UNIT - II

• SCADA:
– Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
systems,
– Components of SCADA systems,
– SCADA applications,
– SCADA basic functions,
– SCADA application functions,
– Advantages of SCADA in power systems
 Introduction

• What is SCADA ?

• Where is SCADA Used?

• How SCADA is used in Power Systems?

• SCADA SYSTEM
• Extra high voltage (EHV) transmission network (110kV and above) was
traditionally smart or intelligent with automation and real-time
communication systems integrated for system operations.
• The load dispatch centres or control centres of EHV systems have Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Energy Management System
(EMS) which help monitor and control the power flows in real-time.
• In order to facilitate the functioning of SCADA/EMS, the EHV network have
dedicated communication systems between the control centre and all
generating stations and EHV Substations.
• From the control centre the operators can control generation as well as loads
at the substations.
• SCADA Overview
• SCADA refers to a system that collects data from various sensors at a factory,
power plant, transmission system or in other remote locations and then sends
this data to a central computer which then manages and controls the system.
• SCADA has the ability to monitor an entire system in real time and can run
with relatively little human intervention.
• This is facilitated by data acquisitions from various sensors and meters.
 SCADA
• SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition. SCADA systems are used
to monitor and control a plant or equipment.
• A SCADA system is used to receive reports
from and control industrial sites that normally
do not have anyone on site
• These systems send data to a remote site
where an operator sees the data displayed
typically on a representation of the site
 Real-Time Monitoring and Control
Increases Efficiency
• Access quantitative measurements of important
processes, both immediately and over time

• Detect and correct problems as soon as they begin

• Measure trends over time

• Discover and eliminate bottlenecks and inefficiencies

• Control larger and more complex processes with a

smaller, less specialized staff.
Typical SCADA System
The Structural Diagram of SCADA in a
Power Systems
• Components of SCADA
SCADA has a Master Station and several remote stations that are equipped
with:
• In the Master Station:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Servers
 LCD Screens
• In a Remote Stations:
 Transducers (analog inputs)
 Interposing Relays
 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
 Local Display
 Logger/Archiver
• Functioning of SCADA
 Data Acquisition
 Supervisory Control
 Tagging
 Time Synchronization of RTUs
 Alarms
 Logging (Recording)
 Load Monitoring with Display and Logging
 Trending
• RTUs are installed at field devices - substations and other field equipment.
• SCADA communicate with a large range of external devices like
programmable logic controllers (PLC) and industry specific meters through
the RTUs.
• In order to link up and access with these devices, various open
communication standards are used.
• And these devices need to have a mechanism to open up its parameters (or
data) for SCADA to access - either for read, write or both.
• SCADA assigns a variable or memory location for each individual parameter
or data from each device.
• This variable is called “Tag”.
• “Tagging” means the process of managing tags.
• “Trending” displays provide a powerful means of displaying, evaluating and
selecting data for further processing and analysis.
 Technical Functions of SCADA
systems

 Data Acquisition

 Data Communication

 Data Presentation

 Control
 Data Acquisition:-
• The systems you need to monitor are much more complex than just one

machine with one output. So a real-life SCADA system needs to monitor

hundreds or thousands of sensors.

• Some of those sensors measure simple events that can be detected by a

straightforward on/off switch, called a discrete input (or digital input).

• Some sensors measure more complex situations where exact

measurement is important. These are analog sensors, which can detect

continuous changes in a voltage or current input.

Data Acquisition System
Block Diagram
Data Communication:-
• Need a communications network to transport all the data collected
from our sensors.

• Early SCADA networks communicated over radio, modem or dedicated

serial lines. Today the trend is to put SCADA data on Ethernet and IP
over SONET. For security reasons, SCADA data should be kept on closed
LAN/WANs without exposing sensitive data to the open Internet.

• The remote telemetry unit (RTU) is needed to provide an interface

between the sensors and the SCADA network. The RTU encodes sensor
inputs into protocol format and forwards them to the SCADA master; in
turn, the RTU receives control commands in protocol format from the
master and transmits electrical signals to the appropriate control relays.
SCADA Communications in an
Electric Power System.
Data Presentation:-
• The only display element in our model SCADA system is the light that
comes on when the switch is activated.

• A real SCADA system reports to human operators over a specialized

computer that is variously called a master station, an HMI (Human-
Machine Interface) or an HCI (Human-Computer Interface).

• The SCADA master station has several different functions.

• The master continuously monitors all sensors and alerts the

operator when there is an “alarm” — that is, when a control factor is

operating outside what is defined as its normal operation.
Control:-
• A Sufficiently sophisticated master unit, these controls can

run completely automatically, without the need for human

intervention. Of course, you can still manually override the

automatic controls from the master station.

• For example Electricity production can be adjusted to meet

demands on the power grid.

• A full-scale SCADA system can adjust the managed system in

response to multiple inputs.

 Hardware Components

 Field Data Interface Devices

 Communications Network

 Central Host Computer

 Operator Workstations
 Field Data Interface Devices
• Field Instrumentation refers to the devices that are connected to the
equipment or machines being controlled and monitored by the SCADA
system

• These are sensors for monitoring certain parameters; and actuators for
controlling certain modules of the system.Generally CT’s and PT’s in power
systems

• One or more field data interface devices, usually RTUs, or PLCs, which
interface to field sensing devices and local control switchboxes and valve
actuators.

• Before any automation or remote monitoring can be achieved, the

information that is passed to and from the field data interface devices
must be converted to a form that is compatible with the language of the
SCADA system
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU):-
Incoming Signals Into RTU
Outgoing Signals From RTU
RTU as a Blackbox
 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Features:-

• Sufficient capacity

• Rugged construction

• Secure, redundant power supply.

• Multiple communication ports

• Control functions

• Real-time clock for accurate date/time stamping of reports.

• Watchdog timer.
 Communication System for SCADA

• SCADA require dedicated and reliable communication systems between

various field devices (RTU) and the Master Station.
• Traditionally electric utilities used Power Line Carrier (PLC) communications
in the past. The analog PLC could support limited bandwidth. PLC based
SCADA are still in operation in many places.
• Other communication options for SCADA are:
 Fiber Optic Cables (optic fiber ground wire or OPGW can be used as
earth wire on EHV lines)
 Microwave Communication
 Satellite Communication
 PSTN or public telecom network can also be leveraged by leasing
dedicated communication links from telecom operators (MPLS networks)
 Communications Network
• A communications system used to transfer
data between field data interface devices
and control units and the computers in the
SCADA central host. The system can be radio,
telephone, cable, satellite, etc., or any
combination of these.
TYPICAL RADIO CONFIGURATION
Communication Protocols:

 MODBUS
 DNP 3.0
 IEC 60870-5-Series
 IEC 61850/UCA 2.0
 Ethernet

29
 Modbus protocol:-
• It is one of the oldest protocols in the industrial
environment and was designed by Modicon for
programmable logic controllers (PLC).
• Modbus allows for communication between many
devices connected to the same network, for example a
system that measures temperature and humidity and
communicates the results to a computer.
• Modbus is often used to connect a supervisory
computer with a remote terminal unit (RTU) in
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
systems.
 DNP 3.0 (distriduted network
protocol) :-
• DNP3 was designed to optimize the
transmission of data acquisition
information and control commands from
one computer to another. It is intended for
SCADA (Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition) applications.
• The reasons for the adoption of DNP3 by
users are primarily:
1. It is an open protocol
2. It is optimized for SCADA communications
3. It is supported by a substantial number of
4. SCADA equipment manufacturers
5. It will provide immediate and long-term benefits to
users
 Technical details:-
• DNP3 is, in standard networking terms, mostly a
layer 2 protocol. It provides multiplexing, data
fragmentation, error checking, link control,
prioritization, and layer 2 addressing services for
user data.
• The DNP3 protocol supports time synchronization
with an RTU. The DNP Protocol has time stamped
variants of all point data objects so that even with
infrequent RTU polling, it is still possible to
receive enough data to reconstruct a sequence of
events of what happened in between the polls.
 Central Host Computer
• The central host computer or master station is most often a single
computer or a network of computer servers that provide a man-machine
operator interface to the SCADA system.

• The computers process the information received from and sent to the RTU
sites and present it to human operators in a form that the operators can
work with.

• Operator terminals are connected to the central host computer by a

LAN/WAN so that the viewing screens and associated data can be
displayed for the operators.

• A central host computer server or servers (sometimes called a SCADA

Center, master station, or Master Terminal Unit (MTU))
SCADA Master Terminal Unit(MTU)
• The master station consists of computer
hardware, SCADA software and application
software.
• Computer hardware would include the computer
processors, main memory, interface cards, disk
drives, tape or floppy backup units, color graphic
CRTs and printers.
SCADA Master Terminal Unit(MTU)
• SCADA software would accomplish the basic functions of
user interface (UI) or servicing the colour graphic CRTs,
scanning the RTUs, real-time data base, alarming, historical
data collection, report generation, areas of responsibility
and on-line data base and display editors.

• Application software would include functions such as peak

demand monitoring, voltage reduction, load management,
power factor correction, sequence-of events, automatic
generation control, etc.
 SCADA Master Terminal Unit(MTU)
Features:-
• Derived Control functions

• Automatic pager and email alarm notification

• Robust data presentation options

• Nuisance alarm filtering

• Expansion options

• Backup master support

• Support for a variety of protocols and devices

 Operator Workstations
• Operator workstations are most often computer terminals that are
networked with the SCADA central host computer. The central host
computer acts as a server for the SCADA application, and the operator
terminals are clients that request and send information to the central
host computer based on the request and action of the operators.

• A collection of standard and/or custom software [sometimes called

Human Machine Interface (HMI) software or Man Machine Interface
(MMI) software] systems used to provide the SCADA central host and
operator terminal application, support the communications system, and
monitor and control remotely located field data interface devices
 Software Components
• Central host computer operating system
• Operator terminal operating system
• Central host computer application
• Communications protocol drivers
• Operator terminal application
• Communications network management
software
• RTU automation software
 SCADA Architectures

 First Generation – Monolithic

 Second Generation – Distributed

 Third Generation – Networked

Monolithic SCADA Systems
Distributed SCADA Systems
Networked SCADA Systems
 SCADA Applications:-
 Water Management Systems.
 Electric Power.
 Traffic Signals.
 Mass Transit Systems.
 Environmental Control Systems.
 Manufacturing Systems.
 Transmission, Generation, Distribution system.
 Mining plants,
 water and electrical utility installations to oil gas
plants.
Application of SCADA in
power systems power
control
 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
What is pmu ?

• They are devices which use synchronization

signals from the global positioning system (GPS)
satellites and provide the phasor voltages and
currents measured at a given substation.
 Why PMU?
• Limitations of SCADA
- Measurements obtained at slower rate (1 sample/1-4s)
- Measurements are not time synchronised
- Does not provide dynamic behaviour of system
- Limited situational awareness conveyed to the operator
- SCADA is ‘X-ray’ of power grid where PMU is ‘MRI’

• August 14, 2003 blackout:

- Problems developed hours before the system collapse
- System operators were unaware of overall worsening
system conditions
Phasor Measurement Units PMUs

input output
PMU
Secondary Corresponding
Voltage or
sides of the
Current phasors
3Φ P.T. or
C.T.
 Phasor Measurement Unit(PMU)

Block diagram of the Phasor Measurement Unit

 Applications of PMU in power
System
1. Adaptive relaying
2. Instability prediction
3. State estimation
4. Improved control
5. Fault recording
6. Disturbance recording
7. Transmission and generation modeling verification
8. Wide area Protection
9. Fault location
Comparisions:-
 Conclusion:-
• There are thousands of SCADA systems installed and they
can be completely different from each other, in terms of
their structures but they all have common elements and a
common purpose – to supervise control and collect data.
• SCADA systems are used for Automation of Transmission
and Distribution substations, EMS
• SCADA system monitors and control the state of any
system.