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Quadratic Equations Class 10 Notes CBSE Maths Chapter 4 (PDF)

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45 views4 pages

Quadratic Equations Class 10 Notes CBSE Maths Chapter 4 (PDF)

Uploaded by

axist pro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Revision Notes

Class - 10 Maths
Chapter 4 - Quadratic Equation
Definition of quadratic equation:
● A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation of the form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , where a,b,c are real numbers, a 0.
● For example, 2x 2 + x − 300 = 0 is a quadratic equation

Standard form of quadratic equation:


● Any equation of the form p ( x ) = 0 , where p ( x ) is a polynomial of degree 2
, is a quadratic equation.
● When we write the terms of p ( x ) in descending order of their degrees, then
we get the standard form of the equation.
● That is, ax 2 + bx + c, a  0 is called the standard form of a quadratic
equation.

Roots of quadratic equation:


● A solution of the equation p(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 , with a 0 is called a root
of the quadratic equation.
● A real number  is called a root of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 if a 2 + b + c = 0 .
● It means x= satisfies the quadratic equation or x= is the root of
quadratic equation.
● The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c and the roots of the
quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are the same.

Method of solving a quadratic equation:


1. Factorization method
a. Factorize the quadratic equation by splitting the middle term.

Class X Maths www.vedantu.com 1


b. After splitting the middle term, convert the equation into linear factors by
taking common terms out.
c. Then on equating each factor to zero the roots are determined.
d. For example:
 2x 2 − 5x + 3 (Split the middle term)
 2x − 2x − 3x + 3 (Take out common terms to determine linear factors)
2

 2x ( x − 1) − 3 ( x − 1)
 ( x − 1)( 2x − 3) (Equate to zero)
 ( x − 1)( 2x − 3) = 0
When ( x − 1) = 0 , x = 1
3
When ( 2x − 3 ) = 0 , x =
2
3
So, the roots of 2x 2 − 5x + 3 are 1 and
2

2. Method of completing the square


a. The solution of quadratic equation can be found by converting any quadratic
equation to perfect square of the form ( x + a ) − b2 = 0 .
2

b. To convert quadratic equation x 2 + ax + b = 0 to perfect square equate b i.e.,


the constant term to the right side of equal sign then add square of half of a
i.e., square of half of coefficient of x both sides.
c. To convert quadratic equation of form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 to perfect square
first divide the equation by a i.e., the coefficient of x 2 then follow the above-
mentioned steps.
d. For example:
 x 2 + 4x − 5 = 0 (Equate constant term 5 to the right of equal sign)
 x 2 + 4x = 5 (Add square of half of 4 both sides)
2 2
4 4
 x + 4x +   = 5 +  
2

2 2
 x 2 + 4x + 4 = 9
 ( x + 2) = 9
2

 ( x + 2 ) − ( 3) = 0
2 2

It is of the form ( x + a ) − b2 = 0
2

Now,

Class X Maths www.vedantu.com 2


 ( x + 2 ) − ( 3) = 0
2 2

 ( x + 2) = 9
2

 ( x + 2 ) = 3
x =1 and x =−5
So, the roots of x 2 + 4x − 5 = 0 are 1 and −5

3. By using quadratic formula


a. The root of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is given by formula
− b  b 2 − 4ac
x= , where b2 − 4ac is known as discriminant.
2a

b. If b2 − 4ac  0 then only the root of quadratic equation is given by


− b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
c. For example:
 x 2 + 4x + 3
On using quadratic formula, we get
−4  ( 4) − 4 1 3
2

x=
2 1
−4  16 − 12
x=
2
−4  4
x=
2
−4  2
x=
2

−4 + 2
x = , x = −1
2
−4 − 2
x = , x =−3
2
So, the roots of x 2 + 4x + 3 = 0 are −1 and −3
Nature of roots based on discriminant:

a. If b2 − 4ac = 0 then the roots are real and equal

Class X Maths www.vedantu.com 3


b. If b2 − 4ac  0 then the roots are real and distinct
c. If b2 − 4ac  0 then the roots are imaginary

Class X Maths www.vedantu.com 4

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