for 10

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If one’s digit of a number is 0, then the number is divisible by 10.
Example: 10, 20, 30 and 40.
To know more about Divisibility Rules, visit here.

Common factors
The factors of 4 are 1, 2 and 4.
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18.
The numbers 1 and 2 are common factors of both 4 and 18.
For More Information On Common Factors, Watch The Below
Video.

Common multiples
Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18,….
Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,…
Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36,…
Therefore, common multiples of 3, 5 and 6 are 30, 60,….

The Prime Factor

Prime Factorization
When a number is expressed as a product of prime numbers, factorisation is
called prime factorisation.
Example: Prime factorisation of 36 is 2×2×3×3.
To know more about Prime Factors, visit here.
Learn more about the numbers from the topics given below:

Real Numbers Prime Numbers

Whole Numbers Natural Numbers

Class 6 Notes: Chapter 4_ Basic Geometrical

Ideas
Basic geometrical ideas class 6 notes covers all the important concepts included in this
chapter along with examples and practice questions. These CBSE class 6 chapter 4 notes will

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not only help the students to learn the concepts more easily but will also help them to revise
this chapter more effectively.

Introduction to Basic Geometrical Ideas

In this chapter, several important geometric terms are included which holds extreme
importance in the later grades. The topics that are introduced not only will help students to
build a foundation in geometry but will also help them to grasp the higher-level concepts in
the later grades easily.
The main topics covered here are-

 Basic Definitions in Geometry

 Polygons
 Triangles
 Quadrilaterals
 About Circles

Basic Definitions in Geometry

Terms Definition

Point It determines a location and is usually determined by a capital letter.

Line segment The shortest distance between two points is called a line segment.

Line By extending a line segment indefinitely on both sides, a line is

obtained.

Intersecting lines If two distinct lines meet or cross at a point, they are called
intersecting lines.

Parallel lines Parallel lines are lines which are always the same distance apart and
never intersect anywhere in a plane.

Ray A ray is a line which starts from a particular point and goes infinitely
towards a particular direction.

Curve It is a drawing which is done without lifting the pencil.

Simple curve A curve that never crosses itself is a simple curve.

Closed and open A curve is closed if its ends are joined. Otherwise, it is an open curve.

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 curves

Angle It is made up of two rays which are starting from a common point.

Polygons
A polygon can be defined as a closed curve which is made up of line segments. Polygons can
be of numerous types like triangles (having 3 line segments), quadrilaterals (having 4 line
segments), pentagon (having 5 line segments), and so on. A few important terms related to
polygons are-

Terms Definition

Sides of a polygon The line segments are known as the sides of the polygon.

Adjacent sides Two points having the same endpoint are called adjacent sides.

Vertex Vertex is the meeting or intersecting point of a pair of sides.

Diagonal Diagonal is obtained by joining any two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon.

To know more about Polygon, visit here.

Triangles

as △ABC△ABC as given below-

A triangle is as a polygon having three line segments or sides. A triangle ABC is written

triangle. Also, the angle between BC and AB is the ∠B∠B, between BC and AC, it
In this triangle, AB, BC, and AC are sides of the triangle and A, B, C are the vertices of the

is ∠C∠C, and between AB and AC, it is ∠A∠A.

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For More Information On Triangles, Watch The Below Video.

To know more about Triangle, visit here.

Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is defined as a four-sided polygon i.e. having 4 line segments or sides and
thus, 4 angles. A diagram of a quadrilateral is given for better understanding. It should be
noted that the vertices of a quadrilateral are named in a cyclic manner.

In this diagram, AD and DC are one of the examples of adjacent sides. Also, AD and BC are
one of the opposite sides. Here, angle A and angle C are opposite angles. In this, if the line
segment is drawn from A to C or from B to D, it becomes a diagonal.
For More Information On Quadrilaterals, Watch The Below
Video.

To know more about Quadrilateral, visit here.

About Circles
A circle can be defined as a closed figure formed by a set of points in a plane which are
located at the same distance from a fixed point which is the centre. A few important terms
related to circles are-

Terms Definitions

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 Radius The fixed distance at which the points are located from the centre is called
the radius.

Diameter Diameter is the length of a line segment which joins any two points on the
circle by passing through the centre. Diameter is always double than the
radius.

Circumference The distance around the circle is known as its circumference or perimeter.

Chord A line segment joining any two points on the circle is a chord.

Sector It is the region in the interior of a circle which is enclosed by an arc on one
side and a pair of radii on the other two sides.

Segment It is a region in the interior of the circle enclosed by an arc and a chord.

For More Information On Circles, Watch The Below Video.

To know more about Circles, visit here.

Points

Point
 A point determines a specific location.
 They are denoted by any capital letter of the English Alphabet.

Curve

Curves
 In simple terms, any line that is not straight is said to be a curve.
 If a curve does not cross itself, then it is called a simple curve.

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Closed and open curves
 A curve is said to be closed if it ends are joined.
 A curve whose ends are opened is said to be open curves.

Polygons

Polygons
A simple closed figure made up line segments is called a polygon.

Terms related to polygons

Some of the important terms related to a polygon are :

 Vertex: The meeting point of a pair of sides. Here A, B, C, D and E are the vertices of the
polygon.
 Adjacent sides: Any two sides of a polygon with a common endpoint. Here AB and BC are
adjacent sides.

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  Adjacent vertices: Endpoints of the same side of a polygon. Here A and B are the
adjacent vertices.
 Diagonals: The lines joining the non-adjacent vertices of a polygon. Here AC, AD, BD, BE and
CE are the diagonals.

For More Information On Introduction To Geometry and

Polygons, Watch The Below Video.

Triangle
 A triangle is a three-sided polygon.
 It has three sides, three angles and three vertices.
 It has an interior and exterior region.

In the above figure:

Quadrilaterals
 A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon with four sides, four angles and four vertices.

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In a quadrilateral ABCD:

 AB, BC, CD and DA are the sides of the quadrilateral.

 A, B, C and D are the vertices.
 AB and CD, and BC and DA are the pairs of opposite sides.
 Angle A and angle C, and angle B and D are the pairs of opposite angles.
 Angle A is adjacent to angle B and angle D. Similar relations exist for all other angles.

Angles

Angle
 An angle is made by two rays starting at a common endpoint.
 These rays are called the arms of the angle.
 The common endpoint is called the vertex of the angle.
 While naming an angle the vertex of the angle has to be in the middle.
 For example: Ray OP and Ray OQ form an angle. It can be denoted as ∠POQ.

 Ray OP and OQ are the arms or sides of the angle. O is the vertex of the angle POQ

Exterior and interior points to an angle

 An angle separates its plane into three regions.
 These regions are the angle, interior of the angle and exterior of the angle.

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 In the figure above, points F and R lie in the interior of ∠ABC. Point A, B and C lie on the
angle ∠ABC and P, X and T lie on the exterior of angle ∠ABC.


To know more about Angle, visit here.

Circles

Circle
 A circle is a simple closed curve which is not a polygon.
 A circle is basically formed when a point is moving at a fixed distance from a fixed point.

 This fixed point in the middle is called the centre.

 The distance moved by the point around the circle is called the circumference.

Terms related to circle

 The chord of a circle is a line segment joining any two points of a circle.
 A diameter is a chord passing through the centre of a circle.
 The diameter divides a circle into two equal halves called semicircle.

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  A region in the interior of a circle enclosed by an arc on one side and a pair of radii on the
other two sides is called a sector.
 A region in the interior of a circle enclosed by a chord and an arc is called a segment.

All About Lines

Line segment


 The shortest distance between two points is called a line segment.

 Those points are called endpoints of the line segment.

Lines
 When a line segment is extended on both sides infinitely, then it is called a line. Here m is a
line.
 It contains an infinite number of points on it.

Page 26 of 84
Ray
 A ray is a portion of a line. It starts at one point, called its starting point, and goes endlessly
in the other direction.

 In the ray AB, A is the starting point and B is just a point on the path of the ray.

Intersecting and parallel lines

 If two lines have a common point, then they are said to be intersecting.

 Lines l and m here have a common point P, hence they are intersecting lines with P being the
point of intersection.
 If two lines have no common point, then they are said to be parallel. Here AB and CD are
parallel lines.

To know more about Lines, visit here.

Page 27 of 84
Position in a Figure

Position in a figure
 There are three important parts of a closed curve. In the figure below, L is in the interior of
the curve, M is on the boundary while N is in the exterior of the curve.

 The interior of a curve along with the boundary is called the region of the curve.

Related Articles
Quadrilateral Triangles

Geometry NCERT Solutions Class 6 Maths Basic Geometrical Ideas

Class 6 Notes: Chapter 5_ Understanding

Elementary Shapes
Understanding elementary shapes class 6 notes is one of the handiest resources for the
students studying in CBSE class 6. These notes are given in a simple and concise way and are
easily understandable. These chapter 5 maths notes will not only help class 6 students to learn
various important topics from this chapter easily but will also help them to revise efficiently.

Understanding Elementary Shapes Introduction

This chapter mostly deals with the measuring of line segments, about angles and its types,
about triangles and their classifications, polygons, quadrilaterals, and solid shapes. All these
topics are explained in detail below.

Measuring Line Segments

A ruler or a divider is generally used to find the lengths of line segments. The length of a line
segment can be defined as the distance between its endpoints.

Page 28 of 84
For More Information On Geometric Tools For Measurement,
Watch The Below Video.

To know more about Line Segment, visit here.

Angles and its Types

An angle is made up of any two rays which have the same endpoint or starting point. It can be
better understood by the movement of clock-hands. When a clock hand moves, it forms an
angle. To measure the angle, a protractor is used. It should be noted that a straight angle is
180 degrees while a right angle is 90 degrees.
Based on the degree, an angle can be classified into 3 main types:

 Acute angle: When an angle measure is less than a right angle, it is called an acute angle.
 Obtuse angle: When an angle measure more than a right angle but less than a straight
angle, it is called an obtuse angle.
 Reflex angle: When an angle measure more than a straight angle, it is called a reflex angle.
It should be noted that two intersecting lines are perpendicular if the angle formed between
them is 90 degrees.
For More Information On Angles And Its Types, Watch The
Below Video.

To know more about Angles and Types of Angles, visit here.

Triangles and its Types

A triangle is a closed figure having three sides and three interior angles. A triangle can be
classified based on its length of sides and by its angles. The detailed classification of triangles
is given below.

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 Based on Triangle Name Description

Based on its sides Scalene triangle All three sides are unequal.

Isosceles triangle Any two sides are equal.

Equilateral triangle All three sides are equal.

Based on its angles Acute angled triangle All the angles are acute.

Right-angled triangle Anyone angle is the right angle.

Obtuse angled triangle Anyone angle is obtuse.

For More Information On Triangles And Its Types, Watch The

Below Video.

To know more about Triangles, visit here.

Polygons
Polygons are closed geometric shapes having at least 3 sides and 3 angles. Based on the
number of sides, a polygon can be categorised into multiple types. Some of the most common
polygons are-

Polygon Name No. of Sides

Triangle 3

Quadrilateral 4

Pentagon 5

Hexagon 6

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 Heptagon 7

Octagon 8

Nonagon 9

Decagon 10

To know more about Polygon, visit here.

Quadrilaterals
As mentioned in the table above, a quadrilateral is one of the types of polygons having 4
sides and 4 angles. A quadrilateral can be categorised into 5 main types which are explained
below.

Quadrilateral Type Property

Rhombus It has 4 sides of equal length.

Square It is a rhombus with 4 right angles.

Parallelogram It has two pairs of parallel sides.

Rectangle It is a parallelogram of 4 right angles.

Trapezium It has one pair of parallel sides.

For More Information On Types Of Quadrilaterals, Watch The

Below Video.

To know more about Quadrilateral, visit here.

Page 31 of 84
Solid Shapes or 3D Shapes
A solid shape or three-dimensional shape (3D shape) can be defined as the objects which can
be measured in three directions i.e. length, breadth, and height. Examples of 3d shapes are
cylinder, cube, cuboid, sphere, etc. Check out three-dimensional shapes to learn more about
them and to get acquainted with the terms related to them.
For More Information On Solid Shapes, Watch The Below
Video.

To know more about 3-D Shapes, visit here.

Measuring line segments

⇒ Line segments can be measured by

The distance between the endpoints of a line segment is called its length.

 Comparison by observation
 Comparison by tracing
 Comparison using ruler and divider

Positioning error
To get the correct measure, the eye should be correctly positioned, just vertically above the
mark. Errors can happen due to angular viewing.

Perpendicular Lines

Perpendicular Lines and perpendicular bisector

 When two lines intersect and the angle between them is a right angle, then the lines are said
to be perpendicular.
 A perpendicular to a line segment that divides it exactly at the midpoint is called the
perpendicular bisector.

Classification of Triangles

Classification of Triangles
 Triangles are those closed figures which have exactly three sides.

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  Based on their sides and angles, they can be classified into different triangles.

Types of Triangles based on lengths of sides

Based upon the length of the sides, triangles are classified as:

 Scalene
 Isosceles
 Equilateral

For More Information On Types Of Triangles Based On the

Lengths Of The Sides, Watch The Below Video.

Types of Triangles based on angles

Based upon the measure of the angles, triangles are classified as:

 Acute-angled
 Obtuse-angled
 Right-angled

For More Information On Types Of Triangles Based On

Angles, Watch The Below Video.

To know more about Types of Triangles, visit here.

Quadrilaterals

Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a polygon which has four sides.

Comparisons between different quadrilaterals

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Different quadrilaterals can be classified based on the lengths of the sides and angles.
To know more about Quadrilateral, visit here.

Rhombus
 A rhombus is a special type of parallelogram where all its sides are equal.
 The diagonals are perpendicular to each other. They also bisect the angles.

To know more about Rhombus, visit here.

Trapezium
 A trapezium is a quadrilateral where only two sides are parallel to each other.
 No sides, angles and diagonals are congruent.

To know more about Trapezium, visit here.

Polygons
 A polygon is a closed figure made up of line segments in two-dimension.
 Polygons are classified based on the number of sides.

To know more about Polygon, visit here.

Page 34 of 84
Rectangle
 A rectangle is a quadrilateral which has opposite sides equal and all angles are right angles.
 The diagonals are equal.

For More Information On Rectangles, Watch The Below

Video.

To know more about Rectangle, visit here.

Square
 A square is a quadrilateral which has all sides equal and all angles are right angles.
 The diagonals are equal and perpendicular to each other.

Page 35 of 84
For More Information On Comparison Between Different
Quadrilaterals, Watch The Below Videos.

To know more about Squares, visit here.

Three Dimensional Shapes

Three Dimensional Shapes

 Three-dimensional shapes are those shapes that can be projected on paper but not drawn
on paper.
 These shapes are also called solids.

For More Information On Three Dimensional Shapes, Watch

The Below Video.

Faces, edges and vertices

 Each side of a three dimensional solid is called the face.
 Two faces meet at a line segment called an edge.
 Three edges meet at a point called a vertex.

Page 36 of 84
Special 3D shapes
 Solids such as the prism and pyramid are considered as special 3D shapes since their
structure is very unique.
 A prism with a triangular base is called a triangular prism.

A pyramid with a rectangular base is called a rectangular pyramid

Angles

Angles
The amount of rotation about the point of intersection of two planes (or lines) is called
angle.

Right, straight and complete angles

 Right angle is equal to 900.
 Straight angle is equal to 1800.
 Complete angle is one complete revolution or equal to 3600.

Acute, obtuse and reflex angles

 Acute angle is lesser than 900.
 Obtuse angle is greater than 900.
 Reflex angle is greater than 900.

Tools of construction

Page 37 of 84
  Ruler and divider are used to measure lengths of line segments.
 A protractor is used to measure angles.

For More Information On Tools Of Construction, Watch The

Below Video.

Measuring angles
 Angles are measured in degrees.
 Angles are measured by using a protractor.

Related Articles
Types Of Triangles Quadrilateral

Polygon Types Of Angles

Line Segment NCERT Solutions Class 6 Maths Understanding Elementary Shapes

To get more such maths and science notes of class 6, stay tuned with BYJU’S. Also, get
several sample papers, questions papers and topic-wise study materials which can help to
learn the class 6 topics more effectively.

Integers Class 6 Notes: Chapter 6

Introduction

Whole Numbers
 Whole numbers include zero and all natural numbers i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.

Page 38 of 84
For More Information On Number Systems, Watch The Below
Video.

To know more about Whole Numbers, visit here.

Negative Numbers
 The numbers with a negative sign and which lies to the left of zero on the number line are
called negative numbers.

To know more about Application of Negative Numbers in Daily Life, visit here.

Introduction to Zero

The number Zero

 The number zero means an absence of value.

The Number Line

Integers
 Collection of all positive and negative numbers including zero are called integers. ⇒
Numbers …, – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … are integers.

Representing Integers on the Number Line

Page 39 of 84
  Draw a line and mark a point as 0 on it
 Points marked to the left (-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6) are called negative integers.
 Points marked to the right (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) or (+1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6) are
called positive integers.

Absolute value of an integer

 Absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer without considering its
sign.
 Example: Absolute value of -7 is 7 and of +7 is 7.

Ordering Integers
 On a number line, the number increases as we move towards right and decreases as we
move towards left.
 Hence, the order of integers is written as…, –5, –4, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…
 Therefore, – 3 < – 2, – 2 < – 1, – 1 < 0, 0 < 1, 1 < 2 and 2 < 3.

Addition of Integers
Positive integer + Negative integer

 Example: (+5) + (-2) Subtract: 5 – 2 = 3 Sign of bigger integer (5): + Answer: +3

 Example: (-5) + (2) Subtract: 5-2 = 3 Sign of the bigger integer (-5): – Answer: -3
Positive integer + Positive integer

 Example: (+5) + (+2) = +7

 Add the 2 integers and add the positive sign.
Negative integer + Negative integer

 Example: (-5) + (-2) = -7

 Add the two integers and add the negative sign.

Properties of Addition and Subtraction of

Integers

Operations on Integers

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Operations that can be performed on integers:

 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division.

Subtraction of Integers
 The subtraction of an integer from another integer is same as the addition of the integer and
its additive inverse.
 Example: 56 – (–73) = 56 + 73 = 129 and 14 – (8) = 14 – 8 = 6

Properties of Addition and Subtraction of Integers

Closure under Addition

 a + b and a – b are integers, where a and b are any integers.

Commutativity Property

 a + b = b + a for all integers a and b.

Associativity of Addition

 (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) for all integers a, b and c.

Additive Identity

 Additive Identity is 0, because adding 0 to a number leaves it unchanged.

 a + 0 = 0 + a = a for every integer a.

Multiplication of Integers

Multiplication of Integers
 Product of a negative integer and a positive integer is always a negative integer. 10×−2=−20
 Product of two negative integers is a positive integer. −10×−2=20
 Product of even number of negative integers is positive. (−2)×(−5)=10
 Product of an odd number of negative integers is negative. (−2)×(−5)×(6)=−60

Properties of Multiplication of Integers

Properties of Multiplication of Integers

Closure under Multiplication

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  Integer * Integer = Integer
Commutativity of Multiplication

 For any two integers a and b, a × b = b × a.

Associativity of Multiplication

 For any three integers a, b and c, (a × b) × c = a × (b × c).

Distributive Property of Integers

 Under addition and multiplication, integers show the distributive property.

 For any integers a, b and c, a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c.
Multiplication by Zero

 For any integer a, a × 0 = 0 × a = 0.

Multiplicative Identity

 1 is the multiplicative identity for integers.

 a×1=1×a=a

Dividing Integers

Division of Integers

⇒ The quotient obtained is a negative integer.

 (positive integer/negative integer)or(negative integer/positive integer)

⇒ The quotient obtained is a positive integer.

 (positive integer/positive integer)or(negative integer/negative integer)

Properties of Division of Integers

Properties of Division of Integers

For any integer a,

 a/0 is not defined

 a/1=a
Integers are not closed under division.
Example: (–9)÷(–3)=3 result is an integer but (−3)÷(−9)=−3−9=13=0.33 which is not an
integer.
To know more about Number Lines, visit here.

Also Check:

Page 42 of 84
 Properties Of Integers Integers Rule- Multiplication of Integers

Multiplication And Division Of Integers Multiplication Of Integers – Properties

Operations Of Integers On Number Line Integers: Word Problems On Integers

NCERT Solutions Class 6 Maths Integers CBSE Notes For Class 6th Maths

Keep visiting BYJU’S for more such CBSE class 6 notes of maths and science along with
other important topic-wise study materials.

Class 6 Maths Notes - Chapter 7_ Fractions

A fraction is defined as a part of a whole number. It can be expressed as a ratio between two
integers separated by a solidus. The number in the upper part of a fraction is termed as
numerator whereas the number in the lower part is termed as the denominator. For example,
let us consider a fraction 312312 where,

 3 is the numerator
 12 is the denominator
 It is read as three-twelfths

Types Of Fractions
Let us understand the different types of fractions. There are five types of fractions. They are
proper fractions, improper fractions, mixed fractions, like fractions and unlike fractions.

 Proper fractions – It is a type of fraction where the denominator is always greater than the
numerator. Some examples are 4545 , 3737
 Improper fractions – It is a type of fraction where the denominator is always less than the
numerator. Some examples are 5454 , 7373
 Mixed fractions – It is a type of fraction which consists of a whole number and a proper
fraction. Some examples are 16371637 , 345345
 Like fractions – The type of fractions which have same denominators are called, like
fractions. Some examples are 115115 , 315315
 Unlike fractions – The type of fractions which have different denominators are called, unlike
fractions. Some examples are 627627 , 628628

For More Information On Types Of Fractions, Watch The

Below Videos.

Page 43 of 84
Introduction to Fractions

o

 A fraction is a number that represents a part of a whole.

o
 The whole may be a single object or a group of objects.
 Fraction=Numerator/Denominator
 Example: 1/2, 3/7

For More Information On Understanding Fractions, Watch

The Below Video.

Representing fractions
 Fractions can be represented using numbers, figures or words.

Page 44 of 84
For More Information On Representing Fractions, Watch The
Below Video.

To know more about Fractions, visit here.

Avatars of Fractions

Proper fractions


 If numerator < denominator in a fraction, then it is a proper fraction.

 Example: 2/3 and 4/9

Improper and Mixed fraction



 If numerator > denominator in a fraction, then it is an improper fraction.

 Example: 4/3 and 8/11


 An improper fraction can be written as a combination of a whole and a part, and is

called mixed fractions.

To know more about Mixed Fractions, visit here.

Interconversion between Improper and Mixed fraction

Improper to mixed fraction

Page 45 of 84
Meet the Twin Fractions

Equivalent fractions
 Each proper or improper fraction has many equivalent fractions.
 Multiply both numerator and denominator by a number, to find an equivalent fraction for
the fraction.
Example: 1/2 and 2/4 are equivalent fractions.

Let’s Add Fractions

Addition of fractions
 1/3 + 7/3 = (1+7)/3 = 8/3
 1/3 + 2/4 = (4+6)/12 = 10/12 = 5/6

LCM
 Least common multiple of two numbers (LCM) is the smallest number that gets divided by
both the numbers.
 Example: LCM of 3 and 4 is 12.

Page 46 of 84
For More Information On LCM, Watch The Below Video.

Let’s Subtract Fractions

Subtraction of fractions

To know more about Addition and Subtraction of Fractions, visit here.

Many Many Many Fractions Together

Multiplication of fractions
Proper fraction * Proper fraction

Proper fraction * Improper fraction

Page 47 of 84
To know more about Multiplication of Fractions, visit here.

Let’s Divide Fractions

Reciprocals of fractions
 Turning the fraction upside down gives the Reciprocal of a fraction.
 Fraction × (Reciprocal of the fraction) = 1

To know more about Reciprocal of Fractions, visit here.

Division of fractions
 1/2 ÷ 1/3
1/2 × Reciprocal of (1/3)
=1/2 × 3 = (1×3)/2
=3/2
 4/3 ÷ 3/2
=4/3 × Reciprocal of (3/2)
=4/3×2/3=8/9
To know more about Division of Fractions, visit here.

Where do Fractions Live?

Comparison of fractions
 Comparing like fractions with same denominators
2/3 and 8/3

∴ 2/3 < 8/3

2<8

Page 48 of 84
  Comparing unlike fractions with same numerators
1/3 and 1/4

∴1/3>1/4
Portion of the whole showing 1/3 > Portion of the whole showing 1/4

 Comparing unlike fractions with different numerators

5/6 and 13/15
LCM of 6 and 15: 30
(5×5)/(6×5) = 25/30

⇒ 25/30<26/30
(13×2)/(15×2)=26/30

∴ 5/6<13/15

Fractions on the number line

 The following figure shows how fractions 14, 24 and 34 are represented on a number line.
 Divide the portion from 0 to 1 on the number line into four parts.
 Then each part represents 1/4th portion of the whole.

Whole Numbers Integers

Class 6 Maths Notes - Chapter 8_ Decimals

The numbers used to represent numbers smaller than unit 1 are called decimal numbers. The
decimal point or the period plays a significant part in a Decimal Number. This period
separates the fractional part and whole number part in a decimal number. Place value of a
digit can be defined as the value of a digit as per the place of that digit in a number.

Decimals Examples
Let us consider a decimal number 0.5694 to see the different place values of each digit:

 The value of the digit at the first place after the decimal point is tenths place value. Tenths
can be calculated as 1 unit divided in 10 equal parts i.e 0.1. Therefore, considering this there
are 5 tenths in the number 0.5694.
 The value of the digit at the second place after the decimal point is hundredths place value.
The number in that place tells you how many hundredths are there. Hundredths can be
calculated as 1 unit divided in100 equal parts i.e 0.01. Therefore, considering this there are 6
hundredths in the number 0.5694

Page 49 of 84
  The value of the digit at the third place after the decimal point is thousandths place value.
The number in that place tells you how many thousandths are present. Thousandths can be
calculated as 1 unit divided in1000 equal parts i.e 0.001. Therefore, considering this there
are 9 thousandths in the number 0.5694
 Ten-thousandths
 The value of the digit at the fourth place after the decimal point is ten-thousandths place
value. The number in that place tells you how many ten-thousandths are present. Ten-
thousandths can be calculated as 1 unit divided into 10000 equal parts i.e 0.0001. Therefore,
considering this there are 4 thousandths in the number 0.5694

Introduction to decimals
 Decimals are used in many ways in our lives.
 For example, in representing units of money, length and weight.
 Example: Price of the book is Rs. 34.5
To know more about Decimals, visit here.

Representing decimals on a number line

Example: Represent 1.3 on the number line.

 1.3 is more than 1 but less than 2.

 Divide each unit length into 10 equal parts. From 1, take 3 parts to the right and we will get
1.3.
To know more about Representation of Decimals on Number Line, visit here.

A Little Secret About Fractions and Decimals

For More Information On Fractions and Decimals, Watch The
Below Video.

Inter-conversion of fractions and decimals

Fractions as decimals

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  12/5 = 24/10 = (20+4) / 10 = 20/10 + 4/10 = 2+0.4 = 2.4
Decimals as fractions

 21.2 = 21 + (2/10) = (210/10) + (2/10) = (212/10) = (106/5)

To know more about Conversion of Decimal to Fractions, visit here.

Aha! Now We Get the Point

Recurring and terminating decimals

 A terminating decimal is a decimal number which has finite number of digits after the
decimal.
Example: 0.35
 A recurring decimal is one where its decimal representation becomes periodic or same
sequence of digits keeps repeating indefinitely.
Example: 31.213333…

Decimal 1 vs. Decimal 2

Comparing decimals


 Any two decimal numbers can be compared by comparing their whole part and
decimal parts.
 If the whole parts are equal then the tenth parts can be compared and so on.
 Comparison when whole parts equal
Compare 22.3 and 22.5
Whole parts are equal. Hence we compare tenths part.
22.3=22 + 3/10
22.5 = 22 + 5/10

∴ 22.3 < 22.5.

3/10<5/10

 Comparison whole parts are unequal

To know more about Comparing Decimal Numbers, visit here.

Let’s Give Names to Numbers

Tenths and Hundredths

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 ⇒ 8 occupies the tenths position.
 191.8 = 191 + (8/10)

 Move the tenths place to the right by one unit, the place value decreases further to
1/100th (hundredth) place.

⇒ 6 occupies the hundredths place

 191.86 = 191 + 8/10 + 6/100

Place values


 Place value gives a value of the number depending on its location.

 Place value table of 5.2 is as shown below.

Many Many Many Points Together

Addition of Decimals
Addition of 1.29 and 0.34

Thus, 1.29 + 0.34 = 1.63

Subtraction of Decimals
Subtraction of 5.25 from 8.28

Thus, 8.28 – 5.25 = 3.03

To know more about Addition and Subtraction of Decimals, visit here.

Multiplication of Decimals
Multiplication of 2.8 and 7

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  2.8 × 7 (There is only one digit to the right of the decimal point in 2.8)
 28 × 7 (Ignoring the decimals)
 28 × 7 = 196
 Now bring the decimal back after one digit from left and thus answer is 19.6

Division of Decimals
Divide 3.4 by 2

 3.4/2 = Quotient
 Ignore the decimal and divide the numerator by the denominator. Here, quotient = 34/2 =
17
 Since there is only one digit to the right of the decimal, put the decimal after one digit from
left in the quotient. Therefore, quotient becomes 1.7
To know more about Multiplication and Division of Decimals, visit here.

Points on How to Use the Points

Point shift trick

Division: Point is shifted to the left by the number of zeroes in the denominator.

 150/100=1.50 ( Shifting decimal by 2 points to the left )

 1.5/1000=0.0015 ( Shifting decimal by 3 points to the left )

Decimals in length measurement

 1m = 100cm
 1cm = 1/100m = 0.01m ( Move decimal to left by 2 units in the numerator as there are two
zeroes in the denominator )
 150cm = 150/100m = 1.5m

Decimals in weight measurement

 1 kg = 1000 g
 1 g = 1/1000 kg
 298 g = 298/1000 kg = 0.298 kg ( Move the decimal to the left by 3 places in the numerator
as there are 3 zeroes in the denominator )
Other Important Links:

Decimal Fractions Fractions

Class 6 Maths Notes - Chapter 9_ Data Handling

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How About a Holiday! Data and information
 Data is a collection of numbers gathered to give some information.
To know more about Data and Information, visit here.

Frequency
 Frequency is the number of times a particular value occurs in a given data.
 Eg : Marks scored by different students in a class: 1, 2, 2, 4, 3, 3.

Marks Frequency

1 1

2 2

3 2

4 1

How Hot Is the Sun?

Organised Data
 Data should be organised properly.
 This helps in extracting information.
 Example: In a class, 20 students were asked to choose one fruit from Banana, Orange, Apple
and Guava.
The following shows organised data for the above information is given below.

Fruits No. of Students

Banana 8

Orange 3

Apple 5

Guava 4

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For More Information On Organising Data, Watch The Below
Video.

To know more about Data Organisation, visit here.

Let’s Meet My Company People

Prioritizing Data
 Data can be prioritized or it can be organised in a particular order according to importance.
 Example: Following are the names of students in a class: Anu, Shameer, Kiran, John.
Prioritize the data according to alphabetic order. On prioritising the data, the new order of
names become Anu, John, Kiran and Shammer.

Long Lost Friend

How to organise data?

 Data can be organised in different ways. It can be organised in
(i) Alphabetical order
(ii) In ascending and descending order.
 Example: Arrange the following data according to the birth year.

Ravi Shekhar Sunny Asha

1970 1988 1979 1920

Organised data:

Asha Ravi Sunny Shekhar

1920 1970 1979 1988

Page 55 of 84
For More Information On Data Handling, Watch The Below
Video:

Scaling Factor
 The large numbers cannot be represented in a bar graph, so the scaling factor is used to
reduce or scale down large numbers.

Picture Perfect

Pictographs
 The pictograph is a pictorial representation of data.
 Here data is represented using images of the objects.

To know more about Pictograph, visit here.

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Interpretation of pictographs
The number of strawberries eaten by various people is shown below.

Question. Find the number of apples eaten by Margaret, Susan, Maria and Dorothy.
Solution: Here each symbol of strawberry represents two strawberries.
⇒ Margaret ate 8 strawberries, Susan ate 4 strawberries,
Maria ate 2 strawberries and Dorothy ate 12 strawberries.
So, the total number of strawberries eaten by all the four is 30.
For More Information On Pictographs, Watch The Below
Video.

To know more about Pictograph Examples, visit here.

Bar Pictures

Bar diagrams
 The graphical representation of data using bars of uniform width drawn vertically or
horizontally with different lengths is called as bar graphs/bar diagrams.
 Bar diagrams consist of two axes: X-axis and Y-axis.
 The following is a bar graph showing the birthday of students in a class.

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To know more about Bar Graphs, visit here.

Interpretation of bar diagrams

 Given below are the marks scored by students in mathematics. Calculate the sum of marks
scored by A and C.

Solution:

Students Marks Obtained

A 8

B 14

C 9

D 5

∴ The required sum is 17.

Sum of marks scored by A and C = 8 + 9 = 17

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Collection of numbers gathered together to give some valuable information is called data.
Pictograph shows numerical information by making use of icons or picture symbols to
represent data sets. Pictograph can also be defined as a visual presentation of data using
symbols, pictures, icons, etc.
For More Information On Bar and Double Bar Graphs, Watch
The Below Videos.

What is the Bar graph?

A bar graph is also called a bar chart. It is used to represent data visually with the help of bars
which are of different heights or lengths. The date graphed is either horizontally or vertically,
to make it easy for the viewers to compare different values and therefore draw conclusions
quickly.

Questions On Data Handling For Class 6

1) The below table shows the number of bicycles manufactured by a factory during the years
2000 to 2004. Draw a bar graph by choosing a scale of your choice.

Year Bicycle manufactured

2000 600

2001 400

2002 700

2003 1000

2004 1300

Also, answer the following questions for the above bar graph –
a) The maximum number of bicycles were manufactured in which year?
b) The minimum number of bicycles were manufactured in which year?
2) The below bar graph shows the amount of wheat purchased by the government in the year
1998 to 2002.

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 2.

a) Observe and mention the maximum wheat production is in which year?

b) Observe and mention the minimum wheat production is in which year?
3) The number of animals in of the five villages are as given:
Village A: 70
Village B: 110
Village C: 50
Village D: 43
Village E: 80
Make a pictograph of these animals. Use one symbol to represent 10 animals. Answer the
following
a) Number of symbols that represent animals of village E?
b) Name the village which has the maximum number of animals.
c) Compare village A and C and tell which among those two has more animals?
Other Important Links:

Pictograph Examples Bar Graph

Class 6 Maths Notes - Chapter 10_ Mensuration

Mensuration is a branch of mathematics which is a topic in Geometry. It is a study of various
geometrical shapes, their length, breadth, volume, and area for 2D as well as 3D shapes.
Some important terminologies included in this topic are covered below.

Introduction to Mensuration

Mensuration
 Mensuration is the branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement of length, area
or volume of various geometric shapes.

Shapes
 A shape is the form of an object.
 Examples of two-dimensional shapes are square, rectangle and triangle, and of three-
dimensional shapes are cube, cuboid and sphere.

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For More Information On Solid Shapes, Watch The Below
Video.

To know more about Mensuration, visit here.

Perimeter

Perimeter
 Perimeter is the total length or total distance covered along the boundary of a closed shape.

 Perimeter of a circle is also called as the circumference of the circle.

Perimeter of a Triangle

 Perimeter of triangle = Sum of lengths of all sides = a + b + c.

 If the given triangle is equilateral that is if all the sides are equal (a = b = c),
then its perimeter is equal to 3 × length of one side of the triangle.

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Perimeter of a Rectangle

 Perimeter of the rectangle = length ( l ) + length ( l ) + width (w) + width (w)

= 2× [length ( l ) + width (w)]

Perimeter of a Square

Perimeter of square = 4 × length of a side = 4a

Perimeter of a ‘n’ sided polygon

 A polygon is a closed shape made up of line segments.
 Perimeter of n sided polygon = n× length of one side.
 Example: Length of each side of a hexagon is a cm, then:
Perimeter of the hexagon = 6a cm

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For More Information On Perimeter, Watch The Below Video.

Perimeter of irregular shapes

 Irregular shapes are the shapes which do not have all sides and angles equal.
 The perimeter of irregular shapes is equal to total length covered by the shape.
In the figure given below, perimeter is the sum of all sides.

Area

Area
 Area is the total amount of surface enclosed by a closed figure.

Area of Square
 Area of a square = Side × Side =Side2=a2, where a is the length of each side.

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Area of Rectangle
 Area = length ( l ) × breadth ( b)

Area of a triangle
Area of triangle = (1/2) × base × height = (1/2) × b × h

To know Mensuration Formulas, visit here.

Areas of different types of triangles

 Consider an acute and an obtuse triangle.
Area of each triangle = (1/2) × base × height = (1/2) × b × h

Visualisation of Area
 In the given graph, if the area of each small square is 1 cm2, then
Area of rectangle = l×b = 5×2 = 10cm2
Area of square = a×a = 2×2 =4cm2

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For More Information On Visualisation Of Areas, Watch The
Below Video.

Area of irregular shapes



 Area of an irregular figure can be calculated :

Step 1: Divide the irregular shape into regular shapes that you can recognize (eg.
triangles, rectangles, circles and squares)
Step 2: Find the area of these individual shapes and add them. Sum will be the area
of the irregular figure.


 Example: Area of the given figure = Area of MNCB + Area of AMGH + Area of EFND
= [ 5 × 9 + 4 × 2 + 3 × 3 ] cm2
= [45 + 8 + 9 ] cm2
=62 cm2

To Solve Questions on Mensuration, visit here.

Other Important Links:

Rectangle Triangles

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Class 6 Maths Notes - Chapter 11_ Algebra
Algebra is a branch of mathematics that can substitute letters for numbers to find the
unknown. It can also be defined as putting real-life variables into equations and then solving
them. The word Algebra is derived from Arabic “al-jabr”, which means the reunion of broken
parts. Below are some algebra problems for students to practice.

Introduction to Algebra

Variable
A variable is an unknown quantity that is prone to change with the context of a situation.
Example: In the expression 2x+5, x is the variable.

Constant
Constant is a quantity which has a fixed value. In the given example 2x+5, 5 is the constant.

Terms of an Expression
Parts of an expression which are formed separately first and then added or subtracted, are
known as terms.
In the above-given example, terms 2x and 5 are added to form the expression (2x+5).

Factors of a term
Parts of an expression which are formed separately first and then added or subtracted, are
known as terms.

 Factors of a term are quantities which cannot be further factorised.

 In the above-given example, factors of the term 2x are 2 and x.

Coefficient of a term
The numerical factor of a term is called the coefficient of the term.
In the above-given example, 2 is the coefficient of the term 2x.
To know more about Term, factor and Coefficient, visit here.

Like and Unlike Terms

Like terms
Terms having the same variables are called like terms.>
Example: 8xy and 3xy are like terms.

Unlike terms
Terms having different variables are called, unlike terms.
Example: 7xy and -3x are unlike terms.
To know more about “Algebra Basics”, visit here.

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Monomial, Binomial, Trinomial and Polynomial
Terms
Monomia Binomia Trinomia
Name Polynomial
l l l

No. of term
1 2 3 >3
s

(3x+5y−6 (6x+5yx−3y+4
Example 7xy (4x−3)
) )

To know more about Polynomials, visit here.

Formation of Algebraic Expressions

Combinations of variables, constants and operators constitute an algebraic expression.
Example: 2x+3, 3y+4xy, etc.
To know more about Algebraic Expressions, visit here.

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic

Expressions

Addition and Subtraction of like terms

Sum of two or more like terms is a like term.
Its numerical coefficient will be equal to the sum of the numerical coefficients of all the like
terms.
Example: 8y+7y=?
8y
+7y
___________
(8+7)y = 15y
____________
Difference between two like terms is a like term.
Its numerical coefficient will be equal to the difference between the numerical coefficients of
the two like terms.
Example: 11z−8z=?
11z
−8z
__________

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(1-8)z = 3z
___________

Addition and Subtraction of unlike terms

 For adding or subtracting two or more algebraic expressions, like terms of both the
expressions are grouped together and unlike terms are retained as it is.
 Addition of −5x2+12xy and 7x2+xy+7x is shown below:
−5x +12xy
2

7x +xy+7x
2

__________
2x +13xy+7x
2

__________

 Subtraction of −5x2+12xy and 7x2+xy+7x is shown below:

−5x +12xy
2

−7x +xy+7x
2

__________
12x +11xy−7x
2

__________
To know more about Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions, visit here.

Algebra as Patterns
For More Information On Algebra As A Pattern, Watch The
Below Video.

To know more about Algebra As a Pattern, visit here.

Number patterns
 If a natural number is denoted by n, then its successor is (n + 1).
Example: Successor of n=10 is n+1=11.
 If a natural number is denoted by n, then 2n is an even number and (2n+1) is an odd
number.
Example: If n=10, then 2n=20 is an even number and 2n+1=21 is an odd number.

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For More Information On Number Patterns, Watch The Below
Video.

To know more about Number Pattern, visit here.

Patterns in Geometry
 Some geometrical figures follow patterns which can be represented by algebraic
expressions.
Example: Number of diagonals we can draw from one vertex of a polygon of n sides is (n – 3)
which is an algebraic expression.

Geometric shapes and their diagonals

Algebraic expressions in perimeter and area

formulae
 Algebraic expressions can be used in formulating perimeter of figures.
Example: Let L be the length of one side then, the perimeter of :

1. An equilateral triangle = 3L.

2. A square = 4L.
3. A regular pentagon = 5L.

 Algebraic expressions can be used in formulating area of figures.

Example: Area of :

1. Square = l2 where l is the side length of the square.

2. Rectangle = l * b, where l and b are lengths and breadth of the rectangle.
3. Triangle = 1/2 b * h where b and h are base and height of the triangle.

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For More Information On Perimeter And Area, Watch The
Below Video.

What is the Equation?

An equation is a condition on a variable which is satisfied only for a definite value of
the variable.

 The left-hand side(LHS) and right-hand side(RHS) of an equation are separated by an equality
sign. Hence LHS = RHS.
 If LHS is not equal to RHS, then it is not an equation.

Solving an Equation
Value of a variable in an equation which satisfies the equation is called its solution.

 One of the simplest methods of finding the solution of an equation is the trial and error
method.

For More Information On Solving An Equation, Watch The

Below Video.

To know more about Linear Equations, visit here.

Other Important Links:

Variables And Constants Basics Of Algebra

Class 6 Maths Notes - Chapter 12_ Ratio And

Proportion
Mathematical numbers used in comparing two things which are similar to each other in terms
of units are ratios. A ratio can be written in three different ways viz, x to y, x: y and xyxy but
read as the ratio of x to y.
For example:

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 1. The ratio of 4 to 5 is 4: 5.
2. Ram’s weight is 40 kgs and Ali’s weight is 80 kgs. To find out the ratio of Ram’s weight to Ali’s
weight we need to divide Ram’s weight to Ali’s weight. Therefore, the ratio between Ram’s
and Ali’s weight is 40804080= 1:2

Comparing things similar to each other is the concept of ratio. And when two ratios are the
same, they are said to be in proportion to each other. It is represented by the symbol ‘::’ or
‘=’.

Introduction to Ratio and Proportion

Golden ratio
Two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum
to larger of the two quantities.


 If two numbers a and b are in golden ratio, then a+ba=aba+ba=ab

 It is approximately equal to 1.618.

Ratio
 The ratio is the comparison of a quantity with respect to another quantity.
 It is denoted by “:“.
 Two quantities can be compared only if they are in the same unit.
Example: Father’s age is 75 years and the daughter’s age is 25 years.
⇒The ratio of father’s age to daughter’s age
⇒Father'sAgeDaughter′sAge=31=3:1Father′sAgeDaughter′sAge=31=3:1

Difference between fractions and ratios

 A fraction describes a part of a whole and its denominator represents the total number of
parts.
Example: 13 means one part out of 3 parts.
 A ratio is a comparison of two different quantities.
 Example: In a society, 10 people like driving, 20 people like swimming and the total number
of people in society is 30.
 The ratio of the number of people liking driving to the total number of people = 10:30.
 The ratio of the number of people liking swimming to the number of people liking driving is
20:10.

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For More Information On Difference Between Fractions And
Ratios, Watch The Below Video.

Same ratio in different situations

 Ratios can remain same in different situations.
 Example:

1. WeightofJoeWeightofJames=50100=1:2WeightofJoeWeightofJames=50100=1:2
2. NumberofGirlsNumberofBoys=50100=1:2NumberofGirlsNumberofBoys=50100=1:2

Here, both the above ratios are equal.

Comparing quantities using ratios

 Quantities can be compared using ratios.
 Example: Joe worked for 8 hours and James worked for 2 hours. How many times Joe’s
working hours
is of James’ working hours?

⇒Working hours of Sheela = 2 hours

Solution: Working hours of Joe = 8 hours

⇒The ratio of working hours of Joe to Sheela =82=482=4.

Therefore, Joe works four times more than James.
To know more about Comparison of Ratios, visit here.

Equivalent Ratios
When the given ratios are equal, then these ratios are called as equivalent ratios.

 Equivalent ratios can be obtained by multiplying and dividing the numerator and
denominator with the same number.
 Example: Ratios 10:30 (=1:3) and are equivalent ratios.

Unitary Method
The method in which first we find the value of one unit and then the value of required
number of units is known as Unitary Method.

 Example: Cost of two shirts in a shop is Rs.200. What will be the cost of 5 shirts in the shop?
Solution : Cost of 2 shirts

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 ⇒Cost of 1 shirt
⇒Cost of 5 shirts = = Rs.500
To know more about Unitary Method, visit here.

Proportions
If two ratios are equal, then they are said to be in proportion.

 Symbol “::” or “=” is used to equate the two ratios.

⇒ 2:3 :: 6:9 or 2:3 = 6:9

 Example: Ratios 2:3 and 6:9 are proportional.

Uses of ratios and proportions

 Example: Suppose a man travelled 80 km in 2 hours, how much time will he take to travel 40
km?
Solution: If x is the required time, then the proportion is

⇒ ⇒ 80x=80
80:2::40:x.

⇒ x=1 hour
So, the man takes one hour to complete 40 km.
To know more about Ratios and Proportion, visit here.
Other Important Links:

Perimeter Formulas Geometric Shapes

Class 6 Maths Notes - Chapter 13_ Symmetry

Symmetry And Line Of Symmetry Definition
The symmetry of an object is defined as one half of the object is a mirror image of the other
half. When an object is split into half, both the sides are exactly the same. The line which
divides them is called the line of symmetry. One simple example is reflection symmetry. The
object can be divided into one or more than one lines of symmetry.
Below are some types of line of symmetry along with examples-

S.NO Type Example

1 No line of symmetry Scalene triangle

2 1 line of symmetry Isosceles triangle

3 2 lines of symmetry Rectangle

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 4 3 lines of symmetry Equilateral triangle

Introduction to Symmetry
When figures have equally balanced proportions, they are said to be symmetrical.

For More Information On Symmetry, Watch The Below Video.

To know more about Symmetry, visit here.

Bilateral symmetry
If a figure is divided into two halves by only one line and these halves overlap each other
completely, then the figure is said to have bilateral symmetry.
Example: A butterfly shows bilateral symmetry.

Line symmetry
A figure has line symmetry if a line can be drawn dividing the figure into two symmetrical
parts. The line is called a line of symmetry.
Example: The dotted lines in the following figures show line symmetry.

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Lines of symmetry
A figure can have any number of lines of symmetry passing through it. Some can have one,
two or even multiple lines of symmetry.
Example of a single line of symmetry: A door lock.

Example of two lines of symmetry: A rectangle.

Example of multiple lines of symmetry (two or more): an equilateral triangle.

To know more about Line of Symmetry, visit here.

Point Symmetry and Reflection Symmetry

Reflection Symmetry
Reflection symmetry is very similar to line symmetry except for the change in orientation.

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For example, when you view yourself in the mirror, your right hand becomes the left hand in
the mirror.

Point Symmetry
Point symmetry exists when a figure is drawn around a single central point.
It is for figures having a point through which the symmetry can be established. This point is
called the centre of symmetry.
For example, the hourglass shows point symmetry.

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Kaleidoscope
A kaleidoscope uses mirrors to produce images that have several lines of symmetry.

Usually, two mirror strips forming a V-shape are used.

The angle between the mirrors determines the number of lines of symmetry.
The figure below shows the pattern formed by a kaleidoscope.

To know more about Kaleidoscope, visit here.

Other Important Links:

Two Lines Symmetry Scalene Triangle

Class 6 Maths Notes - Chapter 14_ Practical

Geometry
Practical geometry is an important branch of geometry which deals with the study of the size,
positions, shapes as well as dimensions of objects.

Geometrical Instruments
Whether you have to draw a line segment or measure it, draw a circle or arcs, draw an angle,
etc. it can easily be possible with the help of geometrical tools. Let us discuss the various
geometrical instruments used in practical geometry.

Name of Geometrical tool Use of Geometrical tool

Divider Comparing lengths.

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 Protractor Measure as well as draw angles.

Set Squares To draw parallel and perpendicular lines.

Compass To draw circles, arcs, and to mark equal lengths.

Ruler To measure lengths of the line segment and to draw a line segment.

To know more about Geometric Tools, visit here.

Points and Lines

Point: It is a location.
Line: Collection of points in a linear manner that extends infinitely in two directions.

To know more about Points, Lines and Planes, visit here.

Tools of Construction
Tools used for construction:

 Ruler: An instrument used to draw line segments and measure their lengths.
 Compass: Instrument having a pointer on one end and a pencil on the other end. It is used
to mark equal lengths and to draw circles and arcs.
 Divider: Instrument having a pair of pointers. It is used to compare lengths.
 Set- Squares: Two triangular pieces – One of them has 45°, 45°, 90° and the other has 30°,
60°, 90° angles at the vertices. It is used to draw parallel and perpendicular lines.
 Protractor: A semicircular instrument graduated into 180° parts. It is used to draw and
measure angles.

For More Information On Geometrical Instruments, Watch

The Below Video.

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Line Segment
Line Segment: Part of a line that is bounded by two distinct endpoints.

To know more about Line Segment, visit here.

Constructing a Line Segment for a given Length

Steps for constructing a line segment of a given length ‘a’:
(i) Draw a line l and mark a point A on it.

(ii) Place the compass on the initial point of the ruler. Open it to place pencil point up to the
‘a’ mark.
(iii) Place the pointer on A and draw an arc to cut l at B. AB is the required line segment.

To know different methods to draw a Line Segment, visit here.

Constructing Copy of a Line Segment

Steps for constructing a copy of a given line segment using ruler and compass together:
(i) Given AB whose length is unknown.
(ii) Fix compass’ pointer on A and pencil end on B. The opening of the instrument now gives
the length of AB.
(iii) Draw any line l.
(iv) Placing the pointer on C, draw an arc that cuts l at a point say D. Then, CD = AB.
To know more about Constructing a Copy of a Line Segment, visit here.

Perpendiculars and Parallels

A line MN meeting another line AB at the right angle is said to be the perpendicular to the
line AB.

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If two lines are non-intersecting and are always the same distance apart, then they are said to
be parallel lines.
As shown in the figure, AB || CD.

Constructing a Perpendiculars Using a Compass and Ruler

Steps for constructing perpendiculars using compass and rulers:
(i) Given a line I and a point P not on it.
(ii) With P as the centre, draw an arc which intersects line I at two points A and B.
(iii) Using the same radius and with A and B as centres, construct two arcs that intersect at a
point, say Q, on the other side.
(iv) Join PQ. Thus, ¯PQPQ¯ is the perpendicular to l.

Constructing Perpendicular to a Line through a Point on the

Line
Steps to construct a perpendicular to a line through a point on the line:
(i) Place a ruler along a given line l such that one of its edges is along l.
(ii) Place a set square with one of its edges along the already aligned edge of the ruler.
(iii) Slide the set square such that its right-angled corner coincides with the Point P.
(iv) Draw PQ and PQ are perpendicular to l.

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To know more about Construction of Perpendicular Lines, visit here.

Paper Folding Construction

Paper folding method to make perpendiculars:
(i) Let l be the given line and P be a point outside l.
(ii) Place a set-square on l such that one arm of its right angle aligns along l.
(iii) Place a ruler along the edge opposite to the right angle of the set-square.
(iv) Slide the set-square along the ruler till the point P touches the other arm of the set-square.

Circle
A circle is a set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a point i.e. centre of the
circle.
To know more about Circles, visit here.

Construction of a Circle for a given Radius

Steps for constructing a circle using a compass:
(i) Open compass for the required radius.
(ii) Place pointer of the compass on O.
(iii) Rotate the compass slowly to draw the circle.

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To know more about Construction of a Circle, visit here.

How to Construct an Angle

Angle Bisector and Its Construction

Steps to construct angle bisectors of a given angle:
(i) With O as the centre, draw an arc that cuts both rays at A and B.
(ii) With B as the centre, draw an arc whose radius is more than half of the length of AB.
(iii) With A as the centre, with the same radius, cut an arc in the interior of ∠BOA
(iv) Mark point of intersection as C. Then, OC is the angle bisector.

For More Information On Angle Bisector, Watch The Below

Video.

Construction of 30°, 60°, 90°and 120°Angles

(i) Construction of 60° angle:

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 (ii)
(ii) Construction of 120°angle:

(iii) Construction of 90° angle:

(iv) Construction of 30° angle:

To know more about Construction of Angles, visit here.

Constructing of an Angle with Unknown Measurement

Steps for constructing a copy of an angle with unknown measurement:
(i) Draw a line l and choose a point P on it.
(ii) Place compass’ pointer at A and draw an arc to cut the rays of ∠A at B and C.
(iii) Draw an arc with P as the centre, cutting /at Q.
(iv) Set your compasses to length BC with the same radius.
(v) Place the compasses pointer at Q and draw an arc to cut the arc drawn earlier in R.
(vi) Join PR. This gives ∠P=∠A

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Angles
Angles: Formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint.

To know more about Angles, visit here.

Other Important Links:

Construction Of Triangles Construction Tangent Circle

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