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Lec 3-Matrix Detrminants, Inverse and Solving System

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25 views11 pages

Lec 3-Matrix Detrminants, Inverse and Solving System

Uploaded by

sithum Marasighe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Matrix determinant, inverse solving

of systems of equations

K. Sajuran
Consultant/Lecturer
Matrix Determinant
• Let A = (aij)n×n be a square matrix of order n , then the number 𝐴 called
determinant of the matrix A.
i. Determinant of 2× 2 matrix
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎12
Let A= 𝑎21 𝑎22 then 𝐴 = = 𝑎11. 𝑎22- 𝑎12. 𝑎21
𝑎21 𝑎22

ii. Determinant of 3× 3 matrix


𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let B= 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 then 𝐵 = 𝑎11(𝑎22 . 𝑎33-𝑎23. 𝑎32) -𝑎12(𝑎21 . 𝑎33-𝑎23. 𝑎31)+
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎13(𝑎21 . 𝑎32-𝑎31. 𝑎22)
Exercise 1
Calculate the determinants of the following matrices
2 3 7 4 2 1
• A= 5 6 9 B= 2 6 2 4 2
C=
5 6
−3 2 8 2 9 7
Properties of the Determinant
A. The determinant of a matrix A and its transpose 𝐴𝑡 are equal 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑡
B. Let A be a square matrix
1. If A has row(Column) of zeros, then 𝐴 =0
2. If A has two identical rows(or columns) then 𝐴 =0
C. If A is triangular matrix, then 𝐴 is product of diagonal elements
D. If A is square matrix of order n and K is scaler, then 𝐾𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑛 𝐴
• Minor and Cofactors
A = (aij)n×n be a square matrix .Then Mij denote a sub matrix of A with order
(n-1) × (n-1) obtained by deleting its ith row and jth column. The determinant
Mij is called the minor of the element aij of A.

The cofactor of aij denoted by A ij and is equal to (-1)i+j Mij

3 1 −1
4 2 A= 2 −2 0
C=
5 6
1 2 −1
6 −5
Co factor matrix of (C) = 2 2 6
−2 4
Co factor matrix of (A) (= −1 −2 −5
−2 −2 −8
❑ Singular Matrix
If A is square matrix of order n, the A is called singular matrix when
𝐴 = 0 and non-singular otherwise.

❑ Adjoin Matrix
The transpose of the matrix of cofactors of the element of A
denoted by adj A is called adjoin of matrix A.

For any square matrix A


A(adj A )= (adj A ) A= 𝐴 I where I is the identity matrix of same order.
Inverse of a Matrix
Inverse of a Matrix
• If A and B are two matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼, then each is said
to be inverse of the other. The inverse of A is denoted by A-1 .

Existence of the Inverse


The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to have an
inverse is that 𝐴 ≠ 0 (That is A is nonsingular).
Reversal law of the inverse of product
If A and B are two non-singular matrices of order n, then (AB) is also
nonsingular

(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1

If A is a non-singular matrix, then

𝐴(𝐴)−1 = 𝐼
−1
1
𝐴 =
𝐴
Solution of System of Linear Equation by Matrix
Method
Solution of the linear system AX= B
𝑎11 𝑥1+ 𝑎12 𝑥2 +…………………𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 =𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1+ 𝑎22 𝑥2 +…………………𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 =𝑏2
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
𝑎𝑛1 𝑥1+ 𝑎𝑛2 𝑥2 +…………………𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛 =𝑏𝑛

Solution of System of Linear Equation by Matrix Method


• The above system can be put in the matrix form as

𝑥1 𝑏1
𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥2 𝑏2
A= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ X= … . . b=
…..
𝑎𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑛
• Method of inversion:
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐵

−1
𝐴 (𝐴𝑥) = 𝐴−1 𝐵

(𝐴𝐴−1 )𝑥 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝒙 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩
Exercise 3:
Solve the below equations using inversion method
𝑥1+ 2𝑥2 +3𝑥3 =5
2𝑥1+ 5𝑥2 +3𝑥3 =3
𝑥1 +8𝑥3 =17

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