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Introduction To The OSI Model

COMPUTER NETWORKS

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6 views10 pages

Introduction To The OSI Model

COMPUTER NETWORKS

Uploaded by

adishreeagrawal1176
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to the

OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual
framework that standardizes communication between different network
devices. It describes how data is transmitted across a network in seven
distinct layers.
Layer 1: Physical Layer
The physical layer defines the electrical and mechanical specifications
for the physical connection between network devices. It deals with the
transmission of raw data bits over the physical medium, such as copper
wires or fiber optic cables.

1 Electrical Signals 2 Connectors & Cables


The physical layer specifies It defines the types of
the voltage levels, timings, connectors and cables used
and other electrical for network connections,
characteristics used to such as RJ-45 connectors
represent data bits. for Ethernet cables.

3 Media Access Control


In some cases, the physical layer handles media access control,
which determines how multiple devices share the same physical
medium.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
The data link layer ensures reliable data transmission between two directly connected devices. It manages the flow of data
and provides error detection and correction mechanisms.

MAC Addresses Framing Error Control


The data link layer uses Media Access The data link layer encapsulates data It uses techniques like Cyclic
Control (MAC) addresses to identify from the upper layers into frames. Redundancy Check (CRC) to detect
individual devices on a network. Each Frames include a header and a trailer, and potentially correct errors that may
network interface card (NIC) has a which contain control information. occur during transmission.
unique MAC address.
Layer 3: Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for routing data packets across multiple
interconnected networks. It determines the best path for data to travel
from source to destination.

Logical Addressing
1 The network layer uses logical addresses, such as IP
addresses, to identify devices and networks.

Routing Algorithms
Routing algorithms are used to find the optimal path for
2
data packets, taking into account factors like network
congestion and distance.

Packet Forwarding
3 The network layer forwards data packets from one network
to another based on their destination IP address.
Layer 4: Transport Layer
The transport layer provides reliable and efficient data transfer between
applications on different devices. It handles issues like segmentation,
sequencing, and error control.

TCP Reliable Provides error


Connection- checking, flow
Oriented control, and
segmentation of
data

UDP Unreliable Faster but less


Connectionless reliable; suitable for
applications like
streaming media
Layer 5: Session Layer
The session layer establishes, manages, and terminates communication
sessions between applications on different devices. It allows for the
exchange of data in a controlled and organized manner.

1 Session Establishment
The session layer sets up a communication session,
authenticating users and exchanging security credentials.

2 Data Exchange
During the session, the session layer manages the flow of
data between applications, ensuring proper sequencing
and synchronization.

3 Session Termination
The session layer gracefully terminates the
communication session, releasing resources and ensuring
a clean disconnect.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
The presentation layer focuses on data format and representation. It ensures that data is presented in a format that is
understood by both sending and receiving applications.

Data Encoding Data Compression Data Encryption


The presentation layer handles data It can compress data to reduce The presentation layer may encrypt
encoding, converting data into a transmission times and bandwidth data to protect sensitive information
format that can be transmitted over usage. Compression algorithms are during transmission, ensuring data
the network. This may involve used to reduce the size of data confidentiality and integrity.
converting characters, images, or without losing essential information.
other data types.
Layer 7: Application Layer
The application layer provides services to user applications, enabling
users to interact with network resources. It is the layer closest to the end
user and handles user requests.

Web Browsing Email


Web browsers use the application Email clients rely on the
layer to access web servers and application layer to send and
retrieve web pages, images, and receive emails, managing the
other content. process of composing, sending,
and receiving messages.

File Transfer Database Access


File transfer protocols like FTP and Database applications use the
SFTP use the application layer to application layer to connect to
transfer files between devices on a databases, query data, and
network. perform various database
operations.
Uses across industries
The OSI model is widely used in various industries and applications. From telecommunications and banking to e-commerce
and healthcare, it provides a common framework for network communication.

Data Centers E-commerce


Data centers rely on the OSI model to manage the vast E-commerce platforms rely on the OSI model to enable
network infrastructure that supports their operations, secure online transactions, providing a seamless shopping
ensuring reliable and efficient data storage and processing. experience for customers.
Conclusion
The OSI model is a fundamental concept in networking, providing a structured framework for understanding and managing
network communications.

By breaking down network interactions into distinct layers, the OSI model facilitates the development, implementation, and
troubleshooting of network technologies.

From hardware components to user applications, the OSI model ensures seamless data transmission and interoperability
between diverse network systems.

Understanding the OSI model empowers network professionals to analyze, design, and optimize network performance for
various applications and industries.

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