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FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE
BIO095 (FOUNDATION BIOLOGY II)
JAN 2023 – JUN 2023

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Credit Unit : 5 hours/week

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Contact Hour : Lecture (3hrs/week), Practical (1hr/week) & Tutorial (1 hr/week)

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Course Description : This course contains eight chapters which include genetic inheritance and genetic control, gene technology, homeostasis, reproductive

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system, hormonal and nervous communication, circulatory system, immune system and respiratory system. These topics examine the
inheritance, gene expression and regulation, DNA technology and physiology of humans and selected organisms.

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WEEK DATE TOPIC / SUBTOPIC DESCRIPTIONS LEARNING OUTCOMES
1 30 January- 3 Briefing and Introduction

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February 2023
Chapter 1: Genetic Inheritance and Genetic Control

1.1 Mendelian Genetics N 1. Explain the important terms in genetics.

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1.1.1 Monohybrid inheritance
1.1.2 Dihybrid inheritance 2. Describe Mendel’s Principles: Law of Segregation and Law
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of Independent Assortment.
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1.1.3 Extension of Mendelian genetics

3. Explain examples of extended Mendelian genetics.
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4. Describe human pedigree analysis.

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2 6 – 10 February 2023 Chapter 1: Genetic Inheritance and Genetic Control

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(Thaipusam
Replacement 6 Feb) 1.2 DNA structure and replication 5. Describe in brief the structure of DNA double helix.

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6. Cite evidence from Meselson and Stahl’s experiment

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regarding DNA replication.

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7. Describe DNA replication: synthesis of leading strand and
lagging strand.

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1.3 Protein synthesis: transcription and translation 8. Explain the nature of the genetic code.

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1.3.1 Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 9. Explain the process of protein synthesis.

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1.3.2 Translation: initiation, elongation and
termination steps

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3 13 - 17 February 2023 Chapter 1: Genetic Inheritance and Genetic Control

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1.4 Gene regulation and expression 10. Explain the concept of operon and gene regulation.

1.5 Mutation 11. Describe the mechanism of lac operon in the presence and
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12. Define mutation.
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13. Describe the types of mutation.
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1.6 Population genetics 14. Define gene population.

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1.6.1 Gene population 15. Describe the Hardy-Weinberg principle.

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1.6.2 Hardy-Weinberg Principle 16. Explain the factors that change the frequency in a population.
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4 20 – 24 February Chapter 2: Gene technology

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2.1 Recombinant DNA technology 1. Explain the basic principles of recombinant DNA

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2.1.1 Principle and methods technology.

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2. Describe details on recombinant markers: fluorescent
marker.

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2.1.2 Gene library 3. Explain the use of DNA library.

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2.1.3 cDNA cloning and cDNA library 4. Explain the use of cDNA.

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2.1.4 Application of recombinant DNA technology 5. Discuss the application of recombinant DNA technology.

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2.1.5 Gel electrophoresis 6. Describe the gel electrophoresis technique to separate and
visualize the DNA fragments.

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2.1.6 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 7. Describe the PCR techniques to amplify the DNA.

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5 27 February – 3 Chapter 3: Homeostasis
March 2023

ASSESSMENT
3.1 Definition,
homeostasis
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importance, and mechanism of 1. Explain the homeostasis concept.
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2. Describe the importance and mechanism of homeostatic
Quiz 1: Genetic control system.
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Inheritance &
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Genetic Control 3.2 Negative feedback mechanism 3. Explain the negative feedback mechanism in controlling
(Whole Week 3.2.1 Blood glucose regulation blood glucose level.
During Tutorial)
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3.2.2 Thermoregulation 4. Explain homeostatic processes for thermoregulation

involving form, function and behaviour.
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3.2.3 Osmoregulation of human 5. Describe the structure and function of the kidneys.

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3.2.3.1 Homeostatic organ

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3.2.3.2 Formation of urine 6. Describe the formation of urine.

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3.2.3.3 Role of ADH and aldosterone 7. Explain the role of ADH and aldosterone in urine formation.

3.3 Positive feedback mechanism 8. Explain the positive feedback mechanism: Process of uterus

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contraction and release of milk by oxytocin.

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6 6 – 10 March 2023 Chapter 4: Reproductive system

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4.1 Types of reproduction in plants and animals 1. Compare and describe asexual and sexual reproduction
4.1.1 Asexual reproduction processes.

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4.1.2 Sexual Reproduction

4.2 Types of fertilization 2. Compare and describe external and internal fertilization.

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4.2.1 External fertilization
4.2.2 Internal fertilization

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3. Describe reproduction in vertebrates.
7 13 - 17 March 2023 Chapter 4: Reproductive system

4.3 Gametogenesis
4.3.1 Spermatogenesis
N 1. Describe the human gametogenesis.
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4.3.2 Spermiogenesis
4.3.3 Oogenesis
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4.4 Human reproduction 2. Describe pregnancy and human development.

4.4.1 Process of ovulation
4.4.2 Process of fertilization
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4.4.3 Cleavage and blastula formation

4.4.4 Process of implantation
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4.4.5 Parturition and lactation

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MID-TERM TEST 20 – 26 March 2023

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MID-TERM BREAK 27 March – 2 April 2023

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8 3 - 7 April 2023 Chapter 5: Hormonal and Nervous Communication

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5.1 Major endocrine glands and functions 1. Identify the endocrine glands and describe the actions of their
hormones.

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2. Identify three different types of hormone classes.

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3. Compare the mechanism of action of hormones.

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4. Describe the structure of a neuron.

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5.2 Structure of neuron 5. Describe the processes involved in neural signalling.

N 6. Explain how a neuron transmits impulse.

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5.3 Neuron transmission of impulse
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9 10 – 14 April 2023 Chapter 5: Hormonal and Nervous Communication
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ASSESSMENT 5.3 Neuron transmission of impulse (continued) 7. Explain how a neuron transmits impulse (continued).
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Quiz 2: 5.4 Comparison between hormonal and nervous 8. Compare endocrine with nervous system function (with
Reproductive communication emphasis on humans).
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System
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(Whole Week
During Tutorial)
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10 17 – 21 April 2023 Chapter 6: Circulatory system

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6.1 Open circulatory system and close circulatory 1. Differentiate organisms with circulatory system (open and

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system close circulatory system) and without circulatory system.

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6.2 Single circulation and double circulation 2. Compare single circulation and double circulation.

6.3 Structure and function of the heart and blood 3. Explain the structure and function of heart and blood vessels.

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vessels

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SPECIAL BREAK 22 April – 1 May 2023 (Eid Fitri 22-24 April 2023)

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11 1 - 5 May 2023 Chapter 6: Circulatory system

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(Labour Day 1 May
& Wesak 4 May) 6.4 Heart circulation, cardiac cycle and cardiac output 4. Describe the physiology of the heart and blood circulation.

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6.4.1 ECG (normal and abnormal) 5. Explain normal and abnormal ECG.

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6.4.2 Factors affecting heartbeat 6. Describe the factors affecting the heart beat.

6.5 Cardiovascular disease 7. Describe the diseases related to blood vessels.

N 8. Describe how blood pressure and velocity reflects the
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6.6 Blood pressure structure and arrangement of blood vessels.
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6.7 Diseases related to lymphatic system
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9. Discuss the causes and symptoms of lymphoma and

lymphedema
12 8 – 12 May 2023 Chapter 7: Immune system
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7.1 Three lines of defence 1. Classify the three lines of defence system in human.
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7.1.1 External barrier 2. Describe the three external barriers.

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7.1.2 Internal defence 3. Describe the four internal defences.

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7.1.3 Third line of defence

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7.1.3.1 Components of third line of defence 4. Describe the components of third line of defence.

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13 15 – 19 May 2023 Chapter 7: Immune system

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7.2 Process of humoral immune response and cell- 5. Describe the events that occur during the response.
mediated immune response

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7.3 Homeostatic imbalance in the immune system 6. Discuss immunodeficiencies in human.

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7.4 Infectious diseases 7. Discuss the prevention of certain infectious diseases.

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14 22 – 26 May 2023 Chapter 8: Respiratory system

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8.1 Outline of the respiratory system 1. Explain in brief the various respiratory surfaces in animals.

2. Identify and describe the structures and functions of human

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8.2 Structure of alveolus respiratory system.

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3. State the Fick’s law of diffusion and Dalton’s law of partial
pressure.

capillaries
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8.2.1 Gas exchange between alveoli and blood 4. Explain the process of gas exchange and gas transport.
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8.2.2 Oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin 5. Describe the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin.
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8.3 Breathing cycle 6. Discuss the control of breathing by chemoreceptors.

8.4 Effect of smoking 7. Discuss the effect of smoking.

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8.4.1 Lung cancer

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Revision Week (29 May – 4 June 2023)

FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK (5 – 18 June 2023)
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Course Assessment 100%

Course work: 50%

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Test 15%
Quizzes 5%

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Presentation 10%
Lab Practical 20%
• Guided lab 15%

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• Observation 5%

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Final Examination: 50%

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References:

1. Solomon et. al. Biology. 11th Edition, Cengage. 2018.

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2. Campbell et. al. Biology - A Global Approach. 11th Edition, Pearson Education Ltd. 2017.

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3. Audesirk et al. Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology. 11th Edition, Pearson Education Ltd. 2017.
4. Raven, P. H., Johnson, G. B., Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., and Singer, S. R. Biology, Tenth Edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2014.

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