 Telescope, device used to form magnified images

of distant objects. The telescope is undoubtedly the

most important investigate tool in astronomy. It
provides a means of collecting and analyzing
radiation from celestial objects, even those in the
far reaches of the universe.
 A telescope is an optical instrument using lenses,
curved mirrors, or a combination of both to
obverse distant objects, or various devices used to
observe distant objects by their emission,
absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic
radiation.
 The first known practical telescopes were
refracting telescopes invented in the Netherlands
at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass
lenses. They were used for both terrestrial
applications and astronomy.
 The refracting telescope, which uses mirrors to
collect and focus light, was invented within a few
decades of the first refracting telescope. In the 20th
century, many new types of telescopes were
invented, including radio telescopes in the 1960s.
The word telescope now refers to a wide range of
instruments capable of detecting different regions
of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some
cases other types of detectors.
 Lenses and Mirrors

Each telescope is going to have an

objective lens and an eyepiece. These components are
going to be biconcave, which means the lens is curved
outwards on both sides. The objective lens will be
located at the end of the telescope that is pointed at the
object you are trying to observe. Additionally, the
objective lens (refracting telescope) or objective mirror
(refracting and compound telescope) play a vital key
role in computing the overall
Eyepiece
The eyepiece is as important as the lens because
it is what you are going to look through. When you have
a high quality eye piece, this will make the image of
what you are looking at that much clearer and amazing.
 Optical Tube Assembly
The body of the telescope is called the optical tube
assembly. This is where the objective is located, and it
is the structure that supports it and allows you to look
through it.
Diagonals and Prisms

Telescopes are difficult to look through when you

are trying to look at things that are directly overhead.
Diagonals or prisms will redirect the light so that it is
easier to look through the telescope. The diagonals are
either on a plane mirror at a 90 degree angle, or a
prism. A prism can reflect light at either 90 degrees or
45 degrees.
 Focuser
The focuser is going to be the feature you use to
bring the image into focus. This can vary in design from
telescope to telescope, ranging from being able to
move the eyepiece manually or a motorized system that
will move the mirror.
Mount
The mount is what you want to put your telescope on
while you are using it. Sometimes you will see these
called tripods, as they work very similarly.
 Finder
The finder is a device on top of the telescope that
will help you find what you are looking for in the night
sky. These can be just a few raised bumps, a hollow
tube that is aligned with the tube, or red dot and telrad
finders.
Aperture
An aperture is the size of the optical piece
collecting light in a telescope. The reason why aperture
is the most important feature one should take into
account is-The bigger the lens, the more light your
telescope will be able to receive. This will translate into
a sharper, clearer image and will allow you to look at
more details in distant objects.
 Focal Length
The focal length is the distance, measured in
millimeters, from the center of the aperture to the point
where the image is formed. This point in the telescope
is where the eyepiece connects and takes in the light
from the aperture.
Magnification and Power
The magnification is the telescope focal length
divided by the eyepiece focal length. In millimeters.
Doubling the power gives you one-fourth the image
brightness and reduces the sharpness by one half.
 The word telescope (from the Ancient Greek tale
”far” and “to look or see” ; teleskopos “far seeing”) was
coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni
Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei’s instruments
presented at a banquet at the Academia Dei Lincei. In
the starry Messenger, Galileo had used the term
perspicillium
 The name “telescope” covers a wide range of
instruments. Most detect electromagnetic radiation, but
there are major differences in how astronomers must
go about collecting light (electromagnetic radiation) in
different frequency bands.
Telescopes may be classified by the wavelength of
light they detect:
 X-RAY telescopes, using shorter wavelengths than
ultraviolent light.
 Ultraviolent telescopes, using shorter wavelengths
than visible light.
 Optical telescopes, using visible light.
 Infrared telescopes, using longer wavelengths than
visible light.
 Submillimetre telescopes, using microwave
wavelengths that are longer than those of infrared
light.
 Radio telescopes that use even longer wavelength
 An optical telescope gathers and focuses light mainly
from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum
(although some work in the infrared and ultraviolent).
Optical telescopes increase the apparent angular size
of distant objects as well as their apparent brightness.
In order for the image to be observed, photographed,
studied, and sent to a computer, telescopes work by
employing one or more curved optical elements,
usually made from glass lenses and or mirrors, to
gather light and other electromagnetic radiation to
bring that light or radiation to a focal point. Optical
telescopes are used for astronomy and in many non-
astronomical instruments.

BINOCULARS
The refracting telescope which uses lenses to form
an image.
The reflecting telescope which uses an
arrangement of mirrors to form an image
The catadioptric telescope which uses mirrors
combined with lenses to form an image.
A Fresnel imager is a proposed ultra-lightweight
design for a space telescope that uses a Fresnel lens to
focus light.
Beyond these basic optical types there are many sub
types of varying optical design classified by the task
they perform such an astrographs, comet seekers and
solar telescopes.
Radio telescopes are directional radio antennas that
typically employ a large dish to collect radio waves. The
dishes are sometimes constructed of a conductive wire
mesh whose openings are smaller than the wavelength
being observed.
Unlike an optical telescope, which produces a magnified
image of the patch of sky being observed, a traditional
radio telescope dish contains a single receiver and
records a single time-varying signal characteristic of
the observed region; this signal may be sampled at
various frequencies. In some newer radio telescope
designs, a single dish contains an array of several
receivers: this is known as a focal-plane array.
By collecting and correlating signals simultaneously
received by several dishes, high-resolution images can
be computed. Such multi-dish arrays are known as
astronomical interferometers and the technique is
called aperture synthesis. The ‘virtual’ apertures of
these arrays are similar in size to the distance between
the telescopes. As of 2005, the record array size is
many times the diameter of the Earth—utilizing space-
based Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI)
telescopes such as the Japanese HALCA.
 Many people believe that the telescope was
invented by Galileo Galilei in the 1600s, but that is not
correct. He did not invent the telescope; he was just the
person to look at the sky with one.
We don’t know the name of the person who actually
invented the telescope, but many historians believe that
the discovery of what two lenses could do when held
together was made sometime in the late 1500s.
With that said the first patent for a telescope was
submitted by Dutch eyeglass maker. Hans Lippershey
in 1608. His device featured a concave eyepiece that
aligned with a convex objective lens, thus boasting a 3x
magnification.
Galileo hear about Lippershey’s design in 1609 and
designed a scope of his own. He made a few
improvements on his original design and then he
presented the creation to the Venetian senate, who then
was so marveled by his work, doubles his salary and
made him a lecturer at the university at Padua.
When Galileo pointed his telescope to the sky, he
was able to see the mountains and craters that made
up the moon’s landscape. He was also able to see the
Milky Way. He also made the discovery that there were
sunspots on the sun and that Jupiter had moons
orbiting the gas giant.
 In 1675, Christian Huygens is credited for
developing aerial telescopes, which were just
objectives on top of a pole. He also developed a
compound negative eyepiece that utilized two air-
spaced convex lenses. This creation cancelled some of
the chromatic pollution that had a tendency to occur
with a single lens eyepiece.
Fast forward several centuries to the 1970s when
the European Space Agency and the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) started
to work together to build the Hubble Space Station.
In 1990, a team of 5 astronauts were the discovery
shuttle that deployed the telescope in an orbit about
380 miles from the surface of the earth. It was then that
the Hubble telescope transmitted the astounding
images that would make history.
 TOPIC:

NAME: BIBEK MOHAPATRA

CLASS: XII
ROLL NUMBER:
This is hereby to certify that, the original and
genuine investigation work has been carried out
to “ TELESCOPE” and the related data collection
and investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely and satisfactory done by BIBEK
MOHAPATRA a student of class XII under the roll
no. for the academic session 2024-2025,
regarding the investigatory project entitled
“ TELESCOPE”, for physics department under
direct supervision of the undersigned as for
requirement for the board examination.

EXAMINER’S SIGNATURE TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

I would like to thank my physics teacher MR.
ASHWINI UDGATA for his constant guidance,
motivation, moral encouragement and
sympathetic attitude towards the success of this
project.
I also want to thank the principal and the
institution for providing the necessary materials.
I would also like to extend my gratitude towards
the lab attendant, my parents and everyone who
has helped me in completing the project
successfully.

BIBEK MOHAPATRA
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT i
CERTIFICATE ii

IMPORTANCE OF A TELESCOPE
ANATOMY OF A TELESCOPE
ETYMOLOGY
TYPES
OPTICAL TELESCOPES
RADIO TELESCOPES
HISTORY
CONCLUSION
SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In conclusion, the Hubble space telescope was a major
turning point in science because it has greatly changes
Humans understanding of astronomy by allowing many
important discoveries to be made and many new
technologies to advance and develop. For almost 500
years, we only improved in the telescope made in the
1600s made by Galileo, and finally, NASA and ESA
(European Space Agency) constructed the next big
thing, the Hubble Space Telescope, the turning point. It’s
almost like a cycle, improve until someone advances,
and then improve on that, and it keeps going. Hubble
was the start, next is the James Webb Telescope, and
the future beyond that. Also, the Hubble Space
Telescope affects people today in a myriad of ways. As
Christopher Go, and amateur astronomer and part time
lecturer, looked at the data that Hubble has given him,
he realized that he then had the upper hand when it
comes to primary knowledge in astronomy. Christopher
Go uses HST because now, the human civilization can
thrive in their quest in conquering the knowledge of
outer space, and beyond.
 The uprights may not be the vertical.
 Parallax removal may not be perfect

 NCERT PHYSICS
 https://www.scribd.com
 https://www.studocu.com