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Derivative

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23 views2 pages

Derivative

Uploaded by

hersano.michelle.valmoria
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Introduction to Derivatives
 Definition: The derivative of a function measures how the function's output
value changes as its input changes. In simple terms, it represents the rate of
change or the slope of the function at a particular point.
 Notation:
o f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) or dfdx\frac{df}{dx}dxdf represents the derivative of the
function f(x)f(x)f(x) with respect to xxx.
2. Geometric Interpretation
 The derivative at a point on a curve represents the slope of the tangent line
to the curve at that point.
 If the derivative is positive, the function is increasing; if it's negative, the
function is decreasing.
3. Formal Definition
The derivative of a function f(x)f(x)f(x) at a point x=ax = ax=a is defined as:

f′(a)=lim⁡h→0f(a+h)−f(a)hf'(a) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(a + h) - f(a)}{h}f′(a)=h→0lim


hf(a+h)−f(a)
This limit, if it exists, gives the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function
at x=ax = ax=a.
4. Basic Rules of Differentiation
 Power Rule: If f(x)=xnf(x) = x^nf(x)=xn, then f′(x)=nxn−1f'(x) = nx^{n-1}f′
(x)=nxn−1.
 Constant Rule: If f(x)=cf(x) = cf(x)=c (where ccc is a constant), then f′
(x)=0f'(x) = 0f′(x)=0.

 Constant Multiple Rule: If f(x)=c⋅g(x)f(x) = c \cdot g(x)f(x)=c⋅g(x), then f′


(x)=c⋅g′(x)f'(x) = c \cdot g'(x)f′(x)=c⋅g′(x).
 Sum Rule: If f(x)=g(x)+h(x)f(x) = g(x) + h(x)f(x)=g(x)+h(x), then f′(x)=g′(x)
+h′(x)f'(x) = g'(x) + h'(x)f′(x)=g′(x)+h′(x).
 Difference Rule: If f(x)=g(x)−h(x)f(x) = g(x) - h(x)f(x)=g(x)−h(x), then f′
(x)=g′(x)−h′(x)f'(x) = g'(x) - h'(x)f′(x)=g′(x)−h′(x).

 Product Rule: If f(x)=g(x)⋅h(x)f(x) = g(x) \cdot h(x)f(x)=g(x)⋅h(x), then f′


(x)=g′(x)h(x)+g(x)h′(x)f'(x) = g'(x)h(x) + g(x)h'(x)f′(x)=g′(x)h(x)+g(x)h′(x).
 Quotient Rule: If f(x)=g(x)h(x)f(x) = \frac{g(x)}{h(x)}f(x)=h(x)g(x), then
f′(x)=g′(x)h(x)−g(x)h′(x)[h(x)]2f'(x) = \frac{g'(x)h(x) - g(x)h'(x)}{[h(x)]^2}f′
(x)=[h(x)]2g′(x)h(x)−g(x)h′(x)
5. Derivatives of Common Functions
 ddx(c)=0\frac{d}{dx} (c) = 0dxd(c)=0 (where ccc is a constant)
 ddx(x)=1\frac{d}{dx} (x) = 1dxd(x)=1
 ddx(ex)=ex\frac{d}{dx} (e^x) = e^xdxd(ex)=ex

 ddx(ln⁡(x))=1x\frac{d}{dx} (\ln(x)) = \frac{1}{x}dxd(ln(x))=x1

 ddx(sin⁡(x))=cos⁡(x)\frac{d}{dx} (\sin(x)) = \cos(x)dxd(sin(x))=cos(x)

 ddx(cos⁡(x))=−sin⁡(x)\frac{d}{dx} (\cos(x)) = -\sin(x)dxd(cos(x))=−sin(x)


6. Higher-Order Derivatives
 The second derivative, denoted f′′(x)f''(x)f′′(x) or d2fdx2\frac{d^2f}
{dx^2}dx2d2f, is the derivative of the derivative. It gives information about
the curvature of the function.
7. Applications of Derivatives
 Finding Local Extrema: Derivatives help find maximum and minimum
points of functions using the first derivative test.
 Optimization Problems: Derivatives are used to solve real-world problems
in economics, engineering, and physics.
 Motion Analysis: In physics, the first derivative of position with respect to
time gives velocity, and the second derivative gives acceleration.
8. Conclusion
Understanding derivatives is crucial for analyzing and solving various mathematical
problems, especially in calculus, physics, and engineering. Practicing differentiation
techniques and applying them to real-life scenarios will enhance your
comprehension.
Example Problem
Find the derivative of f(x)=3x2+5x−7f(x) = 3x^2 + 5x - 7f(x)=3x2+5x−7.
Solution: Using the power rule:
f′(x)=6x+5f'(x) = 6x + 5f′(x)=6x+5
This concludes the overview of derivatives! If you have any specific questions or
topics you'd like to dive deeper into, feel free to ask!

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