Properties of Fluid

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Compiled by:
Engr. Nestor Competente
Civil Engineering Dept
College of Engineering , Architecture and
Technology
Rizal Technological University
Properties of Fluids
The properties of water are of much importance because the subject of hydraulics
is mainly concerned with it. Some important properties of water which will be
considered are:
(i)Mass Density, (ii) Weight Density or Specific Weight, (iii) Specific Volume
(iv)Specific Gravity, (v) Dynamic Viscosity, (vi) Kinematic Viscosity
(vii) Compressibility and Bulk Modulus (viii) Surface Tension, (ix) Capillarity, and
(x) Vapor Pressure
Density
Mass Density. The density (also known as mass density or specific mass) of a
liquid may be defined as the mass per unit volume (m/v) at a standard
temperature and pressure. It is usually denoted by ρ (rho).
ρ= m/v
Its units are kg/m3
,
onlinemathlearning.co
Density
Density
Density
Viscosity
Viscosity may be defined as the property of a fluid which
determines its resistance to shearing stresses. It is a measure of
the internal fluid friction which causes resistance to flow. It is
primarily due to cohesion and molecular momentum exchange
between fluid layers, and as flow occurs, these effects appear as
shearing stresses between the moving layers of fluid.
Newton’s Law of Viscosity
This law states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate
of shear strain. The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity.
Viscosity
Viscosity
Viscosity
Viscosity
Click URL link and watch 2 videos on viscosity
https://youtu.be/hg6YVqbyrQ4
https://youtu.be/fYO6LyPDwHw
Types of Real Fluids
1. Newtonian fluids. These fluids follow Newton’s
viscosity equation For such fluids μ does not
change with rate of deformation. Example water,
kerosene, air, etc.
2. Non-Newtonian fluids.Fluids which do not follow the linear
relationship between shear stress and rate of deformation are
termed as Non- Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are relatively
uncommon. Solutions or suspensions (slurries), mud
flows,polymer solutions, blood etc. These fluids are generally
complex mixtures and are studied under rheology, a science of
deformation and flow.
3. Plastic fluids .In the case of a plastic substance which is non-
Newtonian fluid an initial yield stress is to be exceeded to cause a
continuous deformation. These substances are represented by straight
line intersecting the vertical axis at the “yield stress” An ideal plastic (or
Bingham plastic) has a definite yield stress and a constant linear relation
between shear stress and the rate of angular deformation. Examples:
Sewage sludge, drilling muds etc.
A thyxotropic substance, which is non-Newtonian fluid, has a non-linear

relationship between the shear stress and the rate of angular
deformation, beyond an initial yield stress. The printer’s ink is an example
of thyxotropic substance.
4. Ideal fluid. An ideal fluid is one which is incompressible and has zero viscosity
(or in other words shear stress is always zero regardless of the motion of the
fluid). Thus an ideal fluid is represented by the horizontal axis (τ = 0).
A true elastic solid may be represented by the vertical axis of the diagram.
In case of non-Newtonian fluids, if n is less than unity then are called pseudo-
plastics (e.g., paper pulp, rubber suspension paints) while fluids in which n is
greater than unity are known as dilatents. (e.g., Butter, printing ink).
Types of Fluids
Compressibility
Compressibility
Speed of Sound in Liquid
Speed of Sound in a Gas
Surface Tension
Cohesion means intermolecular attraction between
molecules of the same liquid. It enables a liquid to
resist small amount of tensile stresses. Cohesion is a
tendency of the liquid to remain as one assemblage of
particles. “Surface tension” is due to cohesion
between particles at the free surface.
https://youtu.be/zMzqiAuOSz0
Surface Tension
Adhesion means attraction between the molecules
of a liquid and the molecules of a solid boundary
surface in contact with the liquid. This property
enables a liquid to stick to another body.
Capillary action is due to both cohesion and
adhesion.
https://youtu.be/zMzqiAuOSz0
Surface Tension
Watch this video to illustrate how
surface tension occurs.
https://youtu.be/WsksFbFZeeU
Case I. Water droplet:
Case II Soap Bubbles
Soap bubbles have two surfaces

on which surface tension σ acts.
Case III Liquid Jet
Let us consider the liquidr jet of
diameter ‘d” and length “l”
Capilliary
Vapor Pressure
All liquids have a tendency to evaporate or vaporize (i.e., to change from the
liquid to the gaseous state). Molecules are continuously projected from the
free surface to the atmosphere. These ejected molecules are in a gaseous
state and exert their own partial vapour pressure on the liquid surface. This
pressure is known as the vapour pressure of the liquid (pv). If the surface
above the liquid is confined, the partial vapour pressure exerted by the
molecules increases till the rate at which the molecules re-enter the liquid is
equal to the rate at which they leave the surface. When the equilibrium
condition is reached, the vapour pressure
Vapor Pressure
The following points are worth noting:
1. If the pressure on the liquid surface is lower than or equal to the

saturation vapour pressure, boiling takes place.
2. Vapour pressure increases with the rise in temperature.
3. Mercury has a very low vapour pressure and hence, it is an excellent

fluid to be used in a barometer.
Summary of Fluid Characteristics (Rajput, 2013)

Properties of Fluid

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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

A thyxotropic substance, which is non-Newtonian fluid, has a non-linear

surface tension occurs.

Soap bubbles have two surfaces

1. If the pressure on the liquid surface is lower than or equal to the

2. Vapour pressure increases with the rise in temperature.

3. Mercury has a very low vapour pressure and hence, it is an excellent

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