Reviewer in EAPP

L1: The Academic Writing Style

Writing
● A form of human communication by means of a set of visible marks that are related, by
convention, to some particular structural level of language.
● Writing renders language visible; while speech is ephemeral
● Form of communication shaped by:
○ Topic: What is the text about? What details are imparted?
○ Role: Who am I as a writer? Am I a sibling? A student? A customer?
○ Purpose: Why am I writing in the first place?
○ Audience: Who is reading the piece? What knowledge does the reader need to
understand?

Academic Writing Style

● It's used to define the intellectual boundaries of their disciplines and specific areas of expertise.
● It uses a formal tone, use of the third-person , a clear focus on the research problem, and
precise word choice.

Characteristics
○ Planned and focused: answers the question and demonstrates an understanding of
the subject.
○ Structured: is coherent, written in a logical order, and brings together related points
and material.
○ Evidenced: demonstrates knowledge of the subject area, supports opinions and
arguments with evidence, and is referenced accurately.
○ Formal in tone and style: uses appropriate language and tenses, and is clear, concise
and balanced.

Its Difference from Others

○ Formal in style.
○ Based on extensive research and seeks to prove a point.
○ Meant for a specific audience and not the general public.

What does it develop?

○ Critical thinking and reasoning skills, language skills, and research skills (we learn a lot)

L2: Aspects of Professional and Academic Language

Academic Language vs. Professional Language

● Academic language is basically the language used in schools and academic programs.
● Professional language is carried out both in and beyond the workplace.

Important Features of Language

● Formality
- Reflects your dignified stance in writing
- How to achieve this:
○ Expanded modal forms over contracted (cannot > can’t)
○ One-word verb form over two-verb forms:
＝ Gone up → increased, heightened, escalated
＝ Come up with → present, propose, devise, present, recommend,
advocate, introduce, advocate, suggest
＝ Give back → return, restore, repay, surrender, relinquish, yield,
cede
＝ Cut down → reduce, lessen, decrease, alleviate, mitigate,
moderate
＝ Put off → postpone, delay, adjourn,
＝ Look into → investigate, scrutinize, explore, research, study,
analyze, probe
＝ Gone up and down → fluctuate
＝ Taken it back → revoke, retracted, withdraw
o Expanded terms over abbreviations: As Soon As Possible > ASAP
o No to colloquial/trite/idiomatic expressions
● Objectivity
- Writing must be impersonal and maintains a level of social distance
- How to achieve this:
o No to personal pronouns (I, you, we)
o No to rhetorical questions (they don’t promote analytical and critical thinking)
o No to emotive language (I feel you…, That’s correct…)

● Explicitness
- It demands the use of signposts (to give directions). It should be supported by facts.
- Some useful phrases in making explicit ideas.
o This is due to the…
o This resulted in…
o In addition… (furthermore, moreover)
o For example… (for instance, in this case, to demonstrate, to illustrate, such as)

● Caution
- To avoid sweeping generalizations.
- Needs to be observed in the following:
o When hypothesis needs to be tested. (If we are not sure of what we are writing, do
not publish or submit.)
o Drawing conclusions or predictions from your finding that may generalize certain
matters. (If we aren't sure with something, do not jump into conclusion.)
o Referencing others’ work to build on your own paper.

● Structure
- Sentences need to be constructed in a way that they show a level of complexity.
- Nominalization
 ○ Verbs are made central so we have to convert it into a noun.
○ The company created software to manage the transactions successfully.
→ The creation of software to manage transactions was a success.
○ The president announced a three-day holiday in September. → The
president's announcement of a three-day holiday in September was declared.
○ The mall distributed several free items to consumers in the hope to boost
sales. → The distribution of several free items for consumers was done in the
hope to boost sales.
○ The temperature of the planet is rising resulting to global warming. → The
rise of the temperature is a result of global warming.
○ The business report indicates that sales figures are down 10% on last
month, which is worrying. → The indication of the business report that sales
figures are down 10% on last month which is worrying.

The project was implemented to make sure that The implementation of the project was made to
services are not delayed. ensure that services are not delayed.

The investigators established a time to The investigators’ establishment of a time

determine the chain of events relating to the determined the chain of events relating to the
crime. crime.

The committee imposed a seven-day deadline The imposement of the seven-day deadline was
for the members to submit their requirements. done for the members to submit their
requirements.

The artist created a beautiful mural to pay tribute The creation of a beautiful mural by an artist
to the survivors of the disaster. pays tribute to the survivors of the disaster.

The artists’ creation of a beautiful mural paid

tribute to the survivors of the disaster.

A number of students reported several cases of The report of the several cases of theft within the
theft within the area. area was made by a number of students.

- Passivization
○ Results of actions are highlighted.
○ Locate doer > noun > what did they do? > replace 'do' with the verb > then
convert
○ An engineer built a saltwater lamp to help communities with no
electricity. → A saltwater lamp was built to help communities with no
electricity.
○ Several scientists conducted an experiment to examine the effects of
algae on biodiversity. → An experiment was conducted to examine the
effects of algae on biodiversity.
○ People consider that this surgeon is a brilliant practitioner. → It is
considered that the surgeon is a brilliant practitioner. / The surgeon is
considered to be a brilliant practitioner.
 ○ People expect that the electricity supply industry will be running into
surplus capacity by next year. → It is expected that the electricity
supply industry will be running into surplus capacity by next year.

The children gave several inputs to improve the Several inputs were given to improve the
operations of the facility operations of the facility

Nurses conducted workshops for those in far- Workshops were conducted for those in far-flung
flung areas on health and sanitation. areas on health and sanitation.

The company acquired a number of contractors A number of contractors were acquired by the
to render service to its consumers. company to render service to its customers.

Marketers need to make a quota every month to A quota was needed every month to maintain
maintain sustainable growth. sustainable growth.

Guitar players constantly practice to ensure To ensure fault-free performance, guitar players
fault-free performance. must constantly practice.
Constant practice ensures a fault-free
performance.

L3: Plagiarism and Note-taking

What is Plagiarism?
● A serious form of academic dishonesty and is frowned upon in the academe. It is defined as
the copying verbatim of language and ideas of other writers and taking credit for them.

All of the Following are Considered Plagiarism:

● Turning in someone else's work as your own.
● Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit.
● Failing to put quotation in quotation marks.
● Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation.
● Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit.
● Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work,
whether you give credit or not. (20% is the allowable percentage or number of copied
material)

Two Types of Plagiarism:

● Plagiarism of ideas occurs when credit for a work is ascribed to oneself untruthfully. For
instance, if one writes a paper about Einstein's theory of relativity and Einstein's not
mentioned, the writer explicitly/implicitly claims that the theory is theirs.
● Plagiarism of language happens when an author uses language of another writer and claims
it as their own. Copying in verbatim.

Note-taking
● A method of recording ideas, concepts, and information from different sources and authors.
● Different Techniques: Summarizing, Direct Quotation, and Paraphrasing
● Language must observe novelty such that it expresses the ideas of works cited but at the
same time employs the voice of the author.
Citations to Avoid Plagiarism of Ideas
● Three Elements when Citing: Surname, Year Published, and Concept.
● Author-Oriented Citation: Pulido (2012) believes that...
● Text-Oriented Citation: Text here (Estacio, 2010).
● Another Way of Citation/Phrasal Citation: According to Mendoza (1990), insert text here.
● Citation for Movies, Images, and Music: The general use is that the author, title of the work
and year it was produced (if applicable) be included in the citation. The context is basically
everything else in the sentence.
○ Spencer's (2009) "The Matchmaker" ... / "The Matchmaker" (Spencer, 2009) ...
○ Luna's Spolarium (1884) / In 1884, Luna's Spolarium
○ The Beatles' song "A Hard Day's Night" (1964)... / John Lennon and Paul McCartney
wrote the song "A Hard Day's Night" (1964)...

Online References
Videos
What is Academic Writing?
Academic Language
The Basics of APA In-text Citations
Webpage
Four Types of Plagiarism and How to Avoid Them

Notes from “The Basics of APA In-text Citations”

In-text Citation
(authors last name, publication year, page number or other locators) - (Smith, 2014, p.37)
Parenthetical Citation HERE IS YOUR TEXT AND EVERYTHING (Smith, 2014, p.37).
Narrative Citation - some info is incorporated in the text.
As Smith (2014) has shown,...
Smith.... (2014, p.37).

Citing Multiple Authors

Authors First Citation Subsequent Citations

1 author (Taylor, 2018) (Taylor, 2018)

2 authors (Taylor & Kotler, 2018) (Taylor & Kotler, 2018)

3-5 authors (Taylor, Kotler, Li, & Cox, 2018) (Taylor, et al., 2018)
(Taylor, et al., 2018) In the 7th edition

6+ authors (Taylor, et al., 2018) (Taylor, et al., 2018)

For Missing Information

Missing Information Example

Author (Scribbr, 2019) or (Primary Colors, 1996)

Use the organization or title

Publication year (Johnson, n.d.)

Page number (Johnson, 2019, Chapter 3) or (McCombes, 2016, para. 4)

Use the chapter or paragraph number instead

Congrats! You have reached the end of this reviewer. We wish you the best of luck on the exams. Good luck
and may God bless you always! ;”>>