Art Appreciation

Professor Castro | Midterms Exam Reviewer

● Topic V – Concept of Beauty

Topic Outline:  Concept of Beauty
● Topic I – Introduction  Is Beauty Subjective or Objective?
 Ways of Defining Art - Humes and Kant – Subjective Argument
 Etymology of Art - Plato and Aristotle – Objective Argument
 Philosophy of Arts ● Topic VI – Arts and Education
 History of how Arts is defined.  Arts Integration in Education
 Quotes  Variations on how arts find their way into
● Topic II – Art and the Value of Aesthetics Education.
 Definition of Aesthetic Value - Arts as Curriculum
 Connection of Aesthetic Value to Arts - Arts-Enhanced Curriculum
 Two Fundamental Questions in the Theory of - Arts-Integrated Curriculum
Aesthetic Value  Importance of Art in Education
● Topic III – Art and Mathematics ● Topic VII – Art and Psychology
 Concept of art, mathematics, history, and  How do Arts hold a different meaning for
correlation between math and arts. different people?
 Importance of Math in Art  Who is Hermann Rorscach and the Rorscach
 Leonardo Da Vinci and his discoveries InkBlot Test
 Vitruvian Man and Vitruvius  The Healing and Far-Reaching Effects of Art
 Other artists – Wassily Kandinsky, Piet
Mondrian, M.C Escher, and Tomasso TOPIC I – WAYS OF DEFINING ART
Laurati.
Ways of Defining Art – The expression or use of human
 Contemporary use of Mathematics in Art.
creativity, usually in the form of anything visual, like painting or
● Topic IV – Cultural Relativism in Aesthetics
 Definitions of Aesthetic Relativism a sculpture, results in art that is valued primarily for its esthetic
 Philosophers who have given Influential appeal or emotional impact.
Objectivist Accounts Definition of Art – Obelisk
- Plato = Theory of Forms - Art is a process.
- Immanuel Kant = Formalism - Art is communication.
- Noam Chomsky = Universal Grammar - Art is an expression of humanness.
 COUTURA: Where Couture and Culture collide. Definition of Art – Jean
- Myanmar & Thailand
 Kayan Neck Ring Culture - Deliberate creation of something lovely or
 History of The Kayans significant employing talent and imagination.
 Location Map of Kayan Villages in Mae ETYMOLOGY
Hong Son The word art originally came from the Aryan suffixed
 What are Neck Rings? form of the rood word “ar” meaning “join”, or “to fit together”.
 Kayak Neck Ring Process From this ancient etymon, two Greek verbs are derived,
 Why do Kayan people wear Neck
artizein, meaning “to prepare”, and arkiskein, “to put
Rings? And the different theories
- Africa together.”
 Africa Ethiopia and African Mursi Lip It also originated in Old French art, meaning “skill as a
Plates result of learning or practice”. Then the Latin nominative word
 Mursi Tribe – Its Origin and History Ars, whose accusative form is Artem, which means “work of art;
 Process of Mursi Lip Plates practical skill; a business craft” is then related to the term art.
 Cultural Significance and Symbolism The first known use of the word comes from 13th-
- China
century manuscripts.
 History And Definition of Foot Binding
 Process of Foot Binding PHILOSOPHY OF ART
There are two ways to determine what is defined as Art:
- Philippines 1. The Essential Nature of Art and;
 Skull Molding and its Process 2. Social Importance [or lack thereof]
 Mambabatok Tattoo and its Process Three general ways of categorizing what defines Art:
 Binukot 1. Art as Representation: MIMESIS –
2. Art as expression of emotional content
3. Art as Form

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 Art as Representation: MIMESIS - Plato discussed the nature of art in his work
“All art is but imitation of nature” – Seneca, Moral letters to "The Republic," emphasizing the importance
Lucilius / Letter 65, 65 CE of moral and educational values in art.
- Mimesis, a Greek word, meaning copying or - Aristotle, in his "Poetics," explored the role of
imitation. An idea first developed by Plato. imitation and catharsis in tragedy.
The representation or replication of 2. Medieval Europe (5th century – 15th Century)
something that is beautiful or meaningful. - During the Middle Ages, art was largely
“Art is the unceasing effort to compete with the beauty of flowers defined by its religious and spiritual purpose.
– and never-ending succeeding.” – The Oxbow (The The Church played a central role in
Connecticut River Near Northampton) – Thomas Cole commissioning and defining art.
“Spoliarium” – Juan Luna (1984) - “The Betrayal of Christ” – Ravenna, S
- Art as representation was used for centuries. Apollinare Nuovo
Until roughly the end of the eighteenth 3. Renaissance (14th Century – 17th Century)
century, a work of art was valued on the basis - Renaissance marked a shift towards
of how faithfully it replicated its subject. humanism, with a focus on the study of
What is Good Art? classical art.
“It leads people to place a high value on very lifelike portraits - Example of the artist is – Leon Battista
such as those by the great masters Michaelangelo, Rubens, and Alberti – who emphasized the study of
Velasquez and so on – and to raise questions about the value classical art, humanism, and the pursuit of
of “modern” art. The cubist distortion of Picasso, the beauty.
surrealist figures of Joan Miro, the abstract paintings of - Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks also had a
Kandinsk, the “action” paintings of Jackson Pollock.” – great influence during this period.
Gordon Graham - “Fresco” by Raphael
 “The Ugly Duchess” – Quentin Matsys (1513) 4. Enlightenment (18th Century)
 “Weeping Woman” – Pablo Picasso (1937) - The Enlightenment brought a new emphasis
on reason and individualism, influencing the
idea of art as a form of self-expression and a
Art as Expression of Emotional Content reflection of human creativity.
“Art is a completed pass. You just don’t throw it out into the world - "Critique of Judgment" by Immanuel Kant
– someone has to catch it” – James Turell, Harper’s Bazaar, explored aesthetics and the nature of artistic
2013 beauty as a product of taste and judgment.
5. Romanticism (late 18th – 19th Century)
- Art as an expression core of the romantic
- The Romantic movement emphasized
movement, with artworks having a definite emotion, imagination, and the sublime in art,
feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic. challenging classical definitions.
- Examples are, “The Old Guitarist” – Pablo - Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the
Picasso (1903-04) and “The Starry Night” – People, 1830
Vincent Van Gogh (1889) 6. Modern and Contemporary Art (late 19th century –
present)
- The 20th century saw a proliferation of art
Art as Form movements, including Cubism, Surrealism,
Art should not have a concept but should be judged only on its Abstract Expressionism, and Pop Art,
formal qualities because the content of a work of art is not of challenging traditional notions of art.
aesthetic interest. - Wassily Kandinsky, Thema: Spitz, 1927
 Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) – the 18th-century - Jeff Koons, Easyfun-Ethereal, 2002
German philosopher, who argued for the judgment 7. Postmodernism (late 20th century)
- questioned the idea of a fixed definition of art,
of art using formal qualities. embracing pluralism and the role of context
Elements of Art: Color, Shape, Form, Value, Texture, Space, and interpretation.
Line. Principles of Design: Balance, Unity, Variety, Emphasis, 8. Digital and Conceptual Art (late 20th century –
Movement, Pattern, Proportion. present)
HISTORY OF HOW ARTS IS DEFINED - Advancements in technology have led to new
Throughout history, the definition of art has evolved to reflect forms of art, including digital media and
conceptual art, challenging traditional
changes in culture, society, and artistic movements.
materials and boundaries.
1. Classical Art (5th Century BCE – 5th Century CE)
- In ancient Greece and Rome, art was closely
linked to aesthetics and the pursuit of beauty.
Artists like Plato and Aristotle debated the
nature of art and its role in society.

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 Quotes 5th Century BCE (Ancient Greece)
Canon “rule” of Polykleitos
“Ceci n’est pas une pipe” – “This is not a pipe”  Known for designing aesthetic human sculptures
“The Treachery of Images” Rene Magritte (1928 – 1929) with ideal proportions and balance.
 Suggests the shoulders and hips of sculptures are
Art evokes the mystery without which the world would not exist. positioned in a way that counterbalances tension
and relaxation known as the chiastic balance.
“The Fallingwater” Frank Lloyd Wright (1935) 14th Century
The Renaissance
Art is a discovery and development of elementary principles of  Period of artistic “rebirth”
nature into beautiful forms suitable for human use.  Recognize the close relationship between math
and art.
“Les Desmoiselles d’ Avignon” Pablo Picasso (1907) The Importance of Math in Art
 Can be applied in various ways.
The purpose of Art is to wash the dust of daily life off our souls.  Allows to express beauty.
 Art is motivated by beauty.
Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the  Express and comprehend ideas.
same time. – Thomas Merton
 Explain angles and perspectives.
Art is not what you see, but what you make others see. –
Edgar Degas “Without mathematics, there’s no art.”
– Father of Accounting, Luca Pacioli
All Art is but an imitation of nature. – Lucius Annaeus Seneca
LEONARDO DA VINCI
(April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519)
Art is the signature of Civilizations. – Jean Sibelius
A “Renaissance Man”
Professions:
Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one man
1. Painter
consciously, by means of certain external signs, hands-on to
other feelings he has lived through, and that others are 2. Engineer
infected by these feelings and experience them. – Leo Tolstoy 3. Architect
TOPIC II – ART AND THE VALUE OF AESTHETICS 4. Inventor
Everything has value in many ways. Artworks frequently have 5. Scientist
monetary, historical, or sentimental worth. Although many works 6. Cartographer
of art lack beauty, this value is sometimes mistakenly identified 7. Anatomist
as beauty. Therefore, it is more conceivable that beauty has a 8. Botanist
certain kind of aesthetic value. 9. Writer
Aesthetic Value is worth that an item, circumstance, or state of 10. Philosopher
things possesses as a result of its ability to make the observer
feel either pleasure (positive value) or repulsion (negative Famous Paintings:
value) when viewed or experienced aesthetically. 1. The Last Supper
2. Mona Lisa
Two Fundamental Questions in the Theory of Aesthetic Value:
1. The Aesthetic Question – this question addresses what
Mathematician meets Artist
makes aesthetic value “aesthetic”.
2. The Normative Question – This question concerns
Luca Pacioli & Leonardo da Vinci
what makes aesthetic value “valuable”. After arriving in Milan in 1496, Pacioli formed a very close
connection with da Vinci in which he tutored da Vinci in
TOPIC III – ART AND MATHEMATICS mathematics. The two men had a deep friendship that
Art – Human activities that involve producing visual, auditory, or transcended their mathematical endeavors; their notebooks
performed artworks. Expression, Passion, and Aesthetic. include comments to one another like “Well Leonardo you can
Mathematics – Branch of science that examines the logic of form do more of this on your own” and “Learn the multiplication of
and uses of numbers and symbols. Reasoning. roots from Maestro Luca.”
History and Correlation of Math and Art Mathematically speaking, the duo shared a deep interest in
 Historic Islamic Art geometric shapes. Pacioli successfully taught da Vinci the works
of Euclid’s Elements and less successfully taught him arithmetic
 Egyptian Pyramid
techniques like multiplying squares and square roots.
 Columbian Nazca Lines
During this time, da Vinci created several sketches of polyhedra
that would be featured in Pacioli’s publication De Divina
Proportion.

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  In 1499 the French invaded Milan and the pair was POLYHEDRA
forced to flee the city, eventually settling in - A three-dimensional object called a polyhedron is made up of
Florence (where they lived together). a limited number of polygons. It simply means that it displays a
solid interior and exterior.
GOLDEN RATIO - For many centuries, researchers questioned Piero’s veracity,
- Often referred to as “Nature’s great mystery” but the discovery of three of his mathematical manuscripts at the
or “Universal Law in all forms of nature” beginning of the 20th century helped him establish his enviable
- The Golden Ratio creates the idea of pattern, reputation.
which is an important aspect of art and maths. - When compared to the illustration created by Da Vinci in
- The divine proportion, or golden ratio, is a Pacioli’s manuscript “De Divina Proportione,” which is now
special number that frequently appears in housed in the Vatican library, Piero’s drawing from his
geometry, fine art, and architecture. manuscript “Libellus De Quinque Corporibus Regularibus” bears
- Its value is approximately 1.618. When a line an exact resemblance.
is split into two parts, the length of the whole LINE OF SYMMETRY
line is divided by the long part of the line A line of symmetry separates an object into two parts that are
equals the length of the long part of the line exactly the same.
divided by the short part of the line. This is 1. Vertical Line of Symmetry
known as the golden ratio. 2. Horizontal Line of Symmetry
- According to many academics, Da Vinci may 3. Diagonal Line of Symmetry
have used the golden ratio in many of his VITRUVIAN MAN AND VITRUVIUS
paintings and drawings. For instance, the - The Vitruvian Man was created by Leonardo da Vinci around
Mona Lisa. the year 1487. It is accompanied by notes based on the work of
Perspective: the famed architect, Vitruvius.
“Perspective is nothing else than the vision of a scene behind a - The Vitruvian man is “it’s a study of the ideal proportional of the
flat and clear glass on which we mark all objects that are on the human form.”
other side: they can be connected by pyramids to the center of - Originally referred to as “Le proporzioni del corpo umano
the eye and these pyramids are intercepted by the glass.” secondo Vitruvio.” (Italian) This literally translates to “The
– Leonardo da Vinci proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius.”
- Linear perspective is a mathematical system for creating the - It is stored in the “Gallerie Dell” Accademia in Venice, Italy and
illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. To use linear is displayed occasionally.
perspective an artist must first imagine the picture surface as The Notes around the drawing of Vitruvian Man
an “open window” through which to see the painted world. - “Vetruvio, architect, puts in his work on architecture that the
Straight lines are then drawn on the canvas to represent the measurements of man are in nature distributed in this manner:
horizon and “visual rays” connecting the viewer’s eye to a point that is a palm is four fingers, a foot is four palms, a cubit is six
in distance. palms, four cubits make a man, a pace is four cubits, a man is
- The vanishing point should be located near the center of the 24 palms, and these measurements are in his buildings. If you
horizon line. The vanishing point is where all parallel lines open your legs enough that your head is lowered by one-
(orthogonal) that run towards the horizon line appear to come fourteenth of your height and raise your hands enough that your
together like train tracks in the distance. Orthogonal lines are extended fingers touch the line of the top of your head, know
“visual rays” helping the viewer’s eye to connect points around that the centre of the extended limbs will be the navel, and the
the edges of the canvas to the vanishing point. For instance, space between the legs will be an equilateral triangle”
The Last Supper. OTHER ARTISTS
GEOMETRIC ART Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) – was a Russian painter and
- Geometric Art or abstract uses one or more geometric shapes art theorist.
to elicit a visual response from the viewer. The artwork is  He believed that art could convey emotions and
futuristic, abstract, and colorful, showing different arrangements ideas through non-representational forms and
of shapes. Geometry is the root of many artistic movements, colors.
including Concrete Art, Suprematism, Minimalism, and  Kadinsky experienced a condition known as
Futurism. Geometric shapes are made by combining lines, “synesthesia” where he perceived colors and
triangles, squares, and circles. Geometric abstraction is a type shapes when hearing music.
of art that uses straightforward geometric forms that are vivid,  He published influential books, including
colorful, and intended to evoke a range of emotions. “Concerning the Spiritual in Art” (1910) and “Point
- Leonardo Da Vinci used geometry brilliantly to create his and Line to Plane” (1926), in which he articulated
masterpieces. his ideas about the relationship between art,
- Da Vinci’s collaboration with Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli spirituality, and mathematics.
in writing his book “De divina proportione” increased his interest
in geometry.

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“Concerning the Spiritual in Art”
 Kadinsky developed a theory known as “The
Spiritual in Art”, in which he explored the FAMOUS ARTWORKS OF MAURTIS CORNELIS ESCHER
psychology of colors and how color and form work Drawing Hands (1948) – is one of the most popular artwork of
together to convey emotion and meaning. M.C Escher, it was the first litograph printed artworks on the
 His colour theory centered around two related month of January. The image illustrates a piece of paper with
contrasts: warm versus cool and light versus dark. wrists of human.
 Kadinsky broke down the components of visual art Hand with Reflecting Sphere (1935) – a famous litograph
into three fundamental elements: point, line, and artwork. Escher’s interior studio in Rome that is reflected that he
plane. hold by his hands.
1. Point – The point was seen as the most Others: Relativity (1953), Waterfall (1961), Sky and Water
minimal, atomic element of visual expression. (1938)
2. Line – Lines, according to Kadinsky, had the
potential to express movement and direction. Tommaso Laureti (1530 – 1602) – was an Italian painter from
They could be straight or curved, and their Sicily who studied at Sebastiano del Piombo’s workshop and
arrangement and trajectory conveyed lived and painted in Bologna. In 1582, he started creating work
different emotional qualities. for papal patrons in Rome.
3. Planes – were the largest visual elements, FAMOUS ARTWORKS OF TOMMASO LAURETI
representing fields of color or space. The Triumph of Christianity from the Raphael Room (1585) – which
interaction between planes created spatial depicts Christ on the cross gazing down at it. Its placement
relationships and added depth and dimension suggest that Constantine played a significant role in the victory
to an artwork. it symbolizes, and three of the enormous murals on the walls
below illustrate the Church’s assessment of Constantine’s
FAMOUS ARTWORKS of WASSILY KANDINSKY primary contributions.
Composition VII (1913) – This iconic painting is a prime example Boveda de la Estancia de Constantino, Triunfo de la Religion
of Kadinsky’s use of geometric shapes, including circles, Cirstiana (1582), Horatius Cocles on the Sublician Bridge (1530
triangles, and spirals, to create a visually and emotionally – 1602)
engaging composition. CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATHEMATICS IN ART
Yellow-Red-Blue (1925) – Kadinsky employed primary colors Engineering and Arts
and geometric forms, such as squares and rectangles, in a  In engineering, mathematics serves as the
meticulously balanced composition. foundation of every design and offers the tools and
Others: Moscow (1916), The Blue Rider (1903) techniques required to do their job.
 Especially when it comes to art, it affects artists on
Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) – was a Dutch painter and one of how to incorporate mathematical ideas and
the pioneers of abstract art. theories into their work in order to create more
 He believed that the harmony and order found in intricate and high-quality designs.
mathematical principles could be applied to art to  Abstraction – Use of shapes, lines, colors, and
create a sense of balance and clarity. forms to create an art.
 He was a key figure in the De Stiji art movement  Minimalism and Conceptualism – Concentrates
also known as Neoplasticism. De Stiji simply mainly on ideas and purposes.
means “the style” in Dutch as Neoplasticism “To Infinity and Beyond: Mathematics in Contemporary Art”
means “new art”.  Sol Le Witt’s “Square No. 4” (2004)
 Seeing Pi by John Sims
FAMOUS ARTWORKS OF PIET MONDRIAN  Yakan Seputangan headscarf by Evelynda Otong
Composition with Red Blue and Yellow – Being true to De Stiji and Tuwas Yakan Weavers (2019)
art, you only see vertical and horizontal lines. What’s incredible
about these lines is Mondrian never used ruler in his paintings. “Math art has the ability to connect people to math in ways they
Others: Broadway Boogle Woogle (1943), Composition A hadn’t expected”
(1923), and Tableau (1921). – John Sims

Maurits Cornelis Escher (1898 – 1972) – was a famous Dutch

painter who made some artworks that were inspired by
mathematics.
 Escher’s works feature a lot because of the
impossible objects, reflection, exploration, and
such. In fact, Escher doesn’t believe in his ability
when it comes to mathematics.

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 TOPIC IV – CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN AESTHETIC village built there by the Thai
Aesthetic Relativism government.
- Is the philosophical view that the judgement o The Kayan women adapted to living
of beauty is relative to different individuals in refugee camps and continued
and/or cultures and that there are no their tradition, memorializing the
universal criteria of beauty. struggles of the past and maintaining
- In contemporary (cross-cultural) terms, body a link to their tribe’s history.
modification among “primitive” people is - What are Neck Rings?
sometimes regarded as grotesque by o Neck Rings are any stiff jewelry item
Western Society. worn as an ornament around the
- Ancient aesthetics refers to the perception of neck of an individual and are
beauty and form in the ancient world and the typically made of brass coils and
importance it was given in many ancient gold alloys.
cultures. o Brass coils can weigh from 2.5
Philosophers who have given influential objectivist kilograms up to 13-15 kilograms as
accounts: the year goes by.
 Plato – Theory of Forms - Kayan Neck Ring Process
- Plato Aesthetics in the Republic, Plato says o Made from brass coils sya tapos
that art imitates the objects and events of dahan dahan pinapaikot sa leeg.
ordinary life. In other words, a work of art is a Para syang ung binibili sa hardware
copy of a Form. It is even more of an illusion na alambre tapos pinaikot sa leeg.
than an ordinary experience. Tapos ung coils na yan hindi nya
 Immanuel Kant – Formalism literally na pinapahaba ung leeg ng
- The most prominent philosophical opponent nagsusuot, illusion lang sya. Ang
of aesthetic relativism was Immanuel Kant, nangyayari, pinupush nung coils ung
who argued that the judgment of beauty, while collar bone ng nagsusuot haggang
subjective, is universal. sa nagmumukang mahaba na ung
 Noam Chomsky – Universal Grammar leeg nila.
- Noam Chomsky’s theory of universal - Why do Kayan people wear Neck Rings?
grammar primarily pertains to linguistics and o The origins of the Kayan neck rings
the idea that there are innate structures in the can be traced back many
human mind that underlie the capacity for generations, and no one is really
language. sure how the tradition evolved.
TRADITIONAL AESTHETICS OF DIFFERENT CULTURE However, there are different theories
Myanmar and Thailand as to how this cultured originated.
- Kayan Neck Ring Culture - Different Theories
o It is a unqiue and fascinating o 1st Belief – According to this belief,
tradition practice by the Kayan the coils were thought to protect the
people, also known as the “long- women from evil spirits and even
necked” tribe, who reside primarily in wild animal attacks.
Myanmar and Thailand. Women of o From an early age of five, the girls
the Kayan tribe are well known for begin wearing six coils, and as they
wearing brass coils around their grow older, more coils were added.
necks their entire lives in order to o 2nd Belief – It is designated to lessen
legthen down. women’s attractiveness in order to
- The History of The Kayans protect them from being kidnapped
o The Kayans are originally from by rival tribes and from becoming
Myanmar, formerly known as slaves.
Burma. They fled to Thailand o 3rd Belief – Nowadays, Kayan
borders in the late 1980s and early women use it to preserve their
1990s during the conflict between cultural identity and as a symbol of
the Myanmar army and the rebel beauty.
forces. o “Wearing brass ring around your
- Location Map of Kayan Villages in Mae Hong neck makes you beautiful.”
Son o Many tourists travel to their village in
o Many Kayan people relocated to the norther Thailand every year to see
province of Mae Hong Son, where them and behold this fascinating
they now reside in the refugee aesthetic.

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 o The Tradition is a great source of - Cultural Significance and Symbolism
income for local governments and o Lip plates are symbols of beauty
an opportunity for the women to sell inside the Mursi tribe, even being
their artisan crafts to visitors. worn by women to attract a husband,
Africa being a dowry for their family and are
- Ethiopia given cattle which was saud to be
o African Lip Plate are a form of body according the size of the disk but
modification done usually by Mursi proves to not be true as in Mursi
women. These plates are worn in culture, marriages are pre-arranged
their lower lip and is a symbol of a and the price of the bride will be
woman’s beauty and significance predetermined and is paid to the
that a woman has reached father of the bride by the groom.
childbearing age. o In rare cases, if a woman does not
- Who is the Mursi Tribe wear the plate as expected, she
o The Mursi tribe is a nomadic tribe, would be considered as lazy and
located close to the Sundan border might risk losing some of the cattle
in Omo Valley, Ethiopia consisting of that would be given to her and her
about 10,000 people. They reside family.
near three rivers in the most isolated o These lip plates also symbolizes a
part of Ethiopia. They only spoke woman’s commitment to her own
since non of them knew how to read culture and to her own husband.
or write until a decade ago. Once the husband passes away, the
- Origin and History plate on the widow’s lips will then be
o Archaeological evidence stated that removed, as the woman’s beauty
lip plates have been independently fades after the husband’s death.
invented six or more time in Sudan, China
Eritrea, and Ethiopia as far back as - Foot Binding in China
8700 BC. o The practice of foot binding was first
o Originally, women who wore these practice in China’s northern regions
lip plates were forcefully brought to during 10th century, and in the 12th
Europe and North America to serve century it began to spread to the rest
as entertainment in circuses in the of the nation. The earliest women
late 19th and early 20th century. who bound their feet were among
- Process the affluent, upper-class, and royal
o At 16 years of age, an initiation ritual women.
is done for the young women with o It is a tradition from China that
their mother or another kinswoman involves breaking and firmly binding
piercing the lower lip open by 1 – 2 young girls’ feet to change their size
centimeters. and shape. Lotus feet and lotus
o A wooden peg or ceramic disk is shoes are terms used to describe
then inserted into the incision to let their feet that have had their arches
the wound heal. These wounds bound.
would last approximately three Philippines
weeks. - Skull Molding
o The stretching process begins once o The practice of skull molding is done
the peg is placed. Once removed, a in the belief that broad faces with
circular disk will be inserted further receding foreheads and flat noses
stretch the lip until it reaches 4cm in were considered a local canon of
diameter. beauty. Archeological evidence was
o At least two or four lower front teeth found in burial sites in Albay,
will be extracted to accommodate Marinduque, Samar, Cebu, Bohol,
the lip plate. Surigao, and Davao to support this
o The lip plates are decorated by the claim (Scott, 1994). About that,
women who wear it themselves and these skulls came with filed black
the stretching process will continue teeth, some of them filled with gold
until their lower lip an accommodate pegs.
a plate that is 10 – 15cm in diameter.

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 o The act of dying the teeth black or oThey were known for their radiance
red was to distinguish themselves – the most beautiful and richest
from animals with white teeth and to person with the finest character
preserve them until old age. This (Abrera, 2009). This shows us the
custom was deemed most beautiful correlation of beauty in physical
to the natives (Chirino, 1904; de appearance, social class, and
Morga, 1990). character.
- Process o The Binukot is not exposed to the
o The Visayan skull molding was sun or allowed to work and is
carried out using a tangad. This is a accompanied by her parents when
set of thin, comb-like rods bound to she bathes. This practice results in a
the baby's forehead. The tangad fair, frail, fine-complexioned, and
hinders the forward growth of the long-haired woman. At home, her
baby's skull. The skull is, therefore, parents and grandparents entertain
directed backwards meaning they her with oral lore and traditional
grew higher at the rear. dances.
- Mambabatok Tattoo o The Binukot is not allowed to do
o Whang-od Oggay also known as heavy work but may weave in her
Maria Oggay or Apo Whang-od is a room. She is provided with female
Filipina tattoo artist from Buscalan, servants to do other work for her.
Tinglayan, Kalinga, Philippines. She When a Binukot is ready for
is known worldwide as a living marriage, often at age 13 or 14 or
legend and the last tribal tattoo artist younger, her parents ask for a high
to hold the title of Mambabatok pangayu (Hiligaynon: bride price or
o “When you die, a tattoo is the only dowry) from the family of the suitor.
thing that will remain on your body, TOPIC V – CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
so it is a treasure, a treasure that “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.”
lasts,” says Oggay
- Process
- Beauty is not determined by race, gender,
o The thorns are threaded into a
nationality, physical appearance, or even our
bamboo reed. Oggay marks the
personal preferences. The only thing that
tattoo design on the skin with a
differentiates one from another is their
delicate piece of straw. Charcoal
uniqueness. We, people, are our own
and water are mixed together to
definition of Beauty.
make the tribal tattoo ink, which is
IS BEAUTY SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE?
wiped onto the thorn and hand-
- Subjective
tapped into the skin using a 12-inch
o According to Humes, “Beauty is no
bamboo hammer.
quality in things themselves. It exists
o For men, a Kalinga tattoo was
merely in the mind which
traditionally a sign of strength,
contemplated them: and each mind
wealth, and power. But there is also
perceives a different beauty.”
a romanticism around Filipino tribal
o According to Kant, “The judgment of
tattoos. Tattoos here represent
taste is therefore not a judgment of
beauty.
cognition, and is consequently not
- Binukot
logical but aesthetical, by which we
o A classic example of a native beauty
understand that whose determining
would be the binukot of Central
ground can be no other than
Panay or the lamin of Maranao. The
subjective.”
word binukot comes from bukot
- Objective
meaning ‘to entrap’. These women
o For Plato, Forms and Beauty are
were daughters of the datu who
non-physical ideas.
were treated as princesses secluded
o For Aristotle, he believes that the
from society to preserve their
qualities of an artwork such as
chastity and future to be married to
symmetry, order, balance, and
men with high political status.
proportion, define beauty as what is
observed.

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 TOPIC VI – ART AND EDUCATION TOPIC VII – ARTS AND PSYCHOLOGY
Arts integration is an approach to teaching and learning through When we look at others’ art what does it mean and why? Art
which content standards are taught and assessed equitably in holds a different meaning for different people, primarily because
and through the arts. The arts find their way into elementary, of its psychological impact. The psychology of artwork is closely
middle, and high school classrooms every day in a variety of linked to that of aesthetics and perception, along with
ways. The variations can be distilled into three main categories: experience.
1. Arts as Curriculum RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
2. Arts – Enhanced Curriculum Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss psychologist, created the inkblot
3. Arts – Integrated Curriculum test where people are asked to look at various inkblots and
describe what they see, where the interpretation of such inkblots
 Arts as Curriculum might reveal hidden aspects of someone’s personality.
o If a school has a music, art, drama, or
dance teacher, their approach is most Despite its popularity, the Rorschach is a controversial test.
likely primarily Arts as Curriculum. Many of the criticisms center on how the test is scored and
Students develop knowledge and skills in whether the results have any diagnostic value in psychotherapy.
a particular art form. It was found to lack reliability and have poor validity.
 Arts – Enhanced Curriculum
o When the arts are used as a device or - The Essence of Artistic Expression
strategy to support other curriculum o Art psychology is the expression of
areas, but no objectives in the art form the human, and its beauty is in its
are explicit, then the approach is called interpretation – all different,
an Arts-Enhanced Curriculum. nonincorrect. While you can assign
 Arts – Integrated Curriculum a textbook definition to art, art itself
o In Arts-Integrated Curriculum, the arts in its creation will forever be ever-
become the approach to teaching and changing and unique.
the vehicle for learning. Students meet - Of Exploring and Expressing Ideas
dual learning objectives when they o Art is something you relate to,
engage in the creative process to explore something that draws your attention
connections between an art form and towards itself – a connection. The
another subject area to gain a greater psychology of art is at play, and it
understanding of both. beckons your attention toward what
resonates with you and enables you
Importance of Arts in Education: to connect with each work.
1. Working in the arts helps learners to develop creative - The Healing and Far-Reaching Effect of Art
problem-solving skills. o Art engages the mind and is
beneficial to have around in more
2. Teaching through the arts can present difficult ways than one.
concepts visually, making them easier to understand.
o Art therapy is a tool therapists use to
3. Art instruction helps children with the development of help patients interpret, express, and
motor skills, language skills, social skills, decision- resolve their emotions and thoughts.
making, risk-taking, and inventiveness. Patients work with an art therapist to
explore their emotions, understand
4. Visual arts teach learners about color, layout, conflicts or feelings that are causing
perspective, and balance: all techniques necessary for them distress, and use art to help
presentations (visual, digital) of academic work. them find resolutions to those
issues.
5. Integrating art with other disciplines reaches students
who might not otherwise be engaged in classwork. “Art is enjoyed and respected in their unique personal ways.
The psychological connection to art makes it so that no two
6. Arts experiences boost critical thinking, teaching people will see a piece of art the same, and each of our brains
students to take the time to be more careful and is different and interprets art in a different way.”
thorough in how they observe the world.

7. The arts provide challenges for learners at all levels.

8. Art education connects students with their own culture

as well as with the wider world.

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