Tutorial Questions Solutions
Tutorial Questions Solutions
x y
88 V 1A
x y
Fig. 1
Solution:
(a) Shorting out the 88 V source and open circuiting the 1 A source, we see looking into the terminals x
and x ′ a 50 Ω resistor in parallel with 10 Ω in parallel with (20 Ω + 40 Ω), so
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 50 ∥ 10 ∥ (20 + 40) = 7.317Ω
Using superposition to determine the voltage Vxx across the 50 Ω resistor, we find
50 ∥ (20 + 40) 40
Vxx′ = 𝑉𝑇ℎ = [88 ] + (1)(50 ∥ 10) [ ]
10 + [50 ∥ (20 + 40)] 40 + 20 + (50 ∥ 10)
27.27 40
= [88 ] + (1)(8.333) [ ] = 69.27 V
37.27 40 + 20 + 8.333
(b) Shorting out the 88 V source and open circuiting the 1 A source, we see looking into the terminals
y and y ′ a 40 Ω resistor in parallel with [20Ω + (10Ω ∥ 50Ω)] :
Using superposition to determine the voltage Vyy′ across the 1-A source, we find
27.27 40
Vyy′ = 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 69.27 𝑉 = 1. (R TH ) + [88 10+27.27] (20+40)
= 59.52 V
2. Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 2.
47 k
100 k
a
12 mA
12 V 12 k 10 k
Fig. 2
Solution: We first find 𝑅𝑇ℎ by shorting out the voltage source and open circuiting the current
source.
47 k
47 k
12 mA 12 mA
12 k 10 k 12 V 12 k 10 k
b b
= 8.523 kΩ.
Returning to the original circuit, we decide to perform nodal analysis to obtain 𝑉𝑇ℎ :
−12 × 103 = (V1 − 12)/(100 × 103 ) + V1 /(12 × 103 ) + (V1 − 𝑉𝑇ℎ )/47 × 103
−0.02128 V1 + 0.02128𝑉𝑇ℎ = 12
Vo
10 k 20 k
a
70 V 4Vo
b
Fig. 3
Solution:
To obtain Vo , we apply KVL to the loop.
−70 + (10 + 20)𝑘Ω ∗ 𝐼 + 4𝑉𝑜 = 0
and 𝑉o = 10𝑘Ω ∗ 𝐼
Now 𝐼 = 1 𝑚𝐴
Hence VTh can be obtained as
−70 + 10𝑘Ω ∗ 1 𝑚𝐴 + VTh = 0
To find 𝑅Th , we remove the 70 V source and apply a 1 V source at terminals a-b, as shown in the circuit
below.
Vo
a I1
10 k 20 k
I2
1V 4Vo
b
We notice that V0 = −1 V.
Now,
−1 + 20𝑘Ω ∗ 𝐼1 + 4V0 = 0
𝐼1 = 0.25 𝑚𝐴
1
𝐼2 = 𝐼1 + = 0.35 𝑚𝐴
10 𝑘Ω
1𝑉
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = 2.857 𝑘Ω
0.35 𝑚𝐴
4. For the circuit in Fig. 4, find Thevenin equivalent between terminals 𝑎 and 𝑏.
20 V
a b
5A
30 V
Fig. 4
Solution:
a b
a b
The two 20 Ω resistors are in parallel with each other, hence 20 Ω || 20 Ω = 10 Ω. Now converting
the wye subnetwork to delta, we can simplify the circuit as shown in Fig. 4(b).
To find 𝑉𝑇ℎ , we transform the 20 V and the 5 A sources using source transformation technique. The
circuit obtained is presented in Fig. 4(c).
10 V
a b
I1 I2
30 V 50 V
Fig. 4(c)
Applying KVL to loop 1, we get −30 + 50 + 30𝑖1 − 10𝑖2 = 0
or −2 = 3𝑖1 − 𝑖2 (1)
𝑉ab = 10 𝑉
0.1io
vo
io
2vo
Fig. 5
Solution:
ix
vo
v1 1V
io
b
2vo
At node 1.
At node 2,
10𝑖x + 𝑣1 /20 = 1 − v1
1
ix = 31.52 mA. 𝑅𝑇ℎ = = 31.73 Ω
ix
Norton Theorem Solutions:
6. For the network of Fig. 6, (a) remove the terminal c and find the Norton equivalent seen at the
terminals a and b: (b) repeat for the terminal b and c with a removed.
a b c
2V 0.1 A 5V
Fig. 6
Solution:
(a) Removing terminal c, we need write only one nodal equation:
Vb −2 Vb −5
0.1 = + , which may be solved to yield Vb = 4 V.
12 15
5ix
100 mA 7.5 k
ix
Fig. 7
Solution:
5ix
Vx 100 mA 7.5 k
ix
5ix
Vx 7.5 k 1A
ix
8k I
a
2V 0.001Vab 80 I 50 k Vab
Fig. 8
Solution:
8k I
a
0.001Vab 80 I 50 k Vab
1 mA
Fig. 8(a)
We assume all resistances are in 𝑘 olms, all currents in mA , and all voltages in volts. At node a.
Also,
Vab
𝑅𝑁 = = 100 kΩ
1
To get 𝐼𝑠. consider the circuit in Fig. 8(b).
8k I
a
0.001Vab 50 k Vab IN
2V 80 I
b
Fig. 8(b)
Since the 50 kΩ resistor is shorted.
𝐼𝑁 = −80𝐼, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 0
Hence,
𝐼𝑁 = −20 mA
9. Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit at terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 9.
12 V 12 V
12 V
b
Fig. 9
Solution:
a a
b b
Fig. 9(a)
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 1.2 Ω
To get 𝑉𝑇ℎ we wpply mesh analysis to the circuit in Fig 9(b).
I2
12 V 12 V
I1 I3
12 V
b
Fig. 9(b)
7 −3 −3 𝑖1 12
[−3 ]
7 −3 2 [ 𝑖 ] = [ −12]
−3 −3 7 𝑖3 0
7 −3 −3 7 12 −3
Δ = |−3 7 −3| = 100, Δ2 = |−3 −12 −3| = −120
−3 −3 7 −3 0 7
𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝑉𝑇ℎ = 12 + 2𝑖2 = 9.6 V, and 𝐼𝑁 = = 8A
𝑅𝑇ℎ
10. Find the Norton equivalent of the circuit to the left of the 2 Ω resistor in the Fig. 10.
2V 2A
Fig. 10
Solution:
To find 𝑅𝑇ℎ , consider the circuit in Fig. 10(a).
𝑅𝑇ℎ = (1 || 3) + 1 + 3 = 4.75 Ω
a b
I1 I2 I3
2V 2A Voc
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0
2−𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎
or, + + 2 = 0 (𝑎𝑠 𝐼3 = 2 𝐴)
1 3
Hence, 𝑉𝑎 = 0 𝑉
𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝑉𝑜𝑐 = −2 𝑉