Multiplexing Concept of Multiplexing

 The 'n' input lines are transmitted

What is Multiplexing?
through a multiplexer and multiplexer
 Multiplexing is a technique used to
combines the signals to form a
combine and send themultiple data
composite signal.
streams over a single medium.
 The composite signal is passed through a
 Multiplexing is achieved by using a
Demultiplexer and demultiplexer
device called Multiplexer (MUX) that
separates a signal to component signals
combines n input lines to generate a
and transfers them to their respective
single output line.
destinations.
 Demultiplexing is achieved by using a
device called
 Demultiplexer (DEMUX) available at the
receiving end. DEMUX separates a signal
into its component signals (one input
and n outputs).
Advantages of Multiplexing
Why Multiplexing?
 More than one signal can be sent over a
 The transmission medium is used to
single medium.
send the signal from sender to receiver.
 The bandwidth of a medium can be
The medium can only have one signal at
utilized effectively.
a time.
 If there are multiple signals to share one
medium, then the medium must be
divided in such a way that each signal is
given some portion of the available
bandwidth. Multiplexing Techniques
 When multiple signals share the
common medium, there is a possibility
of collision. Multiplexing concept is used Multiplexing techniques can be classified as:
to avoid such collision.
 Transmission services are very
expensive.

History of Multiplexing
 Multiplexing technique is widely used in
telecommunications in which several
telephone calls are carried through a
single wire.
 Multiplexing originated in telegraphy in
the early 1870s and is now widely used
in communication.
 George Owen Squier developed the
telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910.
Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM) Advantages Of FDM:
 It is an analog technique.  FDM is used for analog signals.
 Frequency Division Multiplexing is a  FDM process is very simple and easy
technique in which the available modulation.
bandwidth of a single transmission  A Large number of signals can be sent
medium is subdivided into several through an FDM simultaneously.
channels.  It does not require any synchronization
between sender and receiver.

Disadvantages Of FDM:
 FDM technique is used only when low-
speed channels are required.
In the above diagram, a single transmission  It suffers the problem of crosstalk.
medium is subdivided into several frequency  A Large number of modulators are
channels, and each frequency channel is given to required.
different devices. Device 1 has a frequency
 It requires a high bandwidth channel.
channel of range from 1 to 5.
Applications Of FDM:
 FDM is commonly used in TV networks.
 It is used in FM and AM broadcasting.
Each FM radio station has different
frequencies, and they are multiplexed to
form a composite signal. The
multiplexed signal is transmitted in the
air.

 The input signals are translated into Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
frequency bands by using modulation
techniques, and they are combined by a  Wavelength Division Multiplexing is
multiplexer to form a composite signal. same as FDM except that the optical
 The main aim of the FDM is to subdivide signals are transmitted through the fibre
the available bandwidth into different optic cable.
frequency channels and allocate them to  WDM is used on fibre optics to increase
different devices. the capacity of a single fibre. It is used to
 Using the modulation technique, the utilize the high data rate capability of
input signals are transmitted into fibre optic cable.
frequency bands and then combined to  It is an analog multiplexing technique.
form a composite signal.  Optical signals from different source are
 The carriers which are used for combined to form a wider band of light
modulating the signals are known as with the help of multiplexer.
sub-carriers. They are represented as  At the receiving end, demultiplexer
f1,f2..fn. separates the signals to transmit them to
 FDM is mainly used in radio broadcasts their respective destinations.
and TV networks.
  A user takes control of the channel for a
fixed amount of time.
 In Time Division Multiplexing technique,
data is not transmitted simultaneously
rather the data is transmitted one-by-
one.
 In TDM, the signal is transmitted in the
form of frames. Frames contain a cycle
of time slots in which each frame
contains one or more slots dedicated to
each user.
 It can be used to multiplex both digital
and analog signals but mainly used to
multiplex digital signals.

 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing can be There are two types of TDM:

achieved by using a prism.  Synchronous TDM
 Prism can perform a role of multiplexer  Asynchronous TDM
by combining the various optical signals
to form a composite signal, and the Synchronous TDM:
composite signal is transmitted through  A Synchronous TDM is a technique in
a fibre optical cable. which time slot is preassigned to every
 Prism also performs a reverse operation, device.
i.e., demultiplexing the signal.  In Synchronous TDM, each device is
given some time slot irrespective of the
fact that the device contains the data or
Time Division Multiplexing not.
 It is a digital technique.  If the device does not have any data,
 In Frequency Division Multiplexing then the slot will remain empty.
Technique, all signals operate at the  In Synchronous TDM, signals are sent in
same time with different frequency, but the form of frames. Time slots are
in case of Time Division Multiplexing organized in the form of frames. If a
technique, all signals operate at the device does not have data for a
same frequency with different time. particular time slot, then the empty slot
 In Time Division Multiplexing technique, will be transmitted.
the total time available in the channel is  The most popular Synchronous TDM are
distributed among different users. T-1 multiplexing, ISDN multiplexing, and
Therefore, each user is allocated with SONET multiplexing.
different time interval known as a Time  If there are n devices, then there are n
slot at which data is to be transmitted by slots.
the sender.
 say that Asynchronous Time Division
multiplexor transmits only the data from
active workstations.
 An asynchronous TDM technique
dynamically allocates the time slots to
the devices.
 In Asynchronous TDM, total speed of the
input lines can be greater than the
capacity of the channel.
 Asynchronous Time Division multiplexor
• In the figure below, the Synchronous TDM accepts the incoming data streams and
technique is implemented. Each device is creates a frame that contains only data
allocated with some time slot. The time slots are with no empty slots.
transmitted irrespective of whether the sender
has data to send or not.  In Asynchronous TDM, each slot
contains an address part that identifies
the source of the data.

 The difference between Asynchronous

TDM and Synchronous TDM is that many
slots in Synchronous TDM are unutilized,
but in Asynchronous TDM, slots are fully
Disadvantages Of Synchronous TDM: utilized. This leads to the smaller
 The capacity of the channel is not fully transmission time and efficient
utilized as the empty slots are also utilization of the capacity of the channel.
transmitted which is having no data. In  In Synchronous TDM, if there are n
the above figure, the first frame is sending devices, then there are n time
completely filled, but in the last two slots. In Asynchronous TDM, if there are
frames, some slots are empty. n sending devices, then there are m time
 The speed of the transmission medium slots where m is less than n (m<n).
should be greater than the total speed of  The number of slots in a frame depends
the input lines. on the statistical analysis of the number
of input lines.

Asynchronous TDM:
 An asynchronous TDM is also known as
Statistical TDM.
 An asynchronous TDM is a technique in
which time slots are not fixed as in the
case of Synchronous TDM. Time slots are
allocated to only those devices which
have the data to send. Therefore, we can
Applications/Uses: CDMA:
 TDM is utilized in Integrated Services  CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple
Digital Network telephone lines. Access, a type of multiplexing that
 This multiplexing is applicable in public allows multiple signals to manage a
switched telephone networks (PSTN) single communication and optimize
and SONET (Synchronous Optical bandwidth usage.
Networking).  CDMA systems are very different when
 TDM is applicable in telephone systems. compared to their frequency and time
 TDM is utilized in wireline telephone equivalents. That is, in this type of
lines. system, the operator has the right to use
 Earlier, this multiplexing technique is the entire bandwidth throughout the
used in the telegraph. entire loop.
 TDM is used in cellular radios, satellite  CDMA allows many users to connect
access systems, and digital audio mixing simultaneously, providing better data
systems. and communication.
 TDM is the most common technique  There is no limit to the number of users
used in fiber optic in a CDMA system, but performance
communication/optical data decreases as the number of users
transmission systems. increases.
 TDM is used for analog & digital signals  The CDMA system eliminates noise and
where a number of channels with less interference and improves network
speed are simply multiplexed into high- quality.
speed channels are utilized for  CDMA allows its signal to enter different
transmission. and unique codes of user transmissions
 It is used in cellular radio, digital to protect its signals.
communication & satellite  In CDMA all channels use the full
communication system. spectrum.
 All the cells within CDMA systems can
utilize a similar frequency.
Code-division multiplexing (CDM):
 A sequence of bits called the spreading Advantages of CDM:
code is assigned to each signal to  It has better signal quality.
distinguish one signal from another. The  Since the sender and receiver only know
spreading code is combined with the the spreading code, it prevents
original signal to produce a new stream eavesdropping and disturbance.
of encoded data, which is then  Protected from hackers.
transmitted on a shared medium.  Adding users is easy and there is no limit
 CDM is widely used in digital television to the number of users.
and radio broadcasting and in 3G mobile  Large signal bandwidth reduce
cellular networks -- 4G and 5G primarily multipath fading.
use OFDM. CDM can also support  Effective use of private spectrum.
multiple signals from multiple sources, a  Resource allocation is flexible.
technique known as code-division  It is very efficient process.
multiple access.  No synchronization required.
  In this multiplexing, many users can Space-division multiplexing (SDM):
share the same bandwidth.  Signal paths are spatially separated
 CDM is scalable. through the use of multiple conductors,
 Compatible with other types of cellular such as optical fibers or electrical wires.
technology. The conductors are bundled into a single
 Uses a fixed frequency spectrum. transport medium but are physically
 The interference was reduced due to separated, with each conductor
different code words assigned to each handling a transmitted channel.
user. Individual conductors can be further
 Enhance security, avoid crashes and multiplexed through the use of FDM,
collisions, and use bandwidth TDM or other techniques.
effectively.  SDM is often used in submarine cable
systems to help increase capacity, but it
Disadvantages of CDM: can also be used for wireless
 As the number of users increases, the communications.
overall service quality will decrease.
 It needs time synchronization. Space Division Multiplexing Examples
 In CDM, the transmitted bandwidth of  Optical Fiber Communication: In fiber
each user is increased than the digital optic communication systems, multiple
dataspeed of the source. channels can be transmitted
 The data transfer rate is low. simultaneously through the same fiber
 CDM is complex mechanism. by using different spatial paths. Each
spatial path can represent a different
Applications of CDM: wavelength (Wavelength Division
 CDM is widely used in second generation Multiplexing – WDM) or a different
(2G) and third generation 3G wireless polarization state (Polarization Division
communication. These systems are used Multiplexing – PDM). This allows for
in Ultra High Frequency (UHF) mobile increased data transmission capacity
phones in the 800 MHz and 1.9 GHz without having to lay down additional
bands. It is a combination of analog-to- physical fiber cables.
digital conversion and spread spectrum  Multiple Antenna Systems: In wireless
techniques. communication, multiple-input
 CDM network technology is used to multiple-output (MIMO) systems utilize
combine multiple data signals for multiple antennas at both the
simultaneous transmission on multiple transmitter and receiver to improve
frequency lines. spectral efficiency. Each antenna pair
forms a spatial channel, and data is
 This type of multiplexing is commonly
transmitted over these channels
used in 2G & 3G wireless
simultaneously, effectively increasing
communications.
the capacity of the wireless link.
 It is used in UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
 Satellite Communication: Satellite
mobile phones in the 800 MHz and 1.9
communication systems often employ
GHz bands. So it’s a combination of
SDM techniques to transmit multiple
analog-to-digital conversion and spread
signals simultaneously using different
spectrum technology.
 frequency bands or spatial paths. This  SDM is used in cellular networks in the
allows for more efficient utilization of Multiple Input Multiple Output
satellite resources and increased data technology form, which uses several
throughput for applications such as antennas at both the ends of the
broadcasting, internet services, and transmitter & receiver to enhance the
remote sensing. value as well as capability of the
 Underwater Acoustic Communication: In communication link.
underwater environments, acoustic  SDM refers to a method to understand
waves are used for communication due optical fiber multiplexing with space
to their ability to travel long distances. division.
SDM can be employed by using multiple  SDM technique is used for optical data
hydrophones and transmitters to create transmission wherever multiple spatial
spatially separated channels, allowing channels are used like in multi-core
for simultaneous transmission of fibers.
multiple data streams and increasing the  The spatial division multiplexing
overall communication capacity. technique for optical fiber transmission
 Integrated Circuit Interconnects: Within helps overcome the capability limit of
electronic devices, such as computer WDM.
processors or networking equipment,  SDM is used in GSM technology.
space division multiplexing techniques
can be applied to interconnect multiple
components or cores on a chip. By Polarization-division multiplexing (PDM)
routing signals through different  Incoming electromagnetic signals are
physical paths, data can be transmitted polarized into orthogonal channels that
concurrently between various are transmitted through a common
processing units, enhancing overall medium. PDM is frequently used in fiber
system performance and throughput. optics communications, as well as radio
and microwave transmissions.

Space Division Multiplexing Applications Applications of Multiplexing in 5G

 Space division multiplexing is used in

terrestrial networks through two
different methods; SDM-compatible
components arranged within both
transmission & switching infrastructures
(or) SDM implementation only within
the switching architecture.
 Space-division multiplexing technique For each application on a corresponding
within MIMO wireless communication frequency band, 5G allows defining of an
and fiber optic communication is used to optimized waveform from a family of
broadcast independent channels that waveforms. 5G uses massive MIMO, NOMA and
are separated within space. network slicing techniques which allows spatial
multiplexing and multibeam multiplexing.