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Database Concepts

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18 views3 pages

Database Concepts

Uuhj

Uploaded by

dhanraj3814
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATABASE CONCEPTS

There are various operations on data such as


Collect/Store/Retrieve/Process/Query/Update/Delete/Alter
A software which helps in the above operations is a DBMS

DBMS - Database Management System


Database - Collection of Data
Management - Collect/Store/Retrieve/Process
System – It is a Software

Example of DBMS - Ms-Access, Oracle, Sybase, DB/2, SQLServer, Foxpro, MySQL,


PostgreSQL, MongoDB

File System in a Computer or Manual File System

A file can be understood as a container to store data in a computer. Files can be stored on the
storage device of a computer system. Contents of a file can be texts, computer program code,
comma separated values (CSV), etc. Likewise, pictures, audios/videos, web pages are also
files.

Drawbacks of File System in a Computer or Manual File System


1) Difficulty in Access - Files themselves do not provide any mechanism to retrieve data. It is
difficult to access data in the required format.

2) Data Redundancy - Redundancy means same data are duplicated in different places (files).
Redundancy leads to excess storage use and may cause data inconsistency also. Multiple
Entry of Same Data

3) Data Inconsistency - Data inconsistency occurs when same data maintained in different
places do not match. As the files are being maintained by different people, the changes may
not happen in one of the files.

4) Data Isolation - There is no link or mapping between various files. Where data files are
generated by different person at different times, files being created in isolation may be of
different formats.

5) Data Dependence - Data are stored in a specific format or structure in a file. Updating the
structure of a data file requires modification in all the application programs accessing that
file.

6) Controlled Data Sharing - Ideally, not every user should be able to access all the data. It is
very difficult to enforce this kind of access control in a file system
Key Concepts in DBMS

DBMS - Database Management System (DBMS) is a software to create and manage


databases. A database is a collection of tables.

• Database schema is the design of a database


• A database constraint is a restriction on the type of data that that can be inserted into the
table.
• Database schema and database constraints are stored in database Catalog called meta-data.
A meta-data is data about the data.
• Whereas the snapshot of the database at any given time is the database instance.
• A query is a request to a database for information retrieval and data manipulation (insertion,
deletion or update). It is written in Structured Query Language (SQL).
• Data Manipulation or Modification of database consists of three operations viz. Insertion,
Deletion or Update.
• Database engine is the underlying component or set of programs used by a DBMS to create
database and handle various queries for data retrieval and manipulation.

RDBMS - Relational DBMS

(Data will be stored in tabular format (rows and columns) known as tables or relation and
with relationship between tables.)

Relational DBMS (RDBMS) is used to store data in related tables. Rows and columns of a
table are called tuples and attributed respectively. A table is referred to as a relation. A
RDBMS uses OOP - Object Oriented Programming Principles in a DBMS.
TERMS IN A RDBMS

Table - Relation
Record/Row - Tuple
Column - Attribute
Domain - Roll - [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
Name - [a-z]

Degree - Number of Columns(Attributes)


Cardinality - Number of Rows(Tuples)

• Each column in a table represents a feature (attribute) of a record. Table stores the
information for an entity whereas a row represents a record.
• Each row in a table represents a record. A tuple is a collection of attribute values that makes
a record unique.
• A tuple is a unique entity whereas attribute values can be duplicate in the table.

KEY

• Destructions on data stored in a RDBMS is applied by use of keys such as Candidate Key,
Primary Key, Composite Primary Key, and Foreign Key.

Candidate Key - A relation can have one or more attributes that takes distinct values. Any of
these attributes can be used to uniquely identify the tuples in the relation. Such attributes are
called candidate keys as each of them are candidates for the primary key.

Primary key - Out of one or more candidate keys, the attribute chosen by the database designer
to uniquely identify the tuples in a relation is called the primary key of that relation.

Alternate - All candidate keys which are not primary key.

Composite Primary Key - If no single attribute in a relation is able to uniquely distinguish the
tuples, then more than one attribute are taken together as primary key. Such primary key
consisting of more than one attribute is called Composite Primary key.

Foreign key – A foreign key is used to represent the relationship between two relations. A
foreign key is an attribute whose value.

• SQL is the standard language for RDBMS systems like MySQL.

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