CHAPTERS 1 and 2

FUNDAMETALS
OF TECHNICAL
DRAWING

CINDY I. ARGOMIDO
 CONTENTS

01 • T-square • Drawing Pen 02 • Origin and Development of • Spacing of Letters

• Triangle Set • Eraser Letters • Centering of Titles

• Drawing Pencil • French Curve • Types of Letters Styles • Requirements in Lettering

CHAPTER CHAPTER • Lettering Guidelines • Aspects of Uniformity
• Compass with • Drawing Paper
• Classifications of Letters • Principles Applied to Lettering
adaptor
• Strength of Letters • Pointers in Making Letters
• Protractor
• Proportions of letters
 01

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO DRAWING INSTRUMETS
T-SQUARE TRIANGLE SET

T-square is used to project straight Triangle-set is used to compliment wit the

horizontal lines and serve as a base for T-square or straightedge to draw vertical and

triangles to project vertical/diagonal lines or inclined lines. Triangles are named by the

serves as a base for different templates. size of their acuteangles: the 45°x45° and
the 30°x60°.
 COMPASS WITH
DRAWING PENCIL
ADAPTOR

A very important tool for sketching and making draft or guide A drawing instrument that projects arcs and circles

lines prior to final inking of drawing. It is made of graphite, a and locates angular calibrations and directions on

mineral mined that’s used extensively for prototyping and the drawing. It is also used for transferring

desognong during the industrial revolution measurements as a divider.

 DRAWING PEN
PR0TRACTOR

Used for measuring and laying-off angles Drawing pens are disposable and are
other than those angles available in the substitute for technical pens which are used
triangle or a combination of triangles. for final layout of drawing.
 ERASER FRENCH CURVES DRAWING PAPER

Erasers are used for corrections of pencil French curve is used to project irregular It varies mainly in sizes depending upon the need

and ink on drawings. Keep the eraser clean curves required for a drawing. Wipe the details and specifications in drawing. A 9” x 12”

by rubbing the remaining led on clean sheet French curve with a piece of cloth before drawing paper is considered the appropriate size to

of paper. and after every use. be used for basic drawing subjects for its availability
ang thickness.
 02

CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO LETTERING
Introduction
Lettering is considered "The Written Language of Industry. It is used
as a form of communication from one person to another by using
symbols. As applied into drawing, it gives more information and Cave wall paintings that originated from our
specifications about it and serves as additional notations. It is also caveman ancestors depict crude ideas or
considered as a bridge from the idea of one person to the other. "ideograms" for their offspring and leave
Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a presentable drawing. information for the next generation to see.
One must be exposed to the lettering activities to be oriented on
the quality standard in printing letters
In Old Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), the

Origin and Development of Letters Sumerians used a cuneiform alphabet which

The origin of a written alphabet was not known but relies on predated the Egyptian hieroglyphics and

archeological records. Even in other parts of the ancient world, considered as one of the oldest known system

various locations created their own alphabet to communicate with of writing. Developed around 4,000 B.C.E.

each other and create civilizations.

 Presented are the possible origins of the modern-day alphabet.

Ancient Egyptians. A pre-Phoenician writing called

hieroglyphics, dating about 3,000 B.C.E. was Ancient Phoenicians/Canaanites (Eastern
considered the origin for the modern-day alphabet Mediterranean Seaboard). They modified the picture-
because it included alphabetic symbols for writing of the Egyptians into symbol dating around
consonants and syllabic script for mnemonic, the 1,000 B.C.E using wedge tools. The Cuneiform is a
same as the present letters or alphabet. wedge-shaped writing in a form of symbols

Ancient Greeks. They developed cuneiform into a

Proto-Sinaitic. A pre-Phoenician writing dated 1750
simpler form of writing. The boustrophedon is an
B.C.E. with the use of ideogram and considered the
Early Greek version of simplified wedge-shaped
likely evolution of the Phoenician cuneiform
writing

Ugaritic Writing. A pre-Phoenician cuneiform style of

Later Greeks. A Modern Greek version of simplified
writing dating around 1,300 B.C.E. from the western
wedge-shaped writing
seaboard near Aleppo of the Hittites. It is clearly an
attempt to borrow the idea of alphabetic writing from Latin. A Greek version of simplified wedge-shaped
its hieroglyphics-friendly inventor/s but in a form of writing
writing more familiar to those in the Near East.
 Presented are the possible origins of the modern-day alphabet.

Ancient Romans. Modified bousterophedon into a

more readable type of writing which became the basis
for present-day letters. The Old Roman lettering
served as the basis of the modern-day alphabet
except for letters J and U.

Modern Romans. They simplified the strokes of the

Old Roman lettering into thick and thin strokes. The
Modern Romans is one of the prominent letter styles
used today as part of the vast letter styles used for
modern times.

English. The modern-day alphabet being used today

TYPES OF LETTERS
GOTHIC letter is sometimes called "sans serif" and generally used for posters, billboards, car cards,
signs, and a lot more. It is the most simple and readable among the four groups of letters: It has a uniform
stem
Two forms of Gothic letters:
a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with a heavy stem. It is used for advertisement purposes only.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg
b. Single-Stroke Gothic. It is printed with a thin stem. It is used for engineering drawing purposes.

      

ROMANS letters are not uniform. Each letter has pointed stem which is called "serif" and generally used
for magazines, newspapers, books, headings & formal letters, etc.
Aa Bb Ce Dd Ee Ff Gg
There are three classics of Roman letters:
a. Modern Roman. It is printed in a single stroke using the speedball pen.
b. Old Roman. It is printed by means of layout form using the flexible lettering pen. The thickness of the
thin stem must be half from the thickness of the heavy stem.
c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Romans, it is printed in a single stroke using the speedball pen.
However, this style must be printed in the absence of serif
TYPES OF LETTERS

Text/ Old English

This type of lettering is used for diplomas, certificates, bibles, land titles, citations, greetings, and some wedding invitations

Script/ Copperplate
It is considered as artistic letters for wedding invitations, certificates, diplomas, greetings, invitation, and Christmas cards.

Italic
Most letter styles can be italicized except Old English and are used in headings of newspaper columns, sign ads and
advertisements
 LETTERING GUIDELINES CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS

1. Cap line - the top most limits of all uppercase letters and
ascending lowercase letters 1. Uppercase letters. This refers to the letters which are printed in
2. Waist line - central stem limits for letters E, F, H, P, and B
capital form. It has three guidelines such as cap line, waist line,
and top most limits for normal lowercase letters and base line.
3. Knee line - the limits for lowercase a and e letters
2. Lowercase letters. These are the letters which are printed in
4. Base line - the limits for all uppercase letters and normal
small letters. It should print with the use of four guidelines such
lowercase letters as cap line, waist line, base line, and drop line.
5. Drop line - Lower limits for all descending lowercase
letters Lowercase letter classifications Lowercase Form
a. Ascenders: b, d, k, s a. Straight: 1, k, w, v, x, t, I, z
b. Descenders: g, p, q b. Elliptical: c, e, o, s
c. Normal: a, e, c c. Hook: f, h, m, n, u, y, j, r, g
d. Loop: a, b, d, p, q, g
STRENGTH OF LETTERS SPACING OF LETTERS
1. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with a thin stem.

WELCOME
2. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with a heavy stem. 1. Visual Spacing. The spacing using the types and strokes of

WELCOME letters in a word or phrase.

PROPORTION OF LETTERS
Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The letter is
printed in the normal size. 2. Mechanical Spacing. These are the letters which are printed in

WELCOME small letters. It should print with the use of four guidelines such

Compressed/Condensed. This particular proportion should be applied only as cap line, waist line, base line, and drop line.
when space is limited. The letters are printed with closer distance and its
width is narrower than the normal size.

WELCOME
3. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is more space. The
width of the letter is wider than the height.

WELCOME
 REQUIREMENTS IN LETTERING
CENTERING OF TITLES
TRIAL AND ERROR
Method used when the letters are sketched first on the area. Ease and rapidity of execution. The ability to execute the strokes
without difficulty.

SCARATCH PAPER
The method used if there are extra papers used for lettering and
transferred on the area.
Uniformity. The equality & proportions of letters accordingly to
each other.

REQUIREMENTS IN LETTERING Balance. The stability of letters to each strokes and to each other.

Legibility. The capacity of the strokes to be readable by anay

person.
 ASPECTS OF UNIFORMITY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO LETTERING
To achieve the best in lettering, one has to understand the following aspects.
1. Height of letters. Letters vary in height depending on their importance in a
presentation, such as titles and sub-titles. Good lettering adheres to several principles and techniques:

2. Proportion of letters. Learn the proportion of letters as to its stability and 1. Honor legibility and consistency above all else.

balance - for example in letters B and E the lower part is wider than the 2. Use guide lines (actual or imagined) to ensure uniformity.
Never letter without guidelines.
upper part.
3. Inclination of letters. Formal letters need not be inclined, but if it is 3. Emphasize the beginning and end of all strokes, and overlap them slightly

necessary to emphasize something make sure they have uniformity in where they meet, just as in drawing lines.

their inclinations. 4. Give horizontal strokes a slight upward tilt. If they slope downward, the

4. Spacing of letters. Visual spacing is better than mechanical spacing for it letters will look tired.

looks balanced and equal in gaps. The ideal spacing of letters is letter "I". 5. Give curved strokes a balloon-like fullness.

5. Spacing of words. The ideal spacing of words is letter "O". 6. Give careful attention to the amount of white space between letters. A

6. Strength of letters. The thickness of the stem of letters must also be letter E, for example, will need more space when following a letter / than

proportionate to its height and importance. when coming after an S or T.

7. Type of letter style. The styles that fit to the presentations must be
carefully selected for its specific purpose.
8. Classifications of letters. Capital letters are sometimes used for titles and
headings..
ASPECTS OF UNIFORMITY

1. A drawing can be excellent in most aspect and yet be considered poor

because of improper lettering.
2. Poor lettering can mar a drawing.
3. To achieve excellence in lettering, you needs constant correct practice.
4. Use a style that appeals to you more and one that you can make most
easily.

Several standard computer fonts are similar to architectural lettering and can
serve as guides until manual lettering skills are developed
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254 43 157
PLATE NO. 1 GOTHIC LETTERING GRIDLINES: 4mm x 4mm
USE PENCIL FOR GRIDLINES
USE BLACK INK PEN FOR LETTERING
PLATE NO. 2 GOTHIC LETTERING 2 • TEXT HEIGHT: 3mm
• All letters must be UPPERCASE
• Use pencil for guidelines and black ink pen for lettering

Example format:
Title Height 7 mm
Letters 3mm
PLATE NO. 2 MODERN ROMAN LETTERING
• GRIDLINES: 4mm x 4mm
• Use pencil for gridlines and black ink pen for lettering.
THANK
YOU
CINDY I. ARGOMIDO