Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) Ability to Conduct Experiment Ability to assimilate the results Effective use of lab equipment and follows the lab safety rules
Total Marks: Obtained Marks:
LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:
Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Attributes (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Data presentation
Experimental results
Conclusion
Total Marks: Obtained Marks:
Date: Signature: LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 2
DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AND BASIC GATES
OBJECTIVE 1. To recognize diodes in various physical forms. 2. To learn the working of PN junction diode in Forward and Reverse bias. 3. To plot the characteristics curve of PN junction diode in Forward & Reverse bias. 4. To study the I-V characteristics of diode. 5. To study the application of diode as OR and AND gate.
DISCUSSION Theory of Diode:
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. The positive terminal of the diode is called the anode and the negative terminal the cathode as shown in Fig.1.
Fig. 1 A Simple Diode Symbol
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). A more precise diagram of a diode is shown in Fig.2. Fig. 2 Diode Representations
Forward Bias:
When a diode is connected as shown in Fig.3, it is known as FORWARD BIASED Connection.
In this mode it will conduct and current flows through the circuit. A forward-biased diode is said to be turned on, or simply on.
Fig. 3 A Forward Biased Connection
For the forward bias of a P-N junction, P-type is connected to the positive terminal while the N- type is connected to the negative terminal of a battery. The potential at P-N junction can be varied with the help of potential divider. At some forward voltage (0.3 V for Ge and 0.7V for Si) the potential barrier is altogether eliminated and current starts flowing. This voltage is known as threshold voltage (Vth) or cut in voltage or knee voltage. It is practically same as barrier voltage VB. For V<Vth, the current flow is negligible. As the forward applied voltage increases beyond threshold voltage, the forward current rises exponentially. Reverse Bias:
When a diode is connected as shown in Fig.4, it is known as REVERSE BIASED connection. In
this mode it will not conduct and no current flows through the circuit. An ideal diode has zero current when operated in the reverse direction and is said to be cut off, or simply off.
Fig. 4 A Reverse Biased Connection
For the reverse bias of p-n junction, P-type is connected to the negative terminal while N-type is connected to the positive terminal of a battery. Under normal reverse voltage, a very little reverse current flows through a P-N junction. But when the reverse voltage is increased, a point is reached when the junction breaks down with sudden rise in reverse current. The critical value of the voltage is known as break down (VBR). The break down voltage is defined as the reverse voltage at which P-N junction breakdown with sudden rise in reverse current.
Classification of Diodes: Conventional diodes can be divided into two groups as follows: Signal diodes Power diodes Signal diodes are generally used in low-voltage and low-current applications where speed and a large backward-to-forward resistance ratio are of significant importance (i.e., wave-shaping circuits). Their packages are generally the size of a quarter-watt resistor and are made of glass, ceramic, or plastic. On the other hand, power diode applications are generally limited to the various rectifier circuits. Their function is to convert ac power to dc power. The more important characteristics of the power diodes are their ability to withstand large currents, dissipate power, and withstand large peak inverse voltages. Power diodes are generally made of plastic or metal, and package size varies dramatically with the current carrying and power dissipation capability of the diode.
The DMM Method for Diode Testing:
A quick way to determine whether a diode is defective or not, is to use DMM in diode mode. The diode is put in forward bias and the voltage drop across the diode is measured, using a Multimeter. A normally working diode will allow current to flow in forward bias and must have voltage drop. If the displayed voltage value is in between 0.6 to 0.7 (for a Silicon Diode), then the diode is healthy and perfect. For Germanium Diodes, this value is in between 0.25 to 0.3. Now, reverse the terminals of the meter i.e., connect the red probe to cathode and black to anode. This is the reverse biased condition of the diode where no current flows through it. Hence, the meter should read OL or 1 (which is equivalent to open circuit) if the diode is healthy.
Theory of OR Gate: The Logic OR Gate is a type of digital logic circuit whose output goes HIGH to a logic level 1 only when any one or more of its inputs are HIGH. The output will be to a logic 0 when all of its inputs are LOW. By using diode, we can construct OR gate as shown in Fig.5 (a). Theory of AND Gate: The Logic AND Gate is a type of digital logic circuit whose output goes HIGH to a logic level 1 only when all its inputs are HIGH. The output will be to a logic 0 if any one or more inputs are LOW. By using diode, we can construct AND gate as shown in Fig.5 (b).
Fig. 5 Diode as (a) OR Gate, (b) AND gate
LAB TASK 1 Connect the circuit in forward biased direction as shown in Fig.3. Change the supply voltage from 0.1V to 12V as shown in table. I. Observe the values of resister voltage, diode voltage and current passing through it using multimeter. Write down these values for same supply voltage in tabular form. Make graph using these values to show the I-V characteristics curve of diode in Forward bias region. LAB TASK 2 Connect the circuit in Reversed biased direction as shown in Fig.4. Change the supply voltage from 0 Vdc to 26 Vdc with a step of 2 V as shown in table. I. Observe the value of resistor and diode voltage and current passing through it using multimeter. Write down these values for same supply voltage in tabular form.
RESULTS Fill the below table by getting the values from the circuit.
LAB TASK 3 Connect the circuit for OR gate as shown in Fig.5(a) by taking R=1kΩ. Apply the different input voltage combinations given in volts as shown in Table II. Record the output voltage and fill in the readings in Table II.
LAB TASK 4 Connect the circuit for AND gate as shown in Fig.5(b) by taking R=1kΩ. Apply the different input voltage combinations given in volts as shown in Table II. Record the output voltage and fill in the readings in Table II.
RESULTS
A B C 𝒗𝜸 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 𝒗𝜸 = 𝑨. 𝑩. 𝑪 0 0 0
0 0 5
0 5 0
0 5 5
5 0 0
5 0 5
5 5 0
5 5 5
Table I: Truth Table of 3 Input OR and AND Gate
CONCLUSION __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Questions Q1. How can we test a diode by using Ohmmeter? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q2. What will be the voltage value across diode in Forward biased mode (When diode is turned on)? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q3. What will be the current value in circuit when diode is in Forward biased mode (When diode is turned on)? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q4. Write any three applications of diodes? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
