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Dbms Record4

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14 views6 pages

Dbms Record4

Uploaded by

gopalkrishnamurthy1122
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment-4

Aim – 4.1) Queries using Group By, Order By, and Having Clauses.
Description –
Before Knowing about the Group By , Order By and Having clauses of sql , We need to be familiar
with Aggregate Functions .
 Count() – Count returns the total number of records of specified Attribute
Syntax – count ( attribute ) ;
 Sum() – Sums up all the non null values of specified Attribute.
Syntax – sum ( attribute );
 Average() – The Average is nothing but sum() / count() of the Specified attribute
Syntax – average ( attribute );
 Min() – Min returns the minimum value of the specified Attribute.
Syntax – min ( attribute );
 Max() – Max returns the maximum value of the specified attribute .
Syntax – max ( attribute );
The GROUP BY statement in SQL is used to arrange identical data into groups with the help of
aggregate functions.
Syntax – select column1 , aggregate_function ( column 2 )
from table_name
where condition
group by column1 , column2 ;
The HAVING clause is used to arrange identical groups that are arranged by GROUP BY statement
based on certain condition .
Syntax – select column1 , aggregate_function ( column 2 )
from table_name
where condition
group by column1 , column2
having condition ;
The ORDER BY clause is used to arrange identical groups that are arranged by GROUP BY
statement are re-arranged in ascending order by default using the aggregate function . In Order to
arrange then in descending order we need to use desc keyword .
Syntax – select column1 , aggregate_function ( column 2 )
from table_name
where condition
group by column1 , column2
having condition
order by aggregate_function ( column2 );
Query – select count(Emp_id) from Employees ;

Output –
Query – select max(Emp_sal) from Employees;

Output –
Query – select min(Emp_sal) from Employees;

Output –
Query – select sum(Emp_sal) from Employees ;

Output –
Query – select avg(Emp_sal) from Employees;

Output –
Query – select count ( Emp_id ) , Emp_address from Employees group by Emp_address order by
count(Emp_id) desc;
Output –

Query – select min(Emp_sal) , Emp_address from Employees group by Emp_address order by


count(Emp_sal) desc;
Output –

Query – select avg(Emp_sal) , Emp_address from Employees group by Emp_address order by


avg(Emp_sal) desc;
Output –

Query – select count(Emp_id) , Emp_address from Employees group by Emp_address having


count(Emp_id) order by count(Emp_id) desc;
Output –

Query – select min(Emp_sal) , Emp_address from Employees group by Emp_address having


min(Emp_sal) > 50000 order by min(Emp_sal) desc;
Output –
Aim – 4.2) Queries on Controlling Data: Commit, Rollback, and Save point.
Description –
In SQL , Commit ,Rollback, Save Point comes under the Transaction Control Language which helps
the user manage the transactions that take place in a database .
COMMIT command in SQL is used to save all the transaction- related changes permanently to the
disk . Whenever DML Commands such as INSERT , UPDATE and DELETE are used , the changes
made by these commands are permanent only after closing the session.
Syntax – COMMIT ;
SAVPOINT allows us to divide the databse operations into parts . Using the SAVEPOINT command
in SQL , we can save these different parts of the same transaction using different names .
Syntax – SAVEPOINT savepoint_name ;
ROLLBACK can be used to get the data or restore the data to the last savepoint or last committed
state , If due to some reasons thedata inserted , deleted or updated is not correct , you can rollback the
data to a particular savepoint or if savepoint is not done , then to the last committed state ,
Syntax – ROLLBACK;
(or)
ROLLBACK to savepoint_name;

We cannot perform rollback after commiting any dml statement in database.


Query – insert into Employees (Emp_id,Emp_name) values(112,’Ravi Kishore G’);

Output –
Query – savepoint a;

Output –
Query – insert into Employees (Emp_id,Emp_name) values(113,’Sumanasa Ravi’);

Output –
Query – savepoint b;

Output –
Query – insert into Employes (Emp_id,Emp_name) values(114,’Karunya Prasad’);

Output –
Query – savepoint c;
Output –
Query – select Emp_id , Emp_name from Employees;
Output –

Query – rollback to b;

Output –
Query - select Emp_id , Emp_name from Employees ;
Output –

Query – select Emp_id , Emp_name , Emp_sal from Employees where Emp_Designation =


‘Architect’;
Output –

Query – update Employees set Emp_sal = Emp_sal + 5000 where Emp_id=105;

Output –
Query – commit;

Output –
Query – update Employees set Emp_sal = Emp_sal + 5000 where Emp_id=101;

Output –
Query – rollback;
Output –
Query - select Emp_id , Emp_name , Emp_sal from Employees where Emp_Designation =
‘Architect’;
Output –

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