201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 Coventry University

Tutorial 1
1. The circuit below uses an op amp that is ideal except for having a finite gain A.
Measurements indicate vo = 3.5 V when vi = 3.5 V. What is the op amp gain A (show
your justification)?

U1

Vo
1M
Vi 1k

(Hints:
i) determine voltages at V+ and V- (need to consider opamp characteristics!)
ii) determine the opamp gain.)

Assume op-amp is ideal, op-amp input resistance.

Can be assumed infinite
1𝑘
𝑉+ = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖 ( ) ; 𝑉− = 0 (𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑)
1𝑀+1𝑘
Assume op-amp is ideal, op-amp input resistance can be assumed infinite
1𝑘
𝑉+ = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖 ( ) ; 𝑉− = 0 (𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑)
1𝑀+1𝑘
1𝑘
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴(𝑉+ − 𝑉− ) = 𝐴 × 𝑉𝑖 ( );
1𝑀+1𝑘
𝑉 1𝑀+1𝑘
𝐴 = ( 𝑜 )( )
𝑉𝑖 1𝑘

Given vo = vi =3.5 V, therefore op-amp gain

𝑉 1𝑀+1𝑘 1001000
𝐴 = ( 𝑜) ( )=( ) = 1001
𝑉 𝑖 1𝑘 1000

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201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 Coventry University
2. Assuming ideal op amps, find the voltage gain Vo/Vi and input resistance Rin of each of the
circuits below:

(a)
a)
𝑉𝑖
Vi 100k 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = = 10 𝑘Ω
𝐼𝑖
10k
Vo 𝑉 −100𝑘
𝐴 = 𝑉𝑜 = 10𝑘
= −10
𝑖

(b) b)
If the op-amp is ideal it has 0 Ω output impedance.
100k Hence the 10 K resistor connected on the output
Vi
Vo makes no difference.
10k
𝑉𝑖 𝑉 −100𝑘
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = = 10 𝑘Ω ; 𝐴 = 𝑉𝑜 = = −10
10k 𝐼𝑖 𝑖 10𝑘

c)
(c)
The V- terminal is virtual ground, therefore the 10 k
100k resistor from it to ground carries no current and
V voltage. It has no effect on circuit operation.
i V
10k 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 10 𝑘Ω
10k o
𝐴 = −10
d)
(d) For ideal op-amp, no current flow into op-amp, hence
the 10k resistor in the V+ terminal carries no current
100k and voltage drops. It makes no difference to the
V amplifier operation.
Vo
i 10k
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 10 𝑘Ω
10k
𝐴 = −10
e)
(e)
𝑉𝑖
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = = 10 𝑘Ω
Vi 𝐼𝑖
Vo
10k 𝑉
𝐴 = 𝑉𝑜 =
−0𝑘
=0
𝑖 10𝑘

(Vo = 0 V, not a useful amplifier)

(f)
f)
100k
Vi Vo For ideal op-amp; V+= V- = 0; therefore Rin = 0 Ω
Since AOL = , gain A= - ,
This amplifier is not a voltage amplifier, it is called
“transimpedance amplifier”, it is a current to voltage
converter. Useful for sensors that result in small
amount of current such and photo sensor etc..

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201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 Coventry University
3. An op-amp circuit is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Derived the equation for Vo in terms of Vin and voltage gain in term of resistors R1 and RF.

Commence on the input impedance, minimum gain and maximum output voltage.

(Hints:
i) Two golden rules
ii) determine voltages at V+ and V- and all the currents.
ii) derive the equation for output.)

The two assumptions for an ideal op-amp are:

i) Assume AOL = ∞, hence V- = V+ = Vin
ii) Assume Ri = ∞, hence IB+ = IB- = 0
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law: IB+

I1 = IB- + If = If , since IB- = 0 IB-

Since current through RF and R1 is the same, Vin

I1 If
hence, using voltage divider rule
𝑅1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = ( )𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐹 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ( )𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (1 + )𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝐹
𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑣 = = (1 + )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅1
The closed-loop voltage gain is positive. ie. The output voltage is
in-phase with the ac input signal.
Since input is connected directly to op-amp non-inverting terminal,
the input impedance is the op-amp input Impedance which is
extremely high.
The magnitude of Av is greater than 1, therefore minimum gain
will be 1.
The output voltage cannot be beyond the saturation voltages,
VSAT.
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201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 Coventry University
4. The typical voltage swing produced by a signal source is ± 50 mV. Design an op-amp
amplifier for this signal with a gain of -150. Assume that the supply voltages are ±10V and
the Op-amp have an output voltage saturated at 1 volt less than the supply voltages.
Determine the peak-to-peak output voltage value and the maximum output voltage values
of this circuit

Rf = 150K

Ri= 1 k 10V
V- Vo
Vin = V+ -10V
50 mVpk

Solution:
Negative gain => inverting amplifier, Gain AV = -(Rf / Ri) =-150
Select Ri = 1K, Rf = 150 x 1 = 150 K
i) Peak-to-peak output voltage
vo = Av * vin = 150 * 50mVpk = 7.5 Vpk , vo(PP) = 15 Vpp
ii) Maximum output voltage
Since no load is connected => max +ve output voltage = 10 - 1
=9V
R
min –ve output voltage = -10 +1 = -9V S A

 maximum Vo(pp) = 9x2 = 18 Vpp or 9 Vpk V

R
I
S VI

maximum Vin voltage swing, Vin(pp) =

18/150 = 120mVpp or 60 VPK. Transducer
B Meter

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201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 Coventry University
5. For the amplifier circuit shown, an input voltage Vi = 1.5 V and Vb = -2 V are applied.
Calculate the following parameters:
a) the gain for signal input vi,
b) output voltage,
c) input impedance for signal source vi.

Solution:
a) Gain of amplifier for signal Vi
𝒗𝑜 𝑅𝑓 100𝑘
𝐴𝑣𝑖 = = −( ) = −( ) = −10
𝒗𝑖 𝑅𝑖 10𝑘
b) Output voltage
gain of dc voltage input
𝒗𝑜 𝑅𝑓 100𝑘
𝐴𝑣𝑏 = = −( ) = −( ) = −5
𝒗𝑏 𝑅𝑏 20𝑘
Output voltage,
𝒗𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣𝑖 × 𝒗𝑖 + 𝐴𝑣𝑏 × 𝒗𝑏 = (−10) × 1.5 + (−5) × (−2) =
−15 + 10 = −5𝑉
Vo = -5 V
c) Input impedance
𝒗𝑖 𝒗𝑖
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = = 𝒗𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖 = 10 𝑘
𝒊
𝑅𝑖

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201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 Coventry University
6. A transducer is characterized by a source voltage, VS = 5V with a series internal resistance of
RS = 2 k. A meter having an input resistance, RI of 10 k is connected to this transducer for
measurement which has, as shown in figure below.

(a) Calculate the voltage shown at the meter.

(b) Suggest a method to improve the measurement accuracy and calculate the new
voltage shown at the meter.

(a) voltage shown at meter

Using Voltage Divider Rule,
VI = [100000 / (100000 + 2000)] x 5V = 4.16 V

(b) Suggest a method to improve the measurement accuracy.

Add a voltage follower between points A- R

S A'
A
A' :
For an ideal op-amp, assume IB+ = IB- = 0. V V+ VI
R
I
S
voltage across, VRS = IB+ RS = 0V.
V+ = VS - VRS = 5V – 0V = 5V
For a voltage follower, the output voltage Transducer Meter

= input voltage as Av = 1.
VI = V+ = 5V

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7. An op-amp sensor amplifier circuit is shown in Figure below. Given the saturation voltages of
the op-amp are ±VSAT = ±VCC = ±15V .

R2
R5

R1 R3
VS VO1
VO

R4
Vref

Figure 6

(a) Derive the expression (transfer function) for the final output (VO) in term of Vs, R1, R2,
R3, R4, R5 and Vref.

(b) Given that the sensor output is Vs and a 1.25V reference voltage source is connected
as Vref , (Vref = 1.25V). Based on the circuit shown in Figure 6, design an amplifier for a
temperature sensor to have a transfer function of Vout = (27.0Vs – 0.18)/0.15. Hence
calculate and chose the standard value for resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 based on E24
standard. Given that R5 =12k.

Solution:
(a) (i) transfer function of the output (VO1) in term of Vs, R1 & R2.
𝑅2
𝑉𝑂1 = − ( ) 𝑉𝑆
𝑅1
(ii) output transfer function
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑉𝑂 = −[( 5) 𝑉𝑂1 + ( 5) 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 ] = ( 5 ) ( 2 ) 𝑉𝑆 − ( 5) 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑅 3 𝑅 𝑅 4 𝑅 𝑅 3 1 4
( b ) Given the transfer function of the sensor amplifier and the derived
transfer function, thus
27.0𝑉𝑠 – 0.18 𝑅 𝑅
𝑉𝑜 = = − [( 5) 𝑉𝑂1 + ( 5) 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 ]
0.15 𝑅 3 𝑅 4
𝑅5 𝑅2 𝑅
𝑉𝑜 = 180Vs − 1.2 = ( ) ( ) 𝑉𝑆 − ( 5) 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅4
𝑅5 𝑅2 𝑅5 1.2
 ( ) ( ) = 180, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) = = 0.96
𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅4 1.25
Let R5 = 12K.  R4 = 12.5k  12k + 0.51K  13k (neariest
standard value)
Let R3 = 1.2K and R1 =1k R2 =18K

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201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 Coventry University
8. Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of a simple op-amp amplifier.

Gnd

Figure 8

(a) State your basic assumptions and derive the voltage equation for both V2’ and
V01 in terms of V2, R1 & R2.
Assume ideal op-amp are used, therefore,
V+ = V- and iB+ = iB- =0.
∴ 𝑉2′ = 𝑉2
𝑅2
∴ 𝑉2′ = ( ) 𝑉01
𝑅1+𝑅2
𝑅1
∴ 𝑉01 = (1 + 𝑅2) 𝑉2

(b) Derive the voltage equation for Vout in terms of V01, V1, R3 & R4. (Hints : used
Superposition theorem)
Consider only V1
𝑅4
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡1 = (1 + ) 𝑉1;
𝑅3

Consider only V01

𝑅4
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2 = (− 𝑅3) 𝑉01

𝑅4 𝑅4
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡1 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡2 = (1 + 𝑅3) 𝑉1 − (𝑅3) 𝑉01

(c) Derive the voltage equation for Vout in terms of V2, V1, R1 R2, R3 & R4.

𝑅4 𝑅4
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 + 𝑅3) 𝑉1 − (𝑅3) 𝑉01

𝑅4 𝑅4 𝑅1
= (1 + 𝑅3) 𝑉1 − (𝑅3) (1 + 𝑅2) 𝑉2

𝑅4 𝑅4 𝑅4 𝑅1
= 𝑉1 + ( ) 𝑉1 − ( ) 𝑉2 − ( ) ( ) 𝑉2
𝑅3 𝑅3 𝑅3 𝑅2

𝑅4 𝑅1 𝑅4
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉1 − (𝑅3) (𝑅2) 𝑉2 + (𝑅3) (𝑉1 − 𝑉2)

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201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 Coventry University
(d) State the condition that the above output equation can be converted into a
differentiate amplifier equation ie. Vout = k (V1 – V2).
𝑅4 𝑅1 𝑅4
∵ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉1 − (𝑅3) (𝑅2) 𝑉2 + (𝑅3) (𝑉1 − 𝑉2)

𝑅4 𝑅1 𝑅4
𝑖𝑓 (𝑅3) (𝑅2) = 1 ⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 + (𝑅3)(𝑉1 − 𝑉2)

𝑅4
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 + 𝑅3) (𝑉1 − 𝑉2) = 𝑘(𝑉1 − 𝑉2)

𝑅4 𝑅1
(𝑅3) (𝑅2) = 1 if R2=R4 and R1=R3

(e) Given R4=20k and R1=5k, what would be the voltage equation for Vout in terms of
V2, V1?
𝑅4
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 + 𝑅3)(𝑉1 − 𝑉2)

20
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 + 5
) (𝑉1 − 𝑉2) = 5(𝑉1 − 𝑉2)

**** End ****

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