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SOLUTIONS FOR
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INTERMEDIATE
DYNAMICS
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Second Edition

Patrick Hamill
88@
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maa
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 Contents

Chapter 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 1

Chapter 2. CHAPTER TWO PROBLEMS 19
Chapter 3. CHAPTER THREE PROBLEMS 57
Chapter 4. CHAPTER FOUR PROBLEMS 115
Chapter 5. CHAPTER FIVE PROBLEMS 153
Chapter 6. CHAPTER SIX PROBLEMS 181
Chapter 7. CHAPTER SEVEN PROBLEMS 215
Chapter 8. CHAPTER EIGHT PROBLEMS 243
Chapter 9. CHAPTER NINE PROBLEMS 247
Chapter 10. CHAPTER TEN PROBLEMS 277
Chapter 11. CHAPTER ELEVEN PROBLEMS 329
Chapter 12. CHAPTER TWELVE PROBLEMS 367
Chapter 13. CHAPTER THIRTEEN PROBLEMS 393
Chapter 14. CHAPTER FOURTEEN PROBLEMS 425
Chapter 15. CHAPTER FIFTEEN PROBLEMS 465
Chapter 16. CHAPTER SIXTEEN PROBLEMS 495
Chapter 17. CHAPTER SEVENTEEN PROBLEMS 515
Chapter 18. CHAPTER EIGHTEEN PROBLEMS 551
Chapter 19. CHAPTER NINETEEN PROBLEMS 573
iii

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ssm
iv CONTENTS

Chapter 20. CHAPTER TWENTY PROBLEMS 587

mtt
Chapter 21. CHAPTER TWENTY ONE PROBLEMS 607
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 Chapter 1
CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

Problem 1.1. Two ships are sailing in a thick fog. Initially, ship
A is 10 miles north of ship B. Ship A sails directly east at 30 miles
per hour. Ship B sails due east at constant speed vB then turns and
sails due north at the same speed. After two hours, the ships collide.
Determine vB .
Solution 1.1.
xA (t) = xB (t)
yA (t) = yB (t)
where t = total time
Let t1 = time boat 1 sails East and t2 = time it sails North. Then
t = t1 + t2
So at time t we have
yA = 10
yB = vB t2
and
xA = 30t
xB = vB t1
So
xB + yB = xA + y A
vB t1 + vB t2 = 30t + 10
vB t = 30t + 10
vB = 30 + 10/t
1

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ssm
2 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

But we know that t = 2 hours, so

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vB = 35 mph

Problem 1.2. You carefully observe an object moving along the

x−axis and determine that its position as a function of time is given
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by
x(t) = 2t − 3t2 + t3 .
(a) What is the position at time t = 2 seconds?
(b) What is the velocity at time t = 2 seconds?
(c) What is the acceleration at time t = 2 seconds?
(d) How far did it travel between times t = 0 and t = 2 seconds?
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(Note: Distance, not displacement! It might be helpful to plot x vs t
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.)
Solution 1.2. (a) x(t) = 2t − 3t2 + t3 therefore, x(t = 2) =
2(2) + 3(22 ) + 23 = 0
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(b) v(t) = dx
dt
= 2 − 6t + 3t2 ∴ v(t = 2) = 2 − 12 + 12 = 2 m/s.
(c) a(t) = dv
dt
= −6 + 6t ∴ a(t = 2) = −6 + 12 = 6 m/s2 .
(d) A plot of x = x(t) shows that as t goes from 0 to 2 sec, x goes
from 0 to 0.385, then back to -0.385 and then returns to zero. Therefore
the total distance is 0.385+2(0.385)+0.385 = 1.54 m. (Displacement
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is zero.)

Problem 1.3. The first train leaves the station and accelerates at a
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constant rate to its maximum speed of 100 km/hr, reaching this speed
at a distance of 2 km from the station. Five minutes later, a second
train leaves the station and accelerates to 100 km/hr in 4 km. What is
the distance between the two trains when they both reach maximum
speed?
Solution 1.3. At the instant train B reaches 100 km/hr, it will be
4 km from the station and train A will be at 2+v(t − ta ) km from the
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station, where v is 100 km/hr and ta is time for train A to accelerate

to 100 km/hr.
From d = 12 (vf + vi )t and the fact that vi = 0, we deduce that
ta = (2)(2)/100 = 1/25 hour
Also, the total time, t, is 5 minutes plus the time it takes train B
to reach 100 km/hr (namely 2/25 hour) so
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5 2
t= +
60 25
m

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 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 3

Consequently
 
5 1
xa = 2 + 100 − = 14.33 km
60 25
and
xb = 4 km
so distance between trains is
14.33 − 4 = 10.33 km

Problem 1.4. A small helicopter is trying to land on a barge in

the ocean. The propeller delivers an upward force of 36,000 N and
the helicopter is observed to be descending at a constant safe speed
of 3 m/s when it is 100 m above the barge. But suddenly there is a
malfunction and the upward force is reduced to 30,000 N.
(a) What is the mass of the helicopter?
(b) What is the acceleration of the helicopter after the malfunction?
(c) Assume this acceleration is maintained constant during the final
descent. What is the speed of the helicopter when it contacts the barge?
Solution 1.4. (a) If acceleration = 0, Force up = Force down
∴ 36000 = mg so m = 3670 kg.
(b) The force down is still 36000 N but force up = 30000 N. ∴ F =
ma yields a = −6000/3670 = −1.63 m/s2 .
(c) 2as = vf2 − vi2 ∴ (2)(−1.63)(−100) = vf2 − (3)2 ∴ vf = 18.3 m/s
Problem 1.5. You travel a distance d in time t. (a) If you traveled
at speed v1 for half the time and at v2 for the other half of the time,
what is your average speed? (That is, the time average.) (b) If you
travel at speed v1 for half of the distance and at speed v2 for the other
half of the distance, what is your average speed?
Solution 1.5. (a) < v >= 1t v1 2t + v2 2t = v1 +v
 
2
2  
d/2 d/2 d v1 +v2
(b) v= distance/time so time =t = t1 + t2 = v1 + v2 = 2 v1 v2
d v1 v2 2v1 v2
∴< v >= d/2 v1 +v2
= v1 +v2

Problem 1.6. There is a long straight road out in the desert and
it goes through a small town that has just one police car. The police
car accelerates at 2 m/sec2 until it reaches a maximum speed of 200
km/hour. A car full of escaped criminals speeds through the town
at its top speed which is 150 km/hour. The police car, starting from
rest, gives chase. How far from the town do the police catch up to the
criminals?
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4 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

Solution 1.6. At the moment the police catch up to the criminals,

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the distances and total times are equal for the two automobiles.
Let tc = total time for criminals, taveling at 150 km/hr = 41.67 m/s
= vc , and let t1 + t2 be the total time for the police, where t1 is the
time the police car is accelerating, and t2 is the time the police car is
traveling at constant speed of 200 km/hr =55.56 m/s = v2 .
Let dc be the distance traveled by the criminals noting that dc = vc tc
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and let the distance traveled by the police car be d1 + d2 where d1 is
given by 2a1 d1 = vf2 and d2 = v2 t2 .
Note that we can evaluate d1 = vf2 /2a = (55.6)2 /(2 ∗ 2) = 772m,
where vf is the final speed reached by the police car = 55.6 m/s. Fur-
thermore, since vf = at1 we can determine t1 = the time the police car
was accelerating. This is t1 = 55.6/2 = 27.8 s
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So we known d1 and t1 . From dc = d1 + d2 and tc = t1 + t2 we have

41.7tc = 772+55.6(t2 ) = 772+55.6(tc −t1 ) = 772+55.6(tc )−55.6(27.8)

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That is
tc (41.7 − 55.6) = 772 − 55.6(27.8)
and so tc = 55.5s. Therefore the distance from town =dc = vc tc =
41.67(55.6) = 2315 m or 2.3 km.
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Problem 1.7. A police car is at rest at the side of the road when
a wild teenager comes speeding by at 75 miles per hour. The police
car starts immediately and accelerates at 8 miles per hour per second.
At that same moment the teenager steps on the gas, but his car only
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accelerates at 2 miles per hour per second. How far from the starting
point does the police car overtake the speeder? How fast are they
going at that time? Why is the speed you calculated for the police car
unrealistic?

Solution 1.7. Changing miles per hour to feet per second (60
mph = 88 ft/s) we have initial speed of teenager = 110 ft/s and the
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accelerations are a1 = 2 mph/s= 2.93 ft/s2 and a2 = 8 mph/s= 11.73

ft/s2 . When the police car catches up, the positions of the two cars are
the same, and the time is the same, so

d1 = d2
1 2 1 2
a1 t + v0 t = a2 t
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2 2
a1 t + 2v0 = a2 t
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 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 5

or
t(a1 − a2 ) = 2v0
2(110)
t = = 25 s.
11.73 − 2.93
The distance traveled is
1
d = a2 t2 = 0.5(11.73)(25)2 = 3665 ft = 0.69 mi
2
and the speeds of the two cars are:
v1 = v0 + a1 t = 110 + 2.93(25) = 183 ft/s = 125 mph,

v2 = a2 t = 11.73(25) = 293.3 ft/s = 200 mph.

The speed of the police car is unrealistically large because we assumed it
could accelerate at a constant rate. This is not possible, as acceleration
drops off as the speed increases.
Problem 1.8. A brick is on a wooden plank that is resting on a
table. One end of the plank is slowly raised so that it forms an angle
θ with the horizontal table top. When θ = 60◦ the brick starts to slide
down the plane. (a) Draw the free body diagram. (b) Determine the
coefficient of static friction between brick and plank. (c) If the coef-
ficient of sliding friction is one half of the coefficient of static friction,
determine the acceleration of the block.
Solution 1.8. (b) µN = mg sin θ and N = mg cos θ ∴ µ =
mg sin θ
mg cos θ
= tan θ = tan 60◦ = 1.73.
(c) Force down plane = mg sin θ − µmg cos θ = ma Therefore, a =
g(sin θ) − g(1.73/2) = 9.8(0.866 − 0.43) = 4.24m/s2

Problem 1.9. A block of mass M is on an inclined plane with

coefficient of sliding friction µ. At a given instant of time the block is
located at some point on the plane and is moving up the plane with a
speed v0 . (a) Obtain the time for the block to reach its highest point.
(b) Obtain the time for the block to slide back down to its starting
point. (c) Obtain an expression for the velocity of the block at the
time it returns to the starting point.
Solution 1.9. The block moves up the plane until v = 0. The
acceleration of the block can be obtained by drawing a free body dia-
gram. The forces on the block parallel to the plane are friction, given by
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6 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

µN = µM g cos θ and a component of the gravitational force, M g sin θ.

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From F = M a we obtain
M a = −M g sin θ − µN
a = −g sin θ − µg cos θ = −g(sin θ + µ cos θ).
From 2as = vf2 − v02 we obtain
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−2g(sin θ + µ cos θ)s = 0 − v02
and so the distance it goes up the plane (s) is given by
v02 /2g
s= .
sin θ + µ cos θ
The time to stop is given by vf = v0 + at, or
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0 = v0 − g(sin θ + µ sin θ)t
Call this time ttop . That is
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v0 /g
ttop = .
sin θ + µ cos θ
(b) Now the block slides back down the plane. During this part of the
motion the gravitational force still has a component down the plane,
but the frictional force is up the plane. You can easily show that the
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acceleration is
a = g sin θ − µg cos θ.
The time to go a distance s is obtained from
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s = (1/2)at2 ,
since it started from rest. But we have an expression for s and we have
an expression for a, so subbing we obtain
v02 /2g 1
= (g sin θ − µg cos θ) t2 .
sin θ + µ cos θ 2
Call this time to slide back down, tbot , that is
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v02 /g
sin θ+µ cos θ v02 /g 2
t2bot = =
g(sin θ − µ cos θ) (sin θ + µ cos θ)(sin θ − µ cos θ)
v02 /g 2
= .
sin2 θ − µ cos2 θ
(c) The velocity at the bottom is given by
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2as = vf2 − v02

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 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 7

v02 /2g
and now v0 = 0 and a = g sin θ − µg cos θ and s = sin θ+µ sin θ
, so
2g(sin θ − µ cos θ)(v02 /2g)
= vf2
sin θ + µ cos θ
or s
sin θ − µ cos θ
vf = v0 .
sin θ + µ cos θ

Problem 1.10. A railgun is a device that uses electromagnetic

forces to accelerate a body along a set of conducting rails. Assume
a railgun accelerates some object directly upward at 60 m/s2 for 1.5
seconds. The object then coasts upwards to some maximum altitude
before falling back down. Determine the maximum altitude reached.
Ignore air resistance.
Solution 1.10. a=60 m/s2 and t = 1.5 seconds, so velocity as the
body leaves the railgun is v = (1/2)at2 =67.5 m/s. It then rises to
a distance s while accelerating downwards at 9.8 m/s2 . Using 2as =
vf2 − vi2 we have s = (67.5)2 /(2 × 9.8) = 232 m.
Problem 1.11. Atwood’s machine consists of two weights (M1 and
M2 ) suspended at the ends of a string that passes over a pulley. Assume
massless, inextensible strings and a frictionless pulley. Let M1 = 6 kg
and M2 = 5.5 kg. The masses are released from rest. Determine the
distance descended by the 6 kg mass when its velocity reaches 0.5 m/s.
Solution 1.11. Apply F = ma to the two bodies:
T − M1 g = M1 a
T − M2 g = −M2 a
M2 −M1 5−6
Subtract to get a = g M 2 +M1
= g 5+6 = −1/11g
Then, using 2as = vf − vi = (2)(−1/11)(s) = (0.5)2 − 0 we obtain
2 2

s = 1.38 meters.
Problem 1.12. (a) Determine the rotational kinetic energy of a
wheel of your bicycle when your linear speed is 20 km/hour. You
may assume the wheel is a hoop of mass 1.5 kg and radius 30 cm. (b)
Compare your result with the translational kinetic energy of the wheel.
(c) Is the equality of parts (a) and (b) just a numerical coincidence or
is it always true? (d) Would the energies be equal if the wheel were a
disk rather than a hoop?

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ssm
8 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

Solution 1.12. (a) v = ωr. v= 20 km/hr = 5.56 m/s. ∴, ω = 18.52

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rad/s and the rotational kinetic energy is
1 1
TR = Iω 2 = (mr2 )ω 2 = 23.15J.
2 2
(b) The translational kinetic energy is
1 1
TT = mv 2 = (15)(5.56)2 = 23.15J.
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2 2
(c) The two energies will always be the same because
TR (1/2)Iω 2 (1/2)(mr2 )(v/r)2 (1/2)mv 2
= = = = 1.
TT (1/2)mv 2 (1/2)mv 2 (1/2)mv 2
(d) The equality would not hold if the wheel were a disk because
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the moment of inertia of a disk is 21 mr2 so TR /TT = 12
Problem 1.13. The frictional force between water and seabed in
shallow seas cause an increase in the day by about 1 ms/century. De-
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termine the torque that causes this change. Assume the Earth is a
sphere.
Solution 1.13. If the period (T) increases, the angular speed (ω)
decreases. Specifically,
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2π
ω =
T
2π
∴ dω = − 2 dT
T
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Let us write this as

2π
∆ω = − 2 ∆T.
T
−3
Now ∆T = 10 seconds and the time for the Earth to spin through
an angle of 2π is one day or 8.64×104 seconds. Therefore,
2π −3
∆ω = − 2 10 = −8.42 × 10−13 rad/sec.
4
(8.64 × 10 )
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The angular acceleration is

−8.42 × 10−13
α= ,
∆t
where ∆t is the time during which the slowing down process takes place,
namely one century, or 100 × 365.24 × 24 × 3600 seconds. Therefore
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∆ω
α= = −2.67 × 10−23 rad/sec/sec.
100 × 365.24 × 24 × 3600
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 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 9

The torque is given by

N = Iα
2 2
where I = 5
M R2 = 5
(5.97×1024 )(6.37×106 )2 = 9.69×1027 . Therefore
N = 9.69 × 1027 2.67 × 10−23 = 2.58 × 1016 N m.

Problem 1.14. A meter stick has a pivot at one end. It is found

to be in static equilibrium when acted upon by three forces that act
at different points along the meter stick and act in different directions.
We conclude that the net torque about the pivot is zero. Prove that
the net torque about any other (arbitrary) point is also zero.
Solution 1.14. Let the three forces be F1 , F2 , F3 and assume they
are acting at points r1 , r2 , r3 measured from the pivot. According to
the statement of the problem, the torque about the pivot is zero so
0 = Ntot = r1 × F1 + r2 × F2 = r3 × F3
Let A represent an arbitrary point a distance d from the pivot. Let
the vectors from A to the points of application of the forces be l1 , l2 , l3 .
Then the torque about A is
NA = l1 × F1 + l2 × F2 + l3 × F3 .
But l1 = r1 − d and similarly for l2 , l3 , so
NA = (r1 − d) × F1 + (r2 − d) × F2 + (r3 − d) × F2
= r1 × F1 + r2 × F2 = r3 × F3 − d × F1 − d × F2 − d × F3
= 0 + d × (F1 + F2 + F3 )
= 0,
where we used the fact that if the body is in equilibrium the sum of all
the forces acting on it must be zero.
Problem 1.15. To build the pyramids it was necessary to pull
heavy stones up inclined planes. Suppose a 2000 kg stone was dragged
up a 20◦ incline at a speed of 0.25 m/s by a gang of 20 laborers. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the stone and the incline was 0.4.
How much power was exerted by each laborer?
Solution 1.15. From a free body diagram, the force exerted on
the stone has to be
F = mg sin θ + µmg cos θ
= (2000)(9.8)(sin 20◦ + 0.4 cos 20◦ )
= 14000N.
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10 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

The power is given by

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P = F v = 3520 watt.
Divide by 20 laborers to get 176 watts per person.
Problem 1.16. Two wooden blocks, M1 and M2 are sliding in the
same direction at the same speed on a frictionless horizontal surface.
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Let M1 = M2 = 3 kg and assume their speed is 2 m/s. A third block
of mass m = 1 kg is also sliding in the same direction at a speed of
10 m/s, and it collides with the trailing 3 kg block. The third block
is covered with a sticky, gooey substance, so it sticks to the trailing
block. This combination block catches up with and collides elastically
with the leading 3 kg block. Determine the final speed of the leading
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block. (Note that this is a one-dimensional problem. You may find it
easier to solve the problem if you insert numerical values sooner rather
than later.)
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Solution 1.16. The first collision is inelastic. By conservation of
momentum
mv + M1 V1 = (m + M1 )Vc = Mc Vc .
So the speed of the combination block (Vc ) is given by
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mv + M1 V1 1(10) + 3(2)
Vc = = = 4 m/s.
m + M1 1+3
The combined block has mass 4 kg and speed 4 m/s. It collides elasti-
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cally with the leading block. Conservation of momentum gives

Mc Vc + M2 V2 = Mc Vc0 + M2 V20 ,
where the primes indicate final speeds. Inserting numerical values we
have
4(4) + 3(2) = 4Vc0 + 3V20
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1
∴ V20 = (22 − 4Vc0 ).
3
Since this collision is elastic we can use conservation of energy to write
1 1 1 1
Mc Vc2 + M2 V22 = Mc (Vc0 )2 + M2 (V20 )2
2 2 2 2
4(4) + 3(2) = 4(Vc ) + 3(V20 )2
2 2 0 2
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1
∴ Vc0 2 = 76 − 3(V20 )2 .


4
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 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 11

Substituting into the expression for V20 we get

r !
1 1
V20 = 22 − 4 (76 − 3(V20 )2 )
3 4
22 2p
V20 − = − 76 − 3(V20 )2 .
3 3
Squaring both sides
 2
0 2 44 0 22 4
76 − 3(V20 )2

(V2 ) − V2 + =
3 3 9
2
7 02 44 0 22 − 4(76)
V − V2 + = 0
3 2 3 9
V202 − 6.3V20 + 8.6 = 0.
This quadratic has the solutions
V20 = 4.3 and 2.0.
From the statement of the problem we see that the second solution is
just the initial velocity of the block, so the answer to our problem is
V20 = 4.3 m/s.
Problem 1.17. You are driving at 60 mph (=100 km/hr). Your
car’s wheels have a radius of 35 cm. (a) Determine the angular velocity
of the wheels. (b) What is the angular displacement of a wheel when
you travel 1 km? (c) If you slow down and stop in 1 km, what is the
angular acceleration of the wheel?
Solution 1.17. 100 km/hr = 27.78 m/s
(a) ω = v/r = 27.78/0.35 = 79.37 rad/s.
(b) Each turn of the wheel advances it by 2πr=2.20 m. Therefore,
in advancing 1 km the wheel turns n times where n = 1000/2.20=455
turns. Consequently,
θ = 2πn = 2π(455) = 2860 rad
(c) 2αθ = ωf2 − ωi2 . Therefore,
2α(2860) = 0 − (79.37)2
and α = −1.10 rad/s2 .
Problem 1.18. Aeronautical engineers have developed “tip jet”
helicopters in which small jet engines are attached to the tips of the
rotor. One such helicopter is powered by two ramjets. For a ramjet
to develop thrust, it needs to be moving through the air quite rapidly,
and is not efficient until it is moving at about 1000 km/hr. Assume
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12 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

the rotor diameter is 10 meters. Determine the angular speed of the

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rotor when the ramjet is moving through the air at 1000 km/hr.
Solution 1.18. ω = v/r = (1000)(1000/3600)(1/5) = 55.6 rad/s
Problem 1.19. Figure 1.8 shows an object of mass M that is
hanging from a pivot at point P. The three segments have equal length.
(a) Show that the object is in equilibrium. (b) Determine whether or
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not this is a stable equilibrium orientation.
Solution 1.19. (a) Consider the three segments of the object; call
them “left”, “middle”, and “right.” Let each segment have length l.
The mass of each segment is M/3. The torque about the pivot is
the sum of the torques on each segment. Using the formula, torque
= force × lever arm we appreciate that the torque about the pivot by
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“left” segment is counterclockwise (CCW) and given by g(M/3)(l/2) =
M gl/6. The torque about the pivot by the “middle” segment is zero
because it has zero lever arm. The torque about the pivot by the
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“right” segment is clockwise (CW) and equal to M gl/6). Therefore,
the net torque about the pivot is zero.
(b) This is a stable equilibrium because if it is disturbed by a small
CCW rotation, the middle segment develops a non-zero lever arm and
a CW torque. Also, the lever arm of the “left” segment gets a little
bit smaller and the lever arm of the “right” segment gets a little bit
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larger. Consequently, there is a net restoring torque about the pivot.
Problem 1.20. A solid ball of mass M and radius R rolls down
an inclined plane. (a) What is its translational speed when it has
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descended a vertical distance h? (b) Determine its translational kinetic

energy and its rotational kinetic energy.
Solution 1.20. Final kinetic energy equals initial potential en-
ergy ∴, Tf = M gh where the final kinetic energy Tf is the sum of the
translational kinetic energy Tt and the rotational kinetic energy Tr .
1 1 1 1 2 v2
∴ M gh = Tt + Tr = M v 2 + Iω 2 = M v 2 + ( M R2 ) 2
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2 2 2 2 5 r
so
1 1 7
mgh = M v 2 + M v 2 = M v 2
q 2 5 10
gh
That is, v = 0.7
gh
(b) The translational kinetic energy is Tt = 21 M v 2 = 12 M g 0.7 =
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10
14
M gh
The rotational kinetic energy is Tr = M gh − 10
14
4
M gh = 14 M gh.
m

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 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 13

Problem 1.21. A disk of mass 72 kg and radius 50 cm is rotating

at 2000 rpm. (a) Determine its angular momentum. (b) If acted upon
by a retarding force of 20 N acting tangent to the rim of the disk,
determine the time required to stop the disk.
Solution 1.21. (a)L = Iω and ω = 2π2000/60 = 209 rad/s. The
moment of inertia is I = 21 M R2 = 12 (72)(0.5)2 = 9
Therefore, L = Iω = (9)(209) = 1885kgm2 /sec
(b) N = dL
dt
. The torque is N = 20 × 0.5 = 10 Nm. Since torque is
constant, ∆L = N t = 10t ∴, t = 1885/10 = 186 seconds.

Computational Project 1.1. The position of a particle as a func-

tion of time is given by x = 5t3 − 2t (meters). Plot the position as a
function of time for the interval t = −5 sec to t = +10 sec. Using
the relationship v = ∆x/∆t, obtain the average velocity at one second
intervals. Plot the average velocity as a function of time; on the same
graph, plot the analytical expression for the velocity.
Program 1.1. Matlab Program
%cp1.1
for i=1:15
t(i)=-5+(i-1);
x(i)=5*t(i)ˆ3-2*t(i);
end
for i=1:14
midtime(i)=(t(i+1)+t(i))/2;
vbar(i)=x(i+1)-x(i);
v(i)=15*midtime(i)ˆ2-2;
end
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,x)
xlabel(’time (sec)’)
ylabel(’position (meters)’)
title(’Position vs time’)
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(midtime,vbar,’r+’,midtime,v,’b.’)
xlabel(’time (sec)’)
ylabel(’av vel (red) and velocity (blue)’)
title(’Velocity vs time’)
Computational Project 1.2. The velocity of a certain particle
is given by
v = 120(1 − e−t/10 ) + 0.5 cos(t/2)
ssm
14 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

in meters per second. Plot the velocity as a function of time. Determine

mtt
and plot the distance as a function of time by numerically adding up
the area under the velocity vs. time curve.

Program 1.2. Solution:

%cp1 2 Velocity of particle and numerical integration
clear
bb99
delta t=0.1;
t(1)=delta t;
v(1)=120*(1-exp(-t(1)/10.0))+0.5*cos(t(1)/2);
d(1)=v(1)*delta t; %Area under curve
N=input(’input number of iterations, like 1000 ’)
for i=2:N;
88@
t(i)=t(i-1)+delta t;
v(i)=120*(1-exp(-t(i)/10.0))+0.5*cos(t(i)/2);
d(i)=v(i)*delta t; %Area under curve
end
@
totdis(1)=d(1);
for i=2:N
totdis(i)=totdis(i-1)+d(i);
end
subplot(1,2,1)
ggm
plot(t,v);
title(’velocity vs time’)
xlabel(’time (arbitrary units)’);
ylabel(’velocity (arbitrary units)’);
maa

subplot(1,2,2)
plot(t,totdis);
title(’distance vs time’);
xlabel(’time (arbitrary units)’);
ylabel(’position (arbitrary units)’);

Computational Project 1.3. This is a more realistic version

iill..cc

of problem 1.7. In that problem a teenager driving at 33.5 m/s (∼75

mph) speeds past a parked policeman. The policeman and the teenager
then accelerate at given constant rates and you are required to deter-
mine how far from the starting point the policeman catches up to the
teenager. To make the problem somewhat more realistic, assume the
teenager accelerates at aT = kT e−bT t and the policeman accelerates at
aP = kP e−bP t , where kT = 5 mph/s and kP = 10 mph/s. By plotting
oom

the positions as functions of time for various values of bT and bP obtain

reasonable values for these constants. (Make sure your answers are
m
 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 15

reasonable. Eventually the policeman will catch the teenager, but your
answer is not reasonable if the distance required is hundreds of miles!)

Program 1.3. Solution:

%cp1 3
clear
bt=input(’input value of b t, like 0.1 ’);
bp=input(’input value of b p, like 0.05 ’);
dt=0.05; %time step = 1/20 second
t(1)=0; %initial time = zero at(1)=0; %initially neither car is ac-
celerating
ap(1)=0;
vt(1)=33.5; %speed of teenager at initial time
vp(1)=0.0; %speed of policeman at initial time
xt(1)=0.0; %initial positions are set to zero
xp(1)=0.0;
kt=2.24; %Note 5 mph/sec = 2.24 m/sˆ2
kp=4.48; %Note 10 mph/s= 4.48 m/sˆ2
for i=1:2000
t(i)=t(i-1)+dt;
at(i)=kt*exp(-bt*t(i));
ap(i)=kp*exp(-bp*t(i));
end
for i=2:2000
vt(i)=vt(i-1)+at(i-1)*dt;
vp(i)=vp(i-1)+ap(i-1)*dt;
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+vt(i-1)*dt;
xp(i)=xp(i-1)+vp(i-1)*dt;
end
%final speed of policeman must be realistic...in miles per hour it is
vpp=vp(1000)*2.24
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,xt,’r’,t,xp,’b’)
xlabel(’time (sec)’)
ylabel(’distance (meters)’)
title(’Distances for Teenager (red) and Policeman (blue)’)
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,vt,’r’,t,vp,’b’)
xlabel(’time (sec)’)
ylabel(’speeds (meters/sec)’)
title(’Speeds for Teenager and Policeman’)
ssm
16 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS

Computational Project 1.4. A large number of electrons are

mtt
randomly distributed in a small region of space. (The dimension is
not important, but you can assume a cube with side 10 angstroms.)
Numerically determine the position of the center of mass, for 100, 1000,
and 10000 electrons. (You should use a random number generator to
obtain the coordinates of each of the electrons.)
bb99
Program 1.4. Solution:
%cp1 7
n=100;
for i=1:n
x(i)=rand(1);
y(i)=rand(1);
88@
z(i)=rand(1);
end
sumx=0;
sumy=0;
@
sumz=0;
for i=1:n
sumx=sumx+x(i);
sumy=sumy+y(i);
sumz=sumz+z(i);
ggm
end
cmx=sumx/n
cmy=sumy/n
cmz=sumz/n
maa

n=1000
for i=1:n
x(i)=rand(1);
y(i)=rand(1);
z(i)=rand(1);
end
sumx=0;
iill..cc

sumy=0;
sumz=0;
for i=1:n
sumx=sumx+x(i);
sumy=sumy+y(i);
sumz=sumz+z(i);
end
oom

cmx=sumx/n
cmy=sumy/n
m
 1. CHAPTER ONE PROBLEMS 17

cmz=sumz/n
n=10000
for i=1:n
x(i)=rand(1);
y(i)=rand(1);
z(i)=rand(1);
end
sumx=0;
sumy=0;
sumz=0;
for i=1:n
sumx=sumx+x(i);
sumy=sumy+y(i);
sumz=sumz+z(i);
end
cmx=sumx/n
cmy=sumy/n
cmz=sumz/n

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