Scribd
Upload
8 views9 pages

Chapter 2

Notes on chapter 2 of forouzan computer networks book

Uploaded by

rajayaseen2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views9 pages

Chapter 2

Notes on chapter 2 of forouzan computer networks book

Uploaded by

rajayaseen2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Chapter 2

Layered models

Advantages of layered architecture

– Complex task divided into smaller tasks


– This modular approach makes each module responsible for a specific part of the model
8
– This separates services from implementation allowing for higher scalability since these do not
7
affect eachother. Abstracting the functionalities from how they are implemented in a system
6
5
4
Principals of protocol layering:
3
2
. Bi-directional communication, each layer should be able to perform two opposite tasks I.e
sending and receiving
. Two objects under each layer should be identical, like in a client server architecture there
should be symmetry between the client and server at each layer of the protocol.

OSI Model

– Made in 1947 by the ISO, the open system interconnection model or OSI for short was made
in 1970s.
– OSI is made up of seven layers

Easy way to remeber these layers is the following saying


2
“Please do not tell secret passwords anyone”
1
. P- physical layer
. D- Data link layer
. N- network layer
. t- transport layer
. s- session layer
. p- presentation layer
. A- application layer
Physical layer:

– Carries individual bits in a frame across a link


– Communication at the physical layer is logical with hidden layer called transmission medium
below it
– Transmission medium carries electrical signals
– Physical layer transforms and sends bits recieved from data link layer
– It defines semantic and encoding types ASK waghera
– Handles raw data transmission

Data-link Layer

– The data link layer establishes and terminates connections between physical connected
nodes and moves data grams across a chosen link.
– It turns data grams to frames for transmission
– It governs error free transmission and encoding, decoding along with organising incoming
and outgoing data

Network layer

– Establishes connection between source and destination


– Handles assignment of MAC and LLC handles framing n flow control.
– Host to host connection
– Routes packets through possible routes
– It uses network addresses such as IP.

Transport layer

– Transport layer segments data into smaller units called segments for transmission and
–
reassembled them at the receiving end
– Also manages flow control to match sending and receiving rates. (Data integrity)

Session layer

– It establishes maintains and terminates communication between two devices, ensures


session remains functional during data transfer and checkpoints incase of interruptions.
Presentation layer

– Prepared data by encrypting, encoding and compressing it to ensure data is correctly


transmitted between devices

Application layer

– End user software operates here, it provides protocols for sending and receiving data and
presents meaningful information to users.
– Protocols used HTTP, FTP, SMTP.
Step by step working of OSI model
TCP/IP model

– Consists of 5 layers

. Physical (bits)
. Datalink (frame)
. Network (datagram)
. Transport (segment)
. Application (combines the missing layers below into it)

You might also like