SOCIETY

AND
CULTURE
prepared by: Jomark M. Peduhan
“Why CHANGES is the only permanent thing
in the world?”
 In our society today, we see a lot of
changes and developments that affect our life.
Changes that made our life easier. Changes
such as these have resulted in the
modernization of nation-states. According to
Heraclitus, “CHANGE is the only permanent
thing in this world”
Nation State
Is a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects
have a …. Common Culture, They speak the same
language, have a common descent, share a
common history.
Common culture refers to the shared customs,
traditions, beliefs, and practices that are
recognized within a particular society.
Personal Identity
Is the concept you
develop about yourself
that evolves over the
course of your life and
this may include aspects
of your life that you
have no control over.
Significance
of
Culture
 01
CUSTOMS
CUSTOMS
a usage or practice common to many or to a
particular place or class or habitual with an
individual.
 02
LAWS
LAWS
It is the system of rules which a
particular country/community recognizes as
regulating the actions of its members and it
may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
 03
MORALS
Morals
Relating to
principles of right and
wrong in behaviour
and expressing or
teaching a
conception of right
behaviour.
04
ARTS
 Arts
Human application
and physical expression of
creativity, Arts is
something that is created
with imagination and skill,
projection of beauty.
 05
KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge
Acts, information, and skills acquired by
a person through experience or education.
 06
BELIEFS
Beliefs
An acceptance that a statement is true
or that something exists.
Example:
Giving aid without being asked
Respect for Elders
Debt of Honor
Anthropology
Anthropology
The term
anthropology means
scientific study of
man or human
beings.
Sociology
Sociology
It is the study of human social relationships
and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is
diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the
family of the state, from the divisions of race and
social class to the shared beliefs of a common
culture, and from social stability to radical change
in whole societies.
Sociology
According to Joseph Fichter, sociology is
the scientific study of patterned, shared human
behaviour. It analyses human interaction which
is essential in understanding man’s cultural
make-up. It may focus its attention on all kinds
of social interactions.
Political
Science
Political Science
It is a social science that deals with humans
and their interactions. It is a branch of
sociology; it essentially deals with the large-
scale actions of humans, and group mentality.
Political Science
According to Ricardo Lazo, the primary goal of
Political Science is citizenship education. It requires
the students to understand and appreciate the duties
and obligations of being a member of a society.
Political Science includes core competencies,
knowledge and skills that help learners become
participative and productive members of the
community.
Political Science
“CHANGE is the only permanent
thing in this world”
-HERACLITUS
Activity
Time
Directions: Using the graphic organizer, write the most
important details about the nature and goals of
Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science.
II. In your own words, explain the quotation of
Heraclitus.

“Change is the only permanent

thing in this world”
Defining Culture and Society
from the Perspective of
Anthropology and Sociology
Prepared by: Jomark M. Peduhan
People rarely distinguish the
difference between the terms
“culture” and “society”, but for
sociologists, the two terms have
different meanings and distinction is
important.
 Culture
A culture is a way if life of a group of
people-- the behaviors, beliefs, values,
and symbols that they accept.
It was passed along by communication
and imitation from one generation to
the next.
 Culture
It includes knowledge, belief,
art, law, morals, custom, and
other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of
society.
 Society
The people who interact in such a
way as to share a common culture.
The term society can also have a
geographic meaning and refer to
people who share a common culture
in particular location.
Culture and Society are intricately
related. A culture consists of the
“objects” of a society, whereas a
society consists of the “people” who
share a common culture.
 Aspects of Culture
Cultures have key features
(classification and elements) and
characteristics that are present in all
cultures.
 Classification of Culture:
a. Material
b. Non-Material
1. Cognitive
2. Normative
 Material Culture
Includes all material objects or those
components or elements of culture
with physical representation.
● Weapons
● Machines, Gadgets ● Arts
● Eating Utensils ● Hairstyle
● Jewelry
● Clothing
 Non-Material Culture
There are components of culture that
are nontangible or without physical
representation.
● Language
● Gestures ● Rules
● Values ● Philosophies
● Beliefs
● Customs
● Governments
2 Categories of Non-Material Culture
1. Cognitive
includes the ideas, concepts, philosophies,
design, etc. that are products of mental or
intellectual functioning and reasoning of the
human mind
2. Normative Culture
includes all the expectations, standard, and
rules for human behavior.
 Sociological Perspective
● Has a narrower focus.
● Sociologist are often concerned with
contemporary issues and how current
societies interact with one another and
why.
● Main focus is current events.
 Anthropological Perspective
● Has a wider focus.
● Looks towards the past to answer
question about the future, drawing on
historical civilizations to gain perspective.
● Main focus is the study of human beings
 Activity Time
I. Directions: Answer the following
questions in not less than 3 to 5 sentences.
Use your OWN WORDS and write them in
one whole yellow sheet of paper.
1. How would you differentiate Material
and Non-Material Culture?
 Activity Time
2. Why is culture important in our society?
3. How is culture and behavior related?
4. Political Science.
5. Since Culture is very complex, cite some
important aspects of culture that
contribute to the development.
 Activity Time
II. Explain what freedom C -
means by the use of the U -
letters of CULTURE.
L-
T-
U-
R-
E-
Looking Back at
Human
Biocultural and
Social Evolution
prepared by: Jomark M. Peduhan
Evolution
It is a natural process of
biological changes occurring in a
population across successive
generations.
 Simple Differentiation of the Cultural
Evolution
Paleolithic Age Neolithic Age
• Unpolished Stone • Polished Stone Tools
Tools • Living in Permanent
• Hunting and Gathering Places
• Nomadic Way of Living • Domestication of
Plants and Animals
Different
Species
 Homo Habilis
• Recognize to be
the FIRST TRUE
MAN
• Species name
“Handy Man”
• First to make
STONE TOOLS
 Homo Rudolfensis
Species
characterized by a
longer face, larger
molar, and having
a larger case.
 Homo Erectus
• They were the FIRST
TO PRODUCE FIRE
• Species name
“UPRIGHT MAN”
• They were the First
hunters with
Improvised tools
(AXES, KNIVES)
 Homo Heidelbergenesis
• First of early human
species live in colder
climate
• First to hunt large
animals using spears
• FIRST TO
CONSTRUCT
HUMAN SHELTER
 Homo Floresiensis
• Species nicknamed
“HOBBIT” due to their small
stature with a height of
more or less 3 feet.
• They lived in the island of
Flores, Indonesia along with
dwarfed animals species
 Homo Sapiens
• These species name means “WISE MAN”
• The present human race belongs to this species
Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis
• The first to practice
burial of their dead
• Sewing clothes from
animals skin using
Bone needle
• Hunting and
Gathering food
Becoming a
Member of
Society
prepared by: Jomark M. Peduhan
Human Rights
Are natural rights of all human
being whatever their nationality,
religion, ethnicity, sex, language and
color. We are equally entitled to our
human rights w/o discrimination
Natural Rights
These are rights inherent to
man and given to him by God as a
human being.
Ex. Right to live, love, & happy
Constitutional Rights
It can be a prerogative or a duty, a
power or a restraint of power,
recognized and established by a
sovereign state or union of states.
Ex.: Due process, Equal protection,
Freedom of contract,
Statutory Rights
These are rights provided by the
lawmaking body of a country or by
law.
Examples: K-12 Curriculum
Civil Rights
These are rights enjoyed by an
individual by virtue of his
citizenship in a state or community
Examples: Freedom of speech,
Right to information
Economic Rights
These are the rights to property,
whether personal, real, or
intellectual.
Examples: Right to use and dispose
his property, right to practice one’s
profession and right to make a living
Political Rights
These are the rights an individual
enjoys as a consequence of being a
member of a body politic.
Examples: Right to vote and right to
be voted into public office.
How Society is
Organize
prepared by: Jomark M. Peduhan
How Society is Organize?
- Man has a societal personality, he cannot
stand or live alone.
- He needs the company of other people.
- Even the richest person in the universe
who has everything needs other people to
do some job for them. People need people
to support their needs.
What is Group?
A GROUP could be very small, such as a
girl & boy talking to each other, or it can be
very huge, such as a thousand people
attending a prayer rally.
A GROUP is constituted by two or more
persons who interact together & are
together physically.
What is Group?
A GROUP could be very small, such as a
girl & boy talking to each other, or it can be
very huge, such as a thousand people
attending a prayer rally.
A GROUP is constituted by two or more
persons who interact together & are
together physically.
Other Forms
of Group
Aggregates
Occasionally, we see a number of
persons who come together without
interacting with each other, like
people waiting for a jeep or bus to
come, or people riding in an LRT/MRT
train.
Social Category
It is an agglomeration where
members possess common
identifying status characteristics but
do not interact socially.
Ex. Male & Female, youth, adults,
infants, children, etc.
Collective
Crowds, masses, public and social
movements are temporary groups which
also interest sociologists. Temporary
groups are cluster of people interacting
with each other but the interactions are
temporary or short-lived.
Types of
Social
Groups
Primary Group
Consist of small face to face
structures such as the family &
friendship groups where
personalities fuse into a common
whole.
Secondary Group
This relationship involves a
reaction to only a part of an individual
personality.
Secondary group relationships
tend to be casual, temporary and
limited in personal involvement.
 Types of
Group
Boundaries
Formal Group
Are boundaries that are
determined by predetermined
criteria such as being accepted as a
fraternity member or a Rotarian.
Informal Group
Are boundaries that are determined by
non-specific criteria as in a school peer
group. Member and non-member
boundaries are informal when a group
develops around a temporary activity such
as playing basketball or meeting with
friends.
Activity
Time
II. Directions: Answer the following questions below
using 2-3 sentences. Write your answer on the space
provided below.
1. In today’s modern society, what form of social
control is applicable or effective in resolving
criminality?
2. How do we protect our human rights? What are
the important responsibilities that we need to
perform or play to contribute to the development
of our country?
3. How does socialization help in the development
of individuals to become a productive member of
society?
4. How do we protect human rights?
5. What do you think are the important
responsibilities that we need to perform or play to
contribute to the development of our country?
III. Directions: Answer the following questions below
using 2-3 sentences. Write your answer on the space
provided below.
1. Evaluate the impact of social media on the
existing groups in society?
2. Explain your personal observations regarding
the relationship among members of your own
preferred group?
3. What is the difference between the primary and
secondary group?
Institution and
Stratification
Prepared by: Jomark M. Peduhan
What is Family?
It is the basic
social institution and
the primary group in
society.
 Family
Vary from culture
to culture, it is a
group of persons
united by ties of
marriage, blood.
 Kinship
Refers to human
relationship, that is, a
person’s relationship by
blood or marriage to
another person or others.
 Kinship
It creates a network of
social relationship that are
basic and essential in the
lives of most humans in
most societies.
 Kinds of Kinship by Blood:
1. Descent
2. Consanguinity
3. Patrilineal
4. Matrilineal
5. Bilineal
 Descent
Refers to the origin or
background of a person in
terms of family or
nationality.
 Consanguinity
relationship by blood or by
descent of the same ancestor,
and is related to genealogy, a line
of descent directly traceable from
an ancestor.
 Patrilineal
Kinships are reckoned
through his or her father’s line
of descent.
 Matrilineal
Kinship is seen through his
or her mother’s line of
descent.
 Bilineal
Most common form of
descent pattern that traces
kinship both from mother’s
and the father’s line of
descent.
 Kinship by Marriage
Marriage – A socially or ritually
recognized union or legal contract
between spouses that establishes
rights and obligations between
them.
ON AUGUST 3, 1988 THE FAMILY CODE
OF THE PHILIPPINES
It defines marriage as a special
contract of permanent union between
a man & a woman entered into in
accordance with law for the
establishment of Conjugal and a family.
 Forms of Marriage
1. Monogamy
2. Serial Monogamy
3. Polygamy
- Polygyny
- Polyandry
- Group Marriage
 Monogamy
Allows or permits a man to
take only one spouse at a
time.
 Serial Monogamy
If remarriage is allowed
following divorce or death of a
partner.
 Polygamy
The custom of having more
than one legal spouse at the
same time.
 Polygyny
If a man is married to more
than one wife at a time.
Ex. Muslims
 Polyandry
When it is woman who is
married to more than one spouse
(husband) at a time.
Ex. Tibetans in Nepal, Irigwe tribe
in Nigeria
 Group Marriage
Is a marriage-like arrangement
where three or more adults live
together, all considering themselves
partners, sharing finances, children,
and household responsibilities.
 Types of Family
1. Nuclear Family
2. Extended Family
3. Reconstituted Family
 Nuclear Family
Consisting of a pair of
adults, and their offspring,
regardless of the number, as
nuclear family may have any
number of children.
 Extended Family
Extends beyond the immediate
family, the basic example of which
is a married couple and his children
that live with either the husband or
the wife’s parents.
 Reconstituted Family
Formed by the joining of two adults
through marriage, cohabitation, or civil
partnership, in which either one or
both of the adults have a child or
children from a previous relationship
living in their home.
 Consider this question

What role does a family play in our

society?
 Activity Time
I. Directions: Fill in the boxes provided
below in the diagram with the different
functions of the family in the society.
1. What is your family structure? Among
family siblings/members, who is most
influential and why?
2. Describe your family relationship. How
does this kind of relationship made you
grow as a better person and a good
example in the community?
3. What is your important role and
functions in the family? How this function
does bring considerable contribution in the
community?
4. How does other family affect your
family? How your family affects the lives of
people in society?