History
How did the Python get it’s name?
•Got it’s name from a BBC comedy series “Monty Python’s
Flying Circus”.
Who developed the Python?
•Conceived in the late 1980, and it’s implementation began in
December 1989 by “Guido Van Rossum” at Centrum Wiskunde
& Informatica (CWI) in Netherlands.
• First released in 1991 and presently administered by Python
Software Foundation.
It is a successor to the ABC language with an extra features
like exception handling and extensibility
ABC :
•Is an imperative general purpose programming language
and programming environment developed at CWI.
•It is interactive, structured, high level and intended to be
used instead of BASIC, Pascal.
•It is not meant to be systems programming language but is
intended for teaching or prototyping
(i) Example USING COMMAND PROMPT
EX:
>>> print("Hello World!")
Hello World!
>>>quit() # to close the command prompt
>>>exit() # to close the command prompt
>>>Ctrl+z # then press enter to close command prompt
(ii).Go to the folder containing the shortcut or the installed
files and click on the Python command Line.
After double clicking on “idle” python file a Python Shell will be displayed for you with all
menu items like File, Edit, Shell, Debug, Options, Window, Help.
Now you select “New File” from “File” menu
2. In Script Mode
Some rules and certain symbols used with regard to statements in
Python:
•Hash mark(#) indicates comments
•New line(\n) is standard line separator
•Backslash(\) continues the line
•Semicolon(;) joins two statements on a line
•Colon(:) separates header line from it’s suite
•Statements are grouped as suite
•Suites are delimited via indentation
Python Identifiers
• An identifiercan be a combination of uppercase letters, lowercase
letters, underscores, and digits (0-9).Ex:abc1_ or _abc1 .
• An identifier should not begin with a number.
⚫ Specialcharacters such as %, @, and $ are not allowed within
identifiers.
⚫ You cannot use Python keywords as identifiers.
⚫ Only Class identifiers begin with an uppercase letter
⚫ You can use underscores to separate multiple words in your
identifier.
Indentation
• Java, C, and C++ use braces to denote blocks of code.
⚫ Indentation, by convention, is equivalent to 4 spacesto
the right.
• EX:
firstif.py
v1=input("Enter the value of v1: ")
if(int(v1)==10):
print("the value of v1 is: ",v1)
print("in first if")
v2=input("Enter the value of v2: ")
if(int(v2)==100):
print("the value of v2 is: ",v2)
print("in second if")
Variables
•Container that stores values for accessing and changing.
•Is a way of pointing to a memory location.
•Other languages declare and bind a variable to a specific data
type.
•Python is dynamically typed, meaning no pre-declaration is
necessary.
>>>my_variable=10 --- indicates that my_variable is integer
>>>my_variable=‘hi hello’ --- indicates string
•You can change the value and datatype.
Numbers
Python has 4 built-in numeric data types:
1.integer(int)
2.floating point numbers(float)
3.complex numbers
4. long----deprecated from python3
Strings
•Is a sequence of unicode characters.
•Is a combination of letters, numbers and special symbols.
•Ex:
[email protected]•We enclose string in single and double quotations.
•If string enclosed in single quotes has single quote(‘) in it then
place a back slash before it
•Ex:
•S2=‘It doesn’t look good at all’
•SyntaxError: invalid syntax
•>>>s2=‘It doesn\’t lookgood at all’
•Strings may be indexed or subscripted
•In Python, indexing starts from zero
>>>s=“Hello Python”
LISTS
Is similar to arrays in C
can store any type and any number of variables
Contains items separated by comma enclosed within square brackets[]
Ex:
>>>mylist=[‘abcd’,20.5,(2+3J),0.05]
Methods
1. insert(index,obj) 7.Slicing
2.append() 8.sort()
3. Access 9. reverse()
4.count(obj) 10. extend(seq)
5. index(obj) 11. remove()
6. Update or Assign
TUPLES
Another sequence data type similar to list is tuple
can store any type and any number of variables
Contains items separated by comma enclosed within parentheses()
Ex:
>>>mytple=(‘abcd’,123,20.5,(2+3J),0.05)
Difference between List and tuple:
Lists Tuples
Items are enclosed in Items are enclosed in
brackets[] parentheses()
Elements and size can be Elements and size cannot be
changed changed
•So, tuples are also called as read-only lists
Dictionary
Is a mutable and another container type that can store any number of
python objects enclosed in {}.
Is different from sequence type containers like lists and tuples in the
way the data is stored and accessed
Is a kind of hash table type
Consists of key-value pair and works like hash
Is like a list but instead of looking up an index to access values
you’ll be having a unique key which can be a number, string, tuple
Value can be anything
Colon separates a key from it’s value
Creating and assigning dictionaries
Creating dictionaries involves simply assigning a dictionary a variable
>>> dict1={} --- creating empty dictionary
>>> dict1['name']='john‘
>>> dict1['branch']='CSE'
>>> dict1['subject']='PYTHON'
>>> dict1
{'subject': 'PYTHON', 'branch': 'CSE', 'name': 'john'}
---- assigning variables to the dictionary
Types of Operators
Python language supports the following types of operators −
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Assignment Operators
3. Comparison (Relational) Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators
Loops
•In general, statements are executed sequentially − The first
statement in a program is executed first, followed by the second,
and so on.
•There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of
code several number of times.
•Programming languages provide various control structures that
allow more complicated execution paths.
•A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of
statements multiple times. The following diagram illustrates a
loop statement −
Python programming language provides the following types of
loops to handle looping requirements.
Repeats a statement or group of statements while a
while loop
given condition is TRUE. It tests the condition
before executing the loop body.
Executes a sequence of statements multiple times
for loop
and abbreviates the code that manages the loop
variable.
nested loops You can use one or more loop inside any another
while, or for loop.
Decision Making
•Decision-making is the expectation of conditions occurring
during the execution of a program and specified actions taken
according to the conditions.
•Decision statements evaluate multiple expressions, which
produce True or False as the outcome.
•You need to determine which action to take and which
statements to execute if the outcome is True or False otherwise.
•Python programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null
values as True, and any zero or null values as False value.
•Python programming language provides the following types of
decision-making statements.
S.No. Statement & Description
An if statement consists of a boolean
expression followed by one or more
if statements statements.
An if statement can be followed by an
optional else statement, which executes
if...else statements when the boolean expression is FALSE.
You can use one if or else if statement
nested if statements inside another if or else ifstatement(s).
Loop Control Statements
The Loop control statements change the execution from its normal
sequence.
When the execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were
created in that scope are destroyed.
Python supports the following control statements.
break statement
Terminates the loop statement and transfers execution to the
statement immediately following the loop.
continue statement
Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immediately
retest its condition prior to reiterating.
pass statement
The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is required
syntactically but you do not want any command or code to
execute.
A function is
• a block of organized, reusable code that is used to
perform a single, related action.
• Functions provide better modularity for your application
and a high degree of code reusing.
Declaration vs. Definition:
int fact(int); ---->Declaration
int fact(int n)
{
if(n==1)
Definition
return n
else
return(n*fact(n-1))
fact(5) ; ----> Calling
Difference between parameter and an argument:
Parameters comes as a part of function definition
Whereas arguments are part of function call
The arguments are the data we pass into the function’s
parameters
Parameters
def sumab(a,b):
return a+b
arguments
sumab(3,5)
Function Arguments
The following types of formal arguments
1. Required arguments
2. Keyword arguments
3. Default arguments
4. Variable-length arguments
The Anonymous Functions
not declared in the standard manner by using the def keyword.
the lambda keyword to create small anonymous functions.
•can take any number of arguments but return just one value
in the form of an expression.
•cannot be a direct call to print because lambda requires an
expression.
•have their own local namespace
•appears as a one-line version of a function, they are not
equivalent to inline statements in C or C++
Syntax
lambda [arg1 [,arg2,.....argn]]:expression
Example
# Function definition is here
sum = lambda arg1, arg2: arg1 + arg2
# Now you can call sum as a function
print ("Value of total : ", sum( 10, 20 ))
print ("Value of total : ", sum( 20, 20 ))
result −
Value of total : 30
Value of total : 40
Function vs. Procedure:
Functions concludes by sending back a return value to
the caller.
procedures are treated as special cases of functions which
do not return a value.
As python interpreter implicitly return a default value
None, So, in Python procedures are implied as functions
Scope of Variables
All variables in a program may not be accessible at all
locations in that program.
The scope of a variable determines the portion of the
program where you can access a particular identifier.
There are two basic scopes of variables in Python −
•Global variables
•Local variables
Module :
a module is a file consisting of Python code.
It can define functions, classes and variables.
can also include runnable code.
example of a simple module
sum.py −
def sumab():
a=int(input("Enter First Number: "))#20
b=int(input("Enter Second Number: "))#10
return a+b
The import Statement
The import has the following syntax −
import module1[, module2[,... moduleN]
When the interpreter encounters an import statement,
it imports the module
Built-in Functions
1. _ _import_ _()
2. dir()
3. globals() and locals()
4. reload()
Overview of OOP Terminology
Class − A user-defined prototype for an object that defines a
set of attributes called data members (class variables and
instance variables) and methods, accessed via dot notation.
Class variable − Defined within a class
Instance variable − A variable that is defined inside a
method and belongs only to the current instance of a class
Data member − A class variable or instance variable that
holds data associated with a class and its objects.
Function overloading − The assignment of more than one
behaviour to a particular function. The operation
performed varies by the types of arguments involved.
Inheritance − The transfer of the characteristics of a
class to other classes that are derived from it.
Instance − An individual object of a certain class.
Instantiation − The creation of an instance of a class.
Method − A special kind of function that is defined in a
class definition.
Operator overloading − Using same operator in different
ways
Like + for addition and concatenation
* for multiplication and repetition
Creating Classes
The name of the class immediately follows the
keyword class followed by a colon as follows −
class ClassName:
'Optional class documentation string'
class_suite
•The class_suite consists of all the component
statements defining class members, data attributes
and functions.
EXCEPTION HANDLING
Difference between Error and Exception
Error---
1) Syntax Error –errors with the construct of the software
Cannot be executed or compiled correctly
Repaired before execution
Domain Failures
2) logical error – Caused by lack of or invalid input
executing in the current flow is no longer possible
Range Failures
Exceptions:
System errors and hardware interruptions
Detecting and Handling done by Operating System
Detection and Handling Exceptions:
detected by incorporating them as part of a try statement
Any code suite of try statement will be monitored for exceptions
Two main forms of try statements:
try-except-- allows to detect and handle exceptions
try-finally– allows to detect and process exceptions
A try statement is either accompanied by one or more except
clauses or exactly one finally clause
Optional else for situations where code needs to run when no
exceptions are detected
1. try-except:
syntax:
try: #watch for exceptions here
try_suite
except Exception: #exception-handling code
except_suite
2. try statement with multiple excepts:
To handle different types of exceptions with the same try
Syntax:
try: #watch for exceptions here
try_suite
except Exception1: #exception-handling code
except_suite_for_Exception1
except Exception2: #exception-handling code
except_suite_for_Exception2
Assertions:
An assertion is a sanity-check that you can turn on or turn
off when you are testing the program.
diagnostic predicates must evaluate to Boolean True,
otherwise an exception is raised to indicate that the
expression is False
an assertion is like a raise-if statement
works similar to Macros in C
assert expression[,args]
Exception
StandardError SystemError
ArithmeticError AssertionError AttributeError EOFError EnvironmentError
FlotingPointError OverflowError ZeroDivisionError IOError OSError
ImportError KeyboardInterruptError LookupError MemoryError NameError
IndexError KeyError UnboundLocalError
RuntimeError SyntaxError TypeError ValueError
NoImplementedError IndentationError UnicodeError
