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COMPUTER NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Aida A. Nasr
CHAPTER 1:
COMPUTER NETWORK BASICS
LEVEL : TWO

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1-INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER NETWORK Sharing of resources such as printers

Sharing of expensive software and

•1 DEFINITION: database
• A computer network is defined as the
interconnection of two or more
computers. It is done to enable the 2-NETWORK Communication from one computer to
another computer
computers to communicate and share
available resources USAGE
Exchange of data and information among
users via a network

Sharing of information over geographically

wide areas.

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3 NETWORK APPLICATIONS 4-COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

NETWORK
1. Business Applications
online buying 1.Two or more computers
2. Home Applications
2.Cables as links between the computers
mail, chat

3. Mobile Users 3.A network interfacing card(NIC) on each computer

wireless: laptops, PDA, mobile, in plane
4.Switches
4. Social Issues
Sharing information — i.e. data communication 5.Software called operating system(OS)

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6 DISADVANTAGES OF
5-BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
NETWORKS
•Increased speed • High cost of installation

•Reduced cost
• Requires time for the administration
• Improved security
• Failure of server
• Centralized software managements

• Electronic mail • Cable faults

•Flexible access

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COMPUTER CATEGORIES
CONNECTION

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SIMPLEX, HALF-DUPLEX, FULL-

1- CONNECTION TYPE
DUPLEX
• The communication between two nodes can be either simplex, half-duplex or full
• A point-to-point network is a way of connecting two
duplex. In the simplex mode of communication, only one node can send data. In half-
nodes (computer, laptop, mobile device, router, hub duplex, both devices (nodes) can send data but one at a time. In full-duplex, both devices

or switch) through a common medium. The medium can send data at a time.

• When you change television channels by infrared remote control, you are establishing a
can be wired cable or wireless satellite
point-to-point connection between the remote control and the television's control system.

• The medium to make a connection can be either microwave-based

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CHARACTERISTICS OF POINT-TO- EXAMPLE OF POINT-TO-POINT

POINT TOPOLOGY TOPOLOGY
• Some features of point-to-point topology are: -
• The connection between TV and remote control
• High bandwidth
• Easy replacement of node • The connection between AC and remote control
• Connection speed is fast
• Connecting two computers in LAN (local area network
• Troubleshooting is easy
• Maintenance is easy • The connection between a router to a router
• Low latency rate
• The mode of connection is simple
• The connection between a router and a workstation
• Low cost

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UNICAST AND MULTICAST BROADCAST AND MULTI-CAST

• Broadcast or broadcasting refers to transmitting the same message or packets to
A unicast transmission consists of sending messages to a single node on the
multiple devices at the same time. Therefore, all the connected devices receive that
network that is identified by a unique address. An example of unicast message or packets. Thus, this method is also called “all-to-all”. In a Local Area
communication is a telephone call between two people. Network (LAN), it is possible to configure a device to broadcast messages to other
devices on the network.

B Multipoint network (Broadcast and multi-cast) • When a device requests to broadcast, it sends a packet to the network’s broadcast
address. Then a device such as a router or a switch transmits that packet to other devices
in the network.

• All the devices that can receive these packets belong to a broadcast domain.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BROADCAST AND

BROADCAST AND MULTI-CAST MULTICAST
• Multicast or multicasting refers to transmitting the message or packets to a group of devices in
• Functionality
the network simultaneously. Multicasting is secure as only some users receive the packets. As this
method divides a single transmission between multiple users, it minimizes the required • Management
bandwidth. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the most common protocol in multicasting.
• Security

• Traffic
• There are various multicasting-based applications. A user can send an email to some of the
recipients rather than sending emails to all the recipients in the contact list. Webcasts and video • Speed
conferencing also use multicasting

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MESH

A fully connected mesh network,

TOPOLOGY therefore, has [n (n-1) / 2] physical

channels to link it devices

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MESH MESH
•A mesh offers several advantages over other network topologies: The main disadvantages of a mesh topology are:
• Difficult installation and reconfiguration because every device must be connected to every other device.
❑ The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its data load, thus
eliminating the traffic problems that can occur when links must be shared by multiple • The bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available space can accommodate.

devices.
• The hardware required to connect each link can be expensive
❑ A mesh topology is robust; if one link becomes unusable, it does not affect the entire system.
❑ Security, where every message sent, travels along a dedicated line, only the intended
recipient sees it.
❑ Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy.

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STAR STAR
The advantages of star topology are: •The disadvantages of the star topology are:
1. Less expensive than a mesh topology.
1. Any fault occur to the central controller will drop down the entire network.
2. Easy to install.
3. Robustness. If one link fails, only that link is affected. 2. Although the star needs less cabling than mesh, it still needs more cables than ring
4. Easy fault identification and fault isolation. As long as the hub
is working, it can be used to monitor link problems and bypass and tree topology.
defective links.

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TREE TREE
• A tree topology is a variation of a star. However, not every device plugs
directly into the central hub. The majority of devices are connected to a
secondary hub that in turn is connected to the central hub.
•An active hub contains a repeater, which is a hardware device that
•The advantages and disadvantages of a tree topology are generally the same as those of a star. The

regenerates the received bit patterns before sending them out. Repeating addition of secondary hubs, however, brings two further advantages.
strengthens transmissions and increases the distance a signal can travel
between sender and receiver. •First, it allows more devices to be attached to a single central hub and can therefore increase the
• The secondary hubs may be active or passive hubs. A passive hub provides
a simple physical connection between the attached devices. Internally,
distance a signal can travel between devices.
each passive hub contains a set of resistors to balance the circuit linking the
connected devices
•Second, it allows the network to isolate and prioritize communications from different computers.

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BUS
• The preceding examples all describe point-to-point configurations A bus topology on the other hand, is
multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the network. •The advantages of a bus topology are:
• Ease of installation.
• Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps. A drop line is a connection that runs between
the device and the main cable, a tap is a connector that splices into the main. As a signal travels along the • Backbone cables can be laid along the most efficient path, then connected to the nodes by drop lines

backbone, some of its energy is transformed into heat. Therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker the farther of various lengths.

it has to travel. For this reason, there is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance • Use less cabling than mesh, star, and tree topologies
between those taps

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RING
•disadvantages are: • In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point line

1. Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation. configuration only with the two devices on either side of it. A signal is

• A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission, passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it
even between devices on the same side of the problem.
reaches its destination. Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.

When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater

regenerates the bits and passes them along

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RING HYBRID TOPOLOGIES

•The advantages of ring topology are: • Often a network combines several topologies as sub-

1. Relatively easy to install and reconfigure. networks linked together in a larger topology. For instance,
2. Addition or deletion of a device requires moving only two connections. one department of a business may have decided to use a bus
3. Fault isolation is simplified.
topology while another department has a ring. The two can
4. The disadvantage of the ring topology is that a break in the ring (such as a disabled
be connected to each other via a central controller in a star
station) can disable the entire network, and it is a one-way data flow.
topology

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NETWORK TYPE ACCORDING TO DISTANCES PERSONAL AREA NETWORK PAN

• A PAN provides data transmission among devices such

as computers, smartphones, tablets , and personal digital
assistants. PANs can be used for communication among
the personal devices themselves, or for connecting to a
higher-level network and the Internet where one master
device takes up the role of a gateway

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LAN LAN
• A PAN provides data transmission among devices such • The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any
as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistants. PANs can be
group of devices networked together. The devices can
used for communication among the personal devices themselves, or for connecting
use a single Internet connection, share files with one
to a higher level network and the Internet where one master device takes up the
another, print to shared printers, and be accessed and
role as a gateway.
even controlled by one another.

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LAN: PEER TO PEER LAN : CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK

• In a client server network, there are clients and servers. A

client can be a device or a program. It helps the end users
to access the web. Some examples of clients are desktop,
laptops, smartphones, web browsers, etc. A server is a
device or a program that responds to the clients with the
services. It provides files, databases, web pages, shared
resources according to its type.

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LAN : CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK

• advantage of a client server network is that it more secure as the server always
manages the access and security. It is also easier to take backups. On the other hand,
it is not very reliable as a failure in the server will affect the functioning of the
clients. Furthermore, it is expensive to set up and maintain

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