Physical Sciences Grade 10 Term 1 Week 7 - 2021

Directorate: Curriculum FET
SUBJECT and GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 10

TERM 1 WEEK 7
TOPIC CHEMICAL BONDING
AIMS OF LESSON To reiterate the concept of Chemical Bonding and the different types completed last week
To introduce the concept of Metallic Bonding
RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources
Refer to your textbook, find the relevant
sections of the work, work through the notes Use the links to watch the following videos:
and examples and complete the activities What are metallic bonds/Properties of
listed at the end of each section. matter/Chemistry/Fuse School -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S08qdOTd0w0
Chemical Bonding -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DWZFkipYtE
How to calculate Molar Mass Practice problems -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qflq48Foh2w
INTRODUCTION From your previous lesson, you have learnt the following:
Covalent bond – sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms to form a molecule
Ionic bond - the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom to form cations (positive ions)
and anions (negative ions) that attract each other to form a formula-unit.
Lewis diagram - a structural formula in which valence electrons are represented by dots or crosses. It is also
known as an electron dot formula, a Lewis formula, or an electron diagram.
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS PART 1: CHEMICAL BONDING CONTINUED … CAN YOU?
METALLIC BONDING: ➢ Identify the type of bonding between

atoms by identifying the atoms in each
• occurs as the bond between positive ions and molecule/crystal lattice?
delocalised valence electrons in a metal. ➢ Explain metallic bonding?
• Valence electrons or outer electrons are the ➢ Explain metallic bonding by using
electrons in the highest energy level of an atom in diagrams?
which there are electrons. ➢ Compare metals with their properties?
➢ Differentiate between molecules and
Example 1: Metallic bonding in Sodium (Na) crystal lattices?
➢ Calculate the Mr of molecular and ionic
substances?
CAN YOU?
➢ Identify the different types of charges (in

terms of electrostatics)?
➢ Explain the concept of tribo-electric
charging?
➢ Predict, using the tribo-electric series
which substance will lose electrons during
contact and rubbing together?
➢ Predict, using the tribo-electric series
which substance will receive electrons
during contact and rubbing together?
Example 2: Metallic bonding in Aluminium (Al)
How does it occur?
• Atoms of the same metal form metallic bonds

• The atoms are ‘packed’ closely together in a metal (solid structure)
• As a result, their outer orbitals overlap (refer to Example 2 above)
• The valence electrons become delocalised (this means that the valence electrons of the metal atoms
do not belong to a specific atom but moves freely amongst the atoms (refer to Example 1
• The atoms now become positive ions (indicated by the positive circles below) surrounded by a ‘sea’
of delocalised electrons.
• The electrons and the positive ions of the metal are held together by strong electrostatic, attractive
force between them.
• Metals form very big structures of many metal atoms because it can be held together in this way.
Metallic bonds are used to explain the properties of metals:
Properties:
➢ Conduction of heat and electricity: The free-moving valence electrons act as carriers of heat and
electricity.
➢ Malleability and ductility: If you hit a piece of metal with a hammer, the positive ions shift over each
other, but the delocalised valence electrons move between them and prevent the positive ions from
getting too close and then repelling each other. This stops the metal from breaking.
➢ High density: Metal ions can be packed very close together because electrons are very small.
➢ Metallic lustre: Valence electrons are free and do not belong to one specific atom. These free
electrons can absorb and give back light of any frequency. Metals thus gleam in any light.
PART 2
CALCULATING RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (of molecules)
Remember that during covalent bonding, molecules are formed. Did you know that the atoms combine in
fixed ratios, for example H2O is the formula for water and it combines in the ratio 2:1 (2 Hydrogen atoms: 1
oxygen atom)?
To calculate the molecular mass (Mr) for molecules:

1. Multiply the atomic mass of each atom by the number of those atoms in the molecule
2. Add all the masses together
Worked example 1: Calculating the Mr of CO2.

Solution: Mr (CO2) = 12 + [16 x 2] = 44g
Worked example 2: Calculating the Mr of H2O.

Solution: Mr (H2O) = [1 x 2] + 16 = 18g
Worked example 3: Calculating the Mr of SO3.

Solution: Mr (SO3) = 32 + [16 x 3] = 80g
CALCULATING RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (of ionic crystal lattices)
Remember during ionic bonding, crystal lattices are formed. The formulae of the crystal lattices indicate the
simplest ratio in which the ions combine.
It is calculated in the same manner as the Molecular mass explained above.
Worked example 4: Calculating the Mr of NaCl.
Solution: Mr (NaCl) = 23 + 35,5 = 58,5g
Worked example 5: Calculating the Mr of CaF2.
Solution: Mr (CaF2) = 40 + [19 x 2] = 78g
Worked example 6: Calculating the Mr of NaHCO3.
Solution: Mr (NaHCO3) = 23 + 1 + 12 + [16 x 3] = 84g
________________________________________________________
PART 3: ELECTROSTATICS
Electrostatics (or static electricity) has to do with the interactions of charges that are mainly stationary (NOT
MOVING).
All materials consist of very small particles called atoms.

• At the centre of each atom is a nucleus that consists of neutrons that have no charge and protons that
carry a positive charge.
• Outside the nucleus are much smaller particles called electrons. They carry a negative charge that is the
same size as the positive charge of the protons.
• An object that has an equal number of electrons and protons is neutral, therefore the net charge of the
object is zero.
This example contains 3 protons and 3 electrons.
• A positively charged object has fewer electrons than protons. It is electron deficient.
• If it is negatively charged, an object has more electrons than protons. It has an excess of electrons.
WHAT IS TRIBO-ELECTRIC CHARGING?
• Certain materials are more attracted to electrons than others.

• So, when you bring two different materials into contact with one another, some electrons will transfer
from the one to the other.
• The transfer of the electrons from one material to another is also increased by rubbing the materials
together.
Table 1: The Tribo-electric series
Substances higher in the table tend to become positively charged.
POSITIVE END OF SERIES

Human hand
Glass
Human hair
Nylon (e.g. stockings)
Wool
Silk
Paper
Cotton
Steel
Wood
Rubber balloon
Copper, brass
Sulfur
Acetate
Polyester
Polyethylene (e.g. plastic bags)
Polypropylene (e.g. plastic chairs)
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) (e.g. insulation for electrical
cables)
Teflon
NEGATIVE END OF SERIES
Example:
A piece of paper rubbed on glass becomes negatively charged but if the paper is rubbed on a rubber
balloon, the paper becomes positively charged. Refer to the table above.
The substance that loses electrons becomes positive and the other one substance becomes negative.
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 1:
1. Identify the types of chemical bonding in each of the following below.

Hint – determine the type of elements, and therefore atoms, first.
1.1 NaCl
1.2 H2O
1.3 MgO
1.4 Fe
1.5 CO2
2. Fill in the missing word/s to complete the statements.
2.1 Ionic bonds are formed when the electron is transferred from a … atom to a … atom.
2.2 Metallic solids are made up of one … element.
2.3 The combination of atoms formed during covalent bonding is a …
2.4 When an atom loses an electron, or receives an electron, it becomes an …
2.5 Metals have high density because the metal … are packed ….
3. Calculate the Mr of:

3.1 N2O4
3.2 NH3
3.3 CCl4
3.4 H2SO4
3.5 KMnO4
ACTIVITY 2:
1. Write the definitions for the following:
1.1 electrically neutral

1.2 net charge
1.3 like charges
1.4 tribo-electric charging
2. When you rub plastic and wool together, …
2.1 which particles are transferred from one substance to another?

2.2 which substance will lose electrons and become positively charged?
2.3 which substance will receive electrons and become negatively charged?
CONSOLIDATION • Ensure that you understand, are able to identify and describe the different types of chemical bonding
• Link the properties of metals to how metallic bonds are formed
• Remember how to calculate the molecular/formula mass of molecules/crystal lattices
• Understand the two types of charges and what electrostatics is about
• Predict the charges on substances when they are in contact, and then rubbed together
• Refer to your textbook, find these sections of work and complete the activities listed
• Good luck with the lesson and do not forget to ask your teacher for support if you need it!
VALUES ATTENTIVENESS
INDEPENDENCE

Physical Sciences Grade 10 Term 1 Week 7 - 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physical Sciences Grade 10 Term 1 Week 7 - 2021

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physical Sciences Grade 10 Term 1 Week 7 - 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Directorate: Curriculum FET

SUBJECT and GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 10

How to calculate Molar Mass Practice problems -

METALLIC BONDING: ➢ Identify the type of bonding between

➢ Identify the different types of charges (in

How does it occur?

• Atoms of the same metal form metallic bonds

CALCULATING RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (of molecules)

To calculate the molecular mass (Mr) for molecules:

Worked example 1: Calculating the Mr of CO2.

Worked example 2: Calculating the Mr of H2O.

Worked example 3: Calculating the Mr of SO3.

It is calculated in the same manner as the Molecular mass explained above.

Worked example 4: Calculating the Mr of NaCl.

Solution: Mr (NaCl) = 23 + 35,5 = 58,5g

Worked example 5: Calculating the Mr of CaF2.

Solution: Mr (CaF2) = 40 + [19 x 2] = 78g

Worked example 6: Calculating the Mr of NaHCO3.

Solution: Mr (NaHCO3) = 23 + 1 + 12 + [16 x 3] = 84g

All materials consist of very small particles called atoms.

WHAT IS TRIBO-ELECTRIC CHARGING?

• Certain materials are more attracted to electrons than others.

POSITIVE END OF SERIES

1. Identify the types of chemical bonding in each of the following below.

2. Fill in the missing word/s to complete the statements.

3. Calculate the Mr of:

1. Write the definitions for the following:

1.1 electrically neutral

2. When you rub plastic and wool together, …

2.1 which particles are transferred from one substance to another?

You might also like