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 Formula Syntax Common Errors

All formulas start with Arguments are always Arguments are separated by commas in the US, but other Error Type What it means How to fix it
an equals sign surrounded by parentheses regions may use different list separators (like semi-colons)

Drag or double-click column border to increase width, or right-

Column isn’t wide enough to display values
= MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type]) ###### click to set custom column width

Make sure that function names are correct, references are valid
#NAME? Excel does not recognize text in a formula and spelled properly, and quotation marks and colons are in place
The function name tells Excel what These are arguments, which vary by function and provide
type of operation you’re about to Excel with the info needed to evaluate a result
perform (Excel offers ~500 functions) Check that your formula isn’t trying to perform an arithmetic
#VALUE! Formula has the wrong type of argument operation on text strings or cells formatted as text
Note: Not all arguments are required; optional arguments are
Note: Function names aren’t case- surrounded by square brackets (like [match_type] above)
sensitive, and aren’t always required; Check the value of your divisor; if 0 is correct, use an IF statement
Most functions have at least one required argument, but some #DIV/0! Formula is dividing by zero or an empty cell to display an alternate value if you choose
basic arithmetic and logical operations don’t require any, like ROW(), COLUMN(), TODAY() or NOW()
often don’t need one:
‡ = A1 + B1 Make sure that you didn’t move, delete, or replace cells that are
#REF! Formula refers to a cell that is not valid referenced in your formula
‡ = A1 / B1
‡ = A1 > B1
‡ = A1 = B1 PRO TIP: Check that all references and formula arguments evaluate properly
#N/A Formula can’t find a referenced value (the most common cause is a lookup value with no match)
As you begin writing a formula, the Function ScreenTips box will guide
you through each individual argument – this is an extremely helpful tool!

Reference Ty p e s Auditing To o l s

Reference types allow you to “recycle” formulas across multiple cells, without
having to manually update your references (which would be completely impractical)

Cell references are relative by default (A1). This Relative Column & Row Relative Column, Fixed Row
allows the reference to change as the formula is
copied to new cells Trace Precedents Trace Dependents Show Formulas
Identifies cells which affect the Identifies cells which are affected by Temporarily displays all formulas in
The $ symbol is used to create fixed references. value of the one selected the value of the one selected the worksheet as text strings
You can fix entire cells ($A$1) or just the column
($A1) or row (A$1), which prevents references from
changing as the formula is copied to new cells
Fixed Column, Relative Row Fixed Column & Row

PRO TIP:
Mastering reference types is my #1 tip
for working efficiently with formulas

TIP: To select all cells containing formulas, use Ctrl-G to

launch the Go-To menu, then select Special > Formulas
 Auditing To o l s CTRL Shortcuts

Ctrl + Arrow
‡ Jumps to the last cell in a data region, in the direction of the arrow
Evaluate Formula
Allows you to cycle through each
Ctrl + Shift +
individual calculation step within a Ctrl + Shift + Arrow
formula, see how each component
evaluates, and pinpoint the source ‡ Selects to the last cell in a data region, in the direction of the arrow
of the error

Ctrl + Home/End Ctrl + Shift + End

‡ Jumps to the Home (top-left) or End (bottom-right) cell in a region

1 2 3 4 5 6 Ctrl + . Ctrl + Shift +

‡ Jumps straight to each corner within a selected cell range

Ctrl + PgUp/PgDn
PRO TIP: ‡ Switches worksheet tabs, either to the left (PgUp) or right (PgDn)
Evaluate Formula is my go-to tool for breaking down complex or unfamiliar formulas

FULL LIST: https://exceljet.net/keyboard-shortcuts

Auditing To o l s Fn Shortcuts

F1
Error Checking
‡ Launches the Excel help pane (default)
Scans the sheet for errors and ‡ Links to the Microsoft Support website (tool-specific)
provides a summary with options
to trace the source, ignore the
error, modify your options, or link A1
out to Microsoft support F2
‡ Allows you to edit the active cell
‡ Highlights cells referenced by the active formula
$A1 F4 $A$1
F4
‡ Repeats the last action taken (default)
‡ Toggles absolute/relative cell references within a formula
A$1
F9
‡ Calculates all workbook formulas (when in manual mode)
‡ Evaluates each function argument within the formula bar

FULL LIST: https://exceljet.net/keyboard-shortcuts

 Common Mac Shortcuts Data Validation

Mac Shortcut Purpose PC Equivalent

Data Validation
Command-T Cycles between cell reference types F4 Restricts the values that a user can enter into a given cell,
based on:
‡ Number Type (Whole vs. Decimal)
Command-Y Repeats the last user action F4 ‡ Value (Between, Less Than, Equal To, etc) Decimal from 0 -1

‡ List of Items (Based on cell range or manual list)

‡ Date/Time (Between, Less Than, Equal To, etc)
Control-U Displays cell ranges tied to a given formula F2 ‡ Text Length (Between, Less Than, Equal To, etc)
‡ Custom (Formula-Driven)

Command-Arrow Jumps to the edge of a contiguous data array CTRL-ARROW FUN FACT: You can customize your own error alerts!

Command-Shift-Arrow Extends a selection to the edge of a data array CTRL-SHIFT-ARROW

Command-Fn-Up/Down Jumps between workbook tabs CTRL-PAGE UP/DOWN

List of Items

FULL LIST: https://exceljet.net/keyboard-shortcuts

Alt Key Tips Congrats, You’re a Developer!

By definition, Excel is a full-stack development platform*; but rather than separating each layer
Alt Key Tips of the process (data, logic & presentation), Excel mixes them all within the same user interface:
‡ Allow you to quickly access tools from ribbon menus and
sub-menus using only the keyboard (no clicks!)
‡ Each keystroke takes you a layer deeper, until you land on
DATA
the tool you need (Note: Simply press & release the Alt key,
instead of holding it down)
‡ There are hundreds of combinations, so start by focusing LOGIC
on the tools that you use most frequently:
BACK-END

LOGIC
Alt – H – V – V DATA

‡ Paste Special as Values

BACK + FRONT END

Some of my VS
go-to key tips
Alt – A – T PRESENTATION
FRONT-END

‡ Add or remove filters PRESENTATION

Alt – M – V
‡ Evaluate Formula

*This is NOT a claim that Excel is always the right full-stack dev tool (or, in may cases, even a
viable one). Rather, it’s an effort to inspire users to think creatively about what Excel can do
 IF Statements

=IF(logical_test, [Value if True], [Value if False])

Any test that results in either Value returned if logical Value returned if logical
TRUE or FALSE test is TRUE test is FALSE
(i.e. A1=“Google”, B2<100, etc)

KE/d/KE>^ddDEd^
= IF(B2<=0,“Yes”,”No”)
In this case we’re categorizing the Freeze column
as “Yes” if the temperature is equal to or below
32, otherwise “No”

Conditional Statements Nested IF Statements

By using Nested IF Statements, you can include multiple logical tests

within a single formula:

All C
Conditional Statements in Excel are
base
based on simple “IF/THEN” statements:

-IF it’s raining, THEN bring an umbrella = IF(B2<40,”COLD”,IF(B2>80,”HOT”,”MILD”))

-IF it’s sunny, THEN bring sunglasses
-IF it’s sunny AND it’s summer, skip work and go to the beach If temp<40, climate = “Cold”, if temp>80,
climate = “Hot”, otherwise climate = “Mild”

You’r
You’re basically saying “Hey Excel, if this statement is
true, do this. Otherwise, do something else.”
 AND/OR Statements IFERROR

Excel’s AND and OR statements allow you to include multiple logical tests at once: The IFERROR statement is an excellent tool to eliminate annoying error messages
(#N/A, #DIV/0!, #REF!, etc.), which is particularly useful for front-end formatting

=
=IF(OR(F2=“Rain”,F2=“Snow”),“Wet",“Dry")
Here we’re categorizing conditions as “Wet” if the =IFERROR(value, value_if_error)
precipitation type equals “rain” OR “snow”,
otherwise Conditions = “Dry”

Formula or value that may or Value

lue ret
returned in the
may not result in an error case of an error
=IF(AND(D2=“Yes”,C2>0),“Snow",IF(AND(D2=“No”,C2>0),“Rain",“None"))
C2>
If the temp is below freezing AND the amount of precipitation > 0, then Precip Type = “Snow”, if the temp is
above freezing AND the amount of precipitation >0, then Precip Type = “Rain”, otherwise Precip Type = “None” PRO TIP:
If you’re writing a formula that may trigger an error (i.e. a VLOOKUP where not all values
have a match), WRITE THE FULL FORMULA FIRST then wrap it in an IFERROR statement
PRO TIP:
When writing nested functions, copy/paste repetitive pieces and tweak
individual elements to save time (rather than starting from scratch)

NOT/<> Operators IS Statements

Excel offers a number of different IS formulas, each of which checks whether a

If you want to evaluate a case where a logical statement is not true, you can use
certain condition is true:
either the NOT statement or a “<>” operator

ISBLANK = Checks whether the reference cell or value is blank

ISNUMBER = Checks whether the reference cell or value is numerical
=IF(NOT(C2=0),“Wet",“Dry") ISTEXT = Checks whether the reference cell or value is a text string
=IF(C2<>0,“Wet",“Dry") ISERROR = Checks whether the reference cell or value returns an error
ISEVEN = Checks whether the reference cell or value is even
ISODD = Checks whether the reference cell or value is odd
In both of these examples, we’re defining Conditions = “Wet” if the amount of precipitation is NOT equal to 0 ISLOGICAL = Checks whether the reference cell or value is a logical operator
ISFORMULA = Checks whether the reference cell or value is a formula
 RANK/SMALL/LARGE

R
RANK(A2,A2:A8) = 2
R
RANK(A3,A2:A8) = 7 (lowest) The RANK function returns the rank of a
R
RANK(A4,A2:A8) = 6
particular number among a list of values
R
RANK(A5,A2:A8) = 1 (highest)
R
RANK(A6,A2:A8) = 4
R
RANK(A7,A2:A8) = 3
KDDKE^dd^&hEd/KE^ R
RANK(A8,A2:A8) = 5

LARGE(A2:A8,2) = 90
(the 2nd largest number in the array is 90)
The SMALL/LARGE functions return the
nth smallest/largest values within an array
SMALL(A2:A8,3) = 50
(the 3rd smallest number in the array is 50)

Basic Stats Functions PERCENTRANK

The Count, Average, Median, Mode, Max/Min, Percentile and Standard

Deviation/Variance functions are used to perform basic calculations on a data array PERCENTRANK returns the rank of a value as
a percentage of a given array or dataset

=COUNT(A2:A20) =PERCENTRANK(array, x)
=AVERAGE(A2:A20)
=MEDIAN(A2:A20)
= What range of data Which value within the
are you looking at? range are you looking at?
=MODE(A2:A20)
=
=MAX(A2:A20)
=
=
=MIN(A2:A20)
PERCENTRANK($A$2:$A$19,
PE A14) = 100% (highest)
=PERCENTILE(A2:A20,.25)
=PERCENTILE(A2:A20,.75) PERCENTRANK($A$2:$A$19, A16) = 0% (lowest)

=STDEV(A2:A20)
=VAR(A2:A20)
=
 RAND/RANDBETWEEN SUMPRODUCT

RAND() and RANDBETWEEN act like random number generators in Excel: SUMPRODUCT is often used with filters to calculate products only for rows that meet
certain criteria:

Quantity of goods sold at Shaws:

The RAND() function returns a random SUMPRODUCT((A2:A17=“Shaws”)*C2:C17) = 16
value between 0 and 1 (to 15 digits) Total revenue from Shaws:
SUMPRODUCT((A2:A17=“Shaws”)*C2:C17*D2:D17) = $21.80

Revenue from apples sold at Shaws:

R
SUMPRODUCT((A2:A17=“Shaws”)*(B2:B17=“Apple”)*C2:C17*D2:D17) =
S
$0.50
$

The RANDBETWEEN function returns an PRO TIP:

integer between two values that you specify When you add filters to a SUMPRODUCT, you need
to change the commas to multiplication signs

=RANDBETWEEN(0,100)

SUMPRODUCT SUMPRODUCT

The SUMPRODUCT formula multiplies corresponding cells from multiple arrays and Great, but how does it really work?
returns the sum of the products (Note: all arrays must have the same dimensions) SUMPRODUCT((A2:A17=“Shaws”)*(B2:B17=“Apple”)*C2:C17*D2:D17) = $0.50

=SUMPRODUCT(array1, array2 … array_N)

What YOU see
Example: Total Revenue

What EXCEL sees

When you apply a condition or filter

to a column, Excel translates those
cells as 0’s (if false) and 1’s (if true)

Without using SUMPRODUCT, you could multiply SUMPRODUCT(B2:B4,C2:C4) = $7.40 If you multiply all four columns,
ONLY ROWS THAT SATISFY
quantity*price in each row and sum the products
ALL CONDITIONS WILL
PRODUCE A NON-ZERO SUM
 COUNTIF/SUMIF/AVERAGEIF

The COUNTIF, SUMIF, and AVERAGEIF formulas calculate a sum, count, or average
based on specific criteria
=COUNTIF(range, criteria)
=SUMIF(range, criteria, sum_range)
=AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, average_range)

Which cells need to Under what condition Where are the values
>KK<hWΘZ&ZE&hEd/KE^
match your criteria? do I want to sum, count, that I want to sum or
or average? average?

COUNTIF(B2:B20,22) = 2
SUMIF(A2:A20,“Ryan”,B2:B20) = 190
SUMIF(A2:A20,“<>Tim”,B2:B20) = 702
AVERAGEIF(A2:A20,“Maria”,B2:B20) = 45.75

COUNTIFS/SUMIFS/AVERAGEIFS Named Ranges

COUNTIFS, SUMIFS, and AVERAGEIFS are used when you want to evaluate a
count, sum, or average based on multiple conditions or criteria Using Named Arrays can simplify a lookup function if you use the same
data array in multiple formulas
=COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criteria1, criteria_range2 , criteria2…)
=SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, criteria_range2 , criteria2…) For example, if you name the array from A1:D6 “Apparel”…
=AVERAGEIFS(average_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, criteria_range2 , criteria2…)
…you can write your vlookup formula in either of
the following ways:
COUNTIFS(B2:B13,“Search”, D2:D13,“>200”) = 3
SUMIFS(D2:D13, A2:A13,“Feb”,B2:B13,“Display”) = 734 =VLOOKUP(A1,$A$1:$D$6,2)
AVERAGEIFS(D2:D13, A2:A13,“Jan”,C2:C13,“MSN”) = 263 =VLOOKUP(A1,Apparel,2)

PRO TIP:
If you use < or >, you need to add quotation
marks as you would with text (i.e. “>200”)
 VLOOKUP Laws of Lookups

Let’s take a look at one of Excel’s most common reference functions – VLOOKUP: There are two key rules that constrain VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP formulas:

=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup]) 1. The lookup value must be in the first column of a
VLOOKUP table array or the first row of a HLOOKUP
table array
This is the value that This is where you Which column Are you trying to match the
you are trying to match are looking for the contains the data exact lookup value (0), or 2. Excel will always return the value from the top most
in the table array lookup value you’re looking for? something similar (1)? row or left most column of a table array when
multiple instances of the lookup value are present

D2=VLOOKUP(A2, $G$1:$H$5, 2, 0)
D PRO TIP:
Avoid breaking Law #2 by identifying a “Key”
To populate the Price in
that is common to both datasets and is unique
column D, we look up the
for every row (NOTE: Keys often take the form
name of the product in the
of a concatenation of multiple fields)
data array from G1:H5 and
return the value from the 2nd
column over

HLOOKUP ROW/ROWS

Use HLOOKUP if your table array is transposed (variables headers listed in rows)
The ROW function returns the row number of a given reference, while the ROWS
function returns the number of rows in a given array or array formula
=HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])
=ROW([reference])
This is the value that This is where you Which row Are you trying to match the
you are trying to match are looking for the contains the data exact lookup value (0), or =ROWS(array)
in the table array lookup value you’re looking for? something similar (1)?

ROW(C10) = 10
D2=HLOOKUP(A2, $H$1:$L$2, 2, 0)
D This example uses an array, which is why
With an HLOOKUP, we search for the product name it includes the fancy { } signs – more on ROWS(A10:D15) = 6
in F1:J2 and return the value from the 2nd row down that in the ARRAY functions section
ROWS({1,2,3;4,5,6}) = 2
 COLUMN/COLUMNS MATCH

The MATCH function returns the position of a specific value within a column or row
The COLUMN function returns the column number of a given reference, while the
COLUMNS function returns the number of columns in a given array or array formula =MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])
=COLUMN([reference])
What value are you In which row or column Are you looking for the exact
=COLUMNS(array) trying to find the are you looking? (must be value (0), or anything close?
position of? a 1-dimensional array)
1: Find largest value < or = lookup_value
0: Find exact lookup_value
-1: Find smallest value > or = lookup_value
PRO TIP: COLUMN(C10) = 3
Leave the cell reference out and just MATCH(“Pliers”,$A$1:$A$5, 0) = 4
write ROW() or COLUMN() to return the COLUMNS(A10:D15) = 4
row or column number of the cell in
which the formula is written COLUMNS({1,2,3;4,5,6}) = 3 MATCH(66,$A$3:$C$3, 0) = 3
Matching the word “Pliers” in column A, we
find it in the 4th row. Matching the number
66 in row 3, we find it in the 3rd column

INDEX INDEX/MATCH

The INDEX function returns the value of a specific cell within an array INDEX and MATCH are commonly used in tandem to act like a LOOKUP function; the
only difference is that INDEX/MATCH can find values in any column or row in an array
=INDEX(array, row_num, column_num)
Example: Price Checker In this example, we want to populate the price of a given product and
size in cell B10 by returning a particular value within the array B2:D4
What range of cells How many rows How many columns
are you looking at? down is the value over is the value you
you want? want? B10=INDEX(B2:D4, MATCH(B6,A2:A4,0), MATCH(B8,B1:D1,0))

INDEX($A$1:$C$5, 5, 3) = 234 The number of rows down to index The numberr of co columns over to
depends on what product I’m index depends on what size I’m
looking for, so we use a MATCH looking for, so we use a MATCH
In this case we’re telling Excel to find the value of a cell
function and search for the value in function and search for the value
somewhere within the array of A1:C5. Starting from the
cell B6 (in this case “Pants”) in cell B8 (in this case, “Medium”)
upper left, we move down to the 5th row and right to the
3rd column, to return the value of 234
Considering the output of each MATCH function, the formula is just a simple INDEX:

B10 = INDEX(B2:D4, 3, 2) = $30

 XLOOKUP CHOOSE

The CHOOSE function selects a value, cell reference, or function to perform from
XLOOKUP can retrieve values from a table or range by matching a lookup value, a list, based on a given index number
and offers more flexibility than VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, or INDEX & MATCH formulas

=CHOOSE(index_num, value1, [value2], …)

=XLOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_array, return_array, [if_not_found], [match_mode], [search_mode])

Which item in the following 1st item in 2nd item in 3rd, 4th, 5th, etc…
Which value are you Where are you trying Where are the values What if the lookup Are youu lookin
looking for an Do
o you wa
want to list should be evaluated? the list the list
looking to match? to find a match for you want to retrieve? value isn’t found in exact, approximate, or search top down
your lookup value? the lookup array? wildcard match? or bottom up?

FUN FACTS ABOUT CHOOSE:

‡ List items can include numbers, cell references, defined names, formulas, or text (or a mix!)
IMPORTANT NOTE: XLOOKUP is currently only available for Office 365 subscribers ‡ CHOOSE acts like an INDIRECT function, and can interpret cell references instead of treating them as text
‡ You can combine CHOOSE with other functions, or nest it directly into a cell reference

XLOOKUP VS. VLOOKUP OFFSET

XLOOKUP VLOOKUP The OFFSET function is similar to INDEX, but can return either the value of a cell
within an array (like INDEX) or a specific range of cells
Can retrieve a dynamic array of results Can only return a single value

Can lookup values anywhere in an array (left or Can only lookup values to the right, requires =OFFSET(reference, rows, columns, [height], [width])
right, horizontal or vertical) HLOOKUP for horizontal matching

Defaults to exact match Defaults to approximate match What’s your How many How many If you want to return a
starting rows down columns over multidimensional array,
point? should you should you how tall and wide should it
Supports native wildcard text matching Does not natively support wildcard matching move? move? be?

Includes built-in error handling when a lookup Requires an additional IFERROR function for An OFFSET formula where [height]=1
value is not found error handling and [width]=1 will operate exactly like an PRO TIP:
INDEX. A more common use of OFFSET Don’t use OFFSET or INDEX/MATCH when
Can find approximate matches in unsorted lists Requires sorted lists for approximate matching
is to create dynamic arrays (like the a simple VLOOKUP will do the trick

Can search top-down or bottom-up Only searches top-down Scroll Chart example in the appendix)
 CONCATENATE

CONCATENATE allows you to combine text, cell values, or formula outputs into a
single text string
Note: Rather than typing “=CONCATENATE(Text1, Text2…)”, you can simply
separate each piece of the resulting text string with an ampersand (“&”)

dyd&hEd/KE^

TRIM/UPPER/LOWER/PROPER LEFT/MID/RIGHT/LEN

Text functions can be used to standardize formatting, particularly the TRIM, UPPER, The LEFT, MID, and RIGHT functions return a specific number of characters from a
LOWER, and PROPER functions: location within a text string, and LEN returns the total number of characters

=LEFT(text, [num_chars])
=RIGHT(text, [num_chars])
=MID(text, start_num, num_chars)

PRO TIP:
If two text strings are identical except one has a trailing space, they will look exactly the same
but Excel will treat them as completely different values; TRIM will make them equivalent
 TEXT/VALUE IF(ISNUMBER(SEARCH

The TEXT function converts a numeric value to text and assigns a particular format IF(ISNUMBER(SEARCH is powerful combination of functions that can be used to
classify data based on cells that contain specific strings of text
=TEXT(value, format_text)
=IF(ISNUMBER(SEARCH(find_text, within_text)),value_if_true, value_if_false)
Numeric value, formula that evaluates to a numeric Numeric format as a text string enclosed in
value, or reference to a cell containing a numeric quotes (i.e. “m/d/yyyy”, “$0.00” or “#,##0.00”
value Returns one value if that string is
Searches for a specific string of
text within a given cell found (TRUE), and another if it is
=“Lisa earned ”&B4 returns “Lisa earned 3725” not found (FALSE)

=“Lisa earned ”&TEXT(B4“$#,###”) returns “Lisa earned $3,725”

=IF(ISNUMBER(SEARCH(“Disp”,A2)),”Display”,”Other”)
PRO TIP:
Search the cells in column A for the text string “Disp” and
Use VALUE to convert a text string that classify column B as “Display” if you find it, “Other” if you don’t
represents a number into a value

SEARCH/FIND

The SEARCH function returns the number of the character at which a specific
character or text string is first found (otherwise returns #VALUE! error)

=SEARCH(find_text,
( within_text, [start_num])

What character or string Where is the text that Search from the beginning (default)
are you searching for? you’re searching or after a certain number of
through? characters? dΘd/D&hEd/KE^

PRO TIP:
The FIND function works exactly the same way, but is case-sensitive
 Date Value Fill Series

Every date in Excel has an associated date value, which is how Excel When you drag the corner of a cell containing a date, Excel automatically
calculates the passage of time (using midnight on 1/1/1900 as the starting point) applies subsequent values automatically using Fill Series options:

Excel recognizes most typed dates and automatically applies a common format
(i.e. m/d/yyyy), along with an associated date value (cell format Æ General)
Click the Auto Fill Options button to determine exactly which
Note: If you type a date in a format that Excel does NOT recognize, it will be treated as text values your subsequent cells should take:
and there will be no associated date value; however, you can use a DATEVALUE or
Copy Cells = Repeats the same value in all cells
TIMEVALUE function to convert unformatted dates or times into serial values
Fill Days = Increases the date by 1 day per cell

Fill Weekdays = Increases the date by 1 day per cell (excluding

Jan 1,1900 is the first date with an assigned date value (1). Feb 6,
weekends)
2015 is the 42,041st day since 1/1/1900, so its date value = 42041
Fill Months = Increases the date by 1 month per cell
Date values can also indicate fractions of days: 42041.5 translates to
noon on 2/6/2015 (50% through the day), and 42041.75 translates to Fill Years = Increases the date by 1 year per cell
6:00pm on 2/6/2015 (75% through the day)

Date Formatting TODAY()/NOW()

To format dates in Excel, you can either select a preset option from the “Date”
category of the “Format Cells” dialog box, OR create your own custom format The TODAY() and NOW() functions return the current date or exact time
Note: These are volatile functions, meaning that they change with every worksheet calculation
You can build your own custom
Preset Formats: Custom Format:
formats using combinations of
date/time codes. For example:
This is what the TODAY() and NOW() functions return at 5:15pm on
d = day w/out leading zero (1-31) February 6, 2015. Note that these values will automatically update
dd = day w/ leading zero (01-31) with every change made to the workbook
ddd = day-of-week (Sat)
dddd = day-of-week (Saturday)
m = month w/out leading zero (1-15)
mm = month w/ leading zero (01-15)
mmm = month abbreviation (Jan)
mmmm = full month (January) PRO TIP:
yy = last 2 digits of year (15)
yyyy = full year (2015) Make sure to enter TODAY() and NOW() functions with both
parentheses included – these functions don’t refer to other cells
(full list available at
support.office.com)
 Serialization Formulas YEARFRAC

YEARFRAC calculates the fraction of a year represented by the number of whole days
Excel will always calculate dates and times based on their precise underlying between two dates
serial values, but what if you need to work with less-specific values, like
months instead of days, or hours instead of seconds? =YEARFRAC(start_date,
( end_date, [basis])
])
Option
Opt specify the type of day count to use:
0 (default) = US (NASD) 30/360
The YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND functions extract Reference to the cell Reference to the cell
containing the start date containing the end 1 = actual/actual (RECOMMENDED)
individual components of a given date: date
2 = actual/360
3 = actual/365
4 = European 30/360

=YEARFRAC(B2, B3, 1) = 15.9% PRO TIP:

=YEARFRAC(B2, B3, 2) = 16.1% YEARFRAC is a great
tool for pacing and
projection calculations

EOMONTH WEEKDAY

Use the EOMONTH function to calculate the last day of a given month, or If you want to know which day of the week a given date falls on, there are two
to calculate the start/end dates of previous or future months ways to do it:
1) Use a custom cell format of either “ddd” (Sat) or “dddd” (Saturday)
=EOMONTH(start_date, months)
-Note that this doesn’t change the underlying value, only how that value is displayed

Number of months before or after the start/current date (positive

2) Use the WEEKDAY function to return a serial value corresponding to a
Reference to the cell containing
the start/current date number yields a date in the future, negative number yields a date in particular day of the week (either 1-7 or 0-6)
the past

=WEEKDAY(serial_number, [return type])

=EOMONTH(C2, 0)
This refers to a cell 0 (default) = Sunday (1) to Saturday (7)
=EOMONTH(C2, -1)+1
containing a date or time 1 = Monday (1) to Sunday (7)
=EOMONTH(C2, 0)+1 3 = Monday (0) to Sunday (6)
 WORKDAY/NETWORKDAYS

WORKDAY returns a date that is a specified number of days before or after a given start
date, excluding weekends and (optionally) holidays; NETWORKDAYS counts the
number of workdays between two dates:

=WORKDAY(start_date, days, [holidays])

This refers to the cell Number of days before re Optional reference to

a list of holiday dates
containing the start date or after start date
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=NETWORKDAYS(start_date, end_date, [holidays])
y =WORKDAY(B2, 20) = 1/29/2015
=NETWORKDAYS(B2, B3) = 42
This refers to the cell This refers to the cell Optional ref
ptional reference
containing the start date containing the end date to a list of holiday
dates

DATEDIF Formula-Based Formatting

DATEDIF calculates the number of days, months, or years between two dates If you want to go rogue, you can adjust the style of existing
conditional formats or create your own formula-based rules
=DATEDIF(start_date,
( end_date, unit))

Reference to the cell Reference to the cell How do you

y want to calculate the difference?
containing the start date containing the end
“D” = # of days between dates
date
“M” = # of months between dates
“Y” = # of years between dates
“MD” = # of days between dates, ignoring months and years

=DATEDIF(B2, B3, “D”) = 58 “YD” = # of days between dates, ignoring years

“YM” = # of months between dates, ignoring days and years
=DATEDIF(B2, B3, “MD”) = 27

PRO TIP:
If you only need to calculate the # of days between dates, just use subtraction
This is where you can add, clear, and
manage your conditional formatting rules
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‡ ŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂƌƌĂLJĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐĐĂŶƵŶůŽĐŬďƌĂŶĚŶĞǁĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚŝĞƐŝŶdžĐĞů
&ŝĞůĚ ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ
hE/Yh
/ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ dŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͕ŽƌũŽďĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ĨŽƌĞĂĐŚũŽďƚŝƚůĞ;ϭϳƚŽƚĂůͿ
LJŶĂŵŝĐĂƌƌĂLJďĞŚĂǀŝŽƌĂƉƉůŝĞƐƚŽƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůdžĐĞůĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐĂƐǁĞůů
:ŽďdŝƚůĞ dŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨƚŚĞũŽďƚŝƚůĞ;ϴϰƚŽƚĂůͿ ^YhE
‡ džŝƐƚŝŶŐĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽůĞǀĞƌĂŐĞdžĐĞů͛ƐŶĞǁĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŝŽŶĞŶŐŝŶĞ
ŝƚLJ dŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨh^ĐŝƚŝĞƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƐĞũŽďƚŝƚůĞƐĐĂŶďĞĨŽƵŶĚ;ϭϬƚŽƚĂůͿ
ZEZZz
ǀĞƌĂŐĞ^ĂůĂƌLJ dŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐĂůĂƌLJŝŶϮϬϮϬĨŽƌĞĂĐŚũŽďƚŝƚůĞŝŶĞĂĐŚĐŝƚLJ
ƌƌĂLJĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞŶŽǁƐŝŵƉůĞƌĂŶĚĞĂƐŝĞƌƚŽůĞĂƌŶ
dŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐĂůĂƌLJĨƌŽŵϮϬϭϵƚŽϮϬϮϬĨŽƌĞĂĐŚũŽďƚŝƚůĞŝŶ >ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
zŽzй'ƌŽǁƚŚ ĞĂĐŚĐŝƚLJ ‡ dƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶĂů^ĂƌƌĂLJĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐǁĞƌĞƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJŽŶůLJƵƐĞĚďLJ͞ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ͟
‡ EĞǁĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂƌƌĂLJĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐĂƌĞŝŶƚƵŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚƵƐĞƌͲĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJ
 zED/y> η^W/>>͊ZZKZ^

&ŽƌŵƵůĂƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶƌĞƚƵƌŶĂƌƌĂLJƐŽĨǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐŝnjĞĂƌĞĐĂůůĞĚĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂƌƌĂLJƐ͖ƚŚĞƐĞ η^W/>>͊ ĞƌƌŽƌƐŽĐĐƵƌǁŚĞŶƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐŝƐ͞ďůŽĐŬŝŶŐ͟ƚŚĞƐƉŝůůƌĂŶŐĞ͕ƐŝŶĐĞdžĐĞůǁŝůůŶŽƚ

LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐĂƌĞĞŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŶĂƐŝŶŐůĞĐĞůůĂŶĚĐĂŶ͞ƐƉŝůů͟ƌĞƐƵůƚƐĂĐƌŽƐƐĂŶĞŶƚŝƌĞƌĂŶŐĞ LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů ŽǀĞƌǁƌŝƚĞĞdžŝƐƚŝŶŐǀĂůƵĞƐďLJĚĞĨĂƵůƚ
‡ ůĞĂƌĂŶLJĞdžŝƐƚŝŶŐƚĞdžƚ͕ǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ŽƌŵĞƌŐĞĚĐĞůůƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞŶƚŝƌĞƐƉŝůůƌĂŶŐĞƚŽĨŝdžƚŚĞĞƌƌŽƌ
^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ ^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ

^KZdΘ^KZdz ^KZdΘ^KZdz

&/>dZ &/>dZ

hE/Yh hE/Yh
,zd,/^/^/DWKZdEd͊
^YhE ^YhE zŽƵŵĂLJĂůƐŽƐĞĞĂη^W/>>͊
ĞƌƌŽƌŝĨLJŽƵƚƌLJƚŽƵƐĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ
dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐƌĂŶŐĞ
ŽĨĐĞůůƐŝƐŬŶŽǁŶĂƐ ĂƌƌĂLJĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐŝŶƐŝĚĞŽĨĂƚĂďůĞ
ZEZZz ƚŚĞƐƉŝůůƌĂŶŐĞ ZEZZz
,zd,/^/^/DWKZdEd͊
>ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
dŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŝƚƐĞůĨŽŶůLJůŝǀĞƐŝŶ >ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
ƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐĞůůŽĨƚŚĞƐƉŝůůĞĚƌĂŶŐĞ

^W/>>ZE'WZKWZd/^ WZKd/W͗'ZKt/E'^KhZd

dŚĞƐƉŝůůƌĂŶŐĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨĂƐŝŶŐůĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂƌƌĂLJĨŽƌŵƵůĂ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂƌƌĂLJĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐĚŽŶŽƚĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐĂůůLJƌĞƐŝnjĞĂƐLJŽƵĂĚĚŶĞǁĚĂƚĂ͕ďƵƚ

LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůǁĂLJƐƚŽĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐŽƵƌĐĞĚĂƚĂ͗
^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ KŶůLJƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐĞůů ŝŶƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŝƐĞĚŝƚĂďůĞ
;ĂůůŽƚŚĞƌƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐƉŝůůƌĂŶŐĞĂƌĞŐƌĂLJĞĚŽƵƚͿ
&ŽƌŵĂƚƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĂƐĂƚĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ^ĞůĞĐƚƚŚĞĞdžƚƌĂƌŽǁƐƚŽ ĞĨŝŶĞĂĚLJŶĂŵŝĐŶĂŵĞĚƌĂŶŐĞ
^KZdΘ^KZdz
^KZd Θ ^KZdz ϭ ƵƐĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ
Ϯ ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞŶĞǁƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ
ϯ ƵƐŝŶŐK&&^dΘKhEd
ĞůůĨŽƌŵĂƚƚŝŶŐŝƐŶ͛ƚĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽǀĞƌĨƌŽŵ
&/>dZ ƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĂŶĚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƐƉŝůů

hE/Yh ^ƉŝůůƌĂŶŐĞƐĂƌĞŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂ
ďůƵĞďŽƌĚĞƌǁŚĞŶƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ
^YhE dŚŝƐŶĂŵĞĚƌĂŶŐĞǁŝůůŐƌŽǁĂƐ
^ƉŝůůĞĚƌĂŶŐĞƐƵƉĚĂƚĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐĂůůLJĂŶĚ ŶĞǁŝƚĞŵƐĂƌĞĂĚĚĞĚƚŽĐŽůƵŵŶ
ƌĞƐŝnjĞ ƚŽĨŝƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐĂƌƌĂLJ
ZEZZz
ŶLJŶĞǁƌŽǁƐ dŚĞƐĞƌŽǁƐǁŝůůďĞ
dŚĞ͞η͟ƐLJŵďŽůĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽ ǁŝůůďĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ;нďůĂŶŬƐͿ
>ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĂŶĞŶƚŝƌĞƐƉŝůůĞĚƌĂŶŐĞ
 zED/ZZz&hEd/KE^ ^KZd

^KZd;Ϳ ^ŽƌƚƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďLJŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞĐŽůƵŵŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJ
^KZd;Ϳ ^ŽƌƚƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďLJŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞĐŽůƵŵŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJ LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů

с^KZd ;ĂƌƌĂLJ͕΀ƐŽƌƚͺŝŶĚĞdž΁͕΀ƐŽƌƚͺŽƌĚĞƌ΁͕΀ďLJͺĐŽů΁Ϳ
^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ
^KZdz;Ϳ ^ŽƌƚƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďLJŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞĐŽůƵŵŶƐŝŶĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĂƌƌĂLJ
^KZdΘ^KZdz ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐ ŽůƵŵŶηLJŽƵǁĂŶƚ ϭсƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ dZhͬϭс^ŽƌƚďLJĐŽůƵŵŶ
ƚŚĂƚLJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽ ƚŽƐŽƌƚďLJ ͲϭсĞƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ &>^ͬϬс^ŽƌƚďLJƌŽǁ
&/>dZ;Ϳ &ŝůƚĞƌƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĞĚĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĂŶĚƌĞƚƵƌŶƐƚŚĞŵĂƚĐŚŝŶŐƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ &/>dZ ƐŽƌƚ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐ&>^ŽƌϬͿ

hE/Yh
hE/Yh;Ϳ ZĞŵŽǀĞƐĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂĂŶĚƌĞƚƵƌŶƐƚŚĞƵŶŝƋƵĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ

^YhE
hƐĞĂƌƌĂLJĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ ƚŽĚĞĨŝŶĞƚŚĞ dŚĞĂƌƌĂLJŝŶϮ͗ϭϬ ŝƐďĞŝŶŐ
^YhE;Ϳ 'ĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂŽŶĞͲ ŽƌƚǁŽͲĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĂůĂƌƌĂLJŽĨƐĞƋƵĞŶƚŝĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ƐŽƌƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞϯϯƌĚ ĐŽůƵŵŶ
ZEZZz ƐŽƌƚŽƌĚĞƌĨŽƌŵƵůƚŝƉůĞĐŽůƵŵŶƐ
;DĂƌŐŝŶͿŝŶĂĂƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽƌĚĞƌ͕
ƚŚ
ϰ ĐŽůƵŵŶ ;WƌŽĨŝƚͿŝŶ
ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞϰ
ĚĞƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽƌĚĞƌ
'ĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂŽŶĞͲ ŽƌƚǁŽͲĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĂůĂƌƌĂLJŽĨƌĂŶĚŽŵŶƵŵďĞƌƐ >ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
ZEZZz;Ϳ

^KZd ^KZdz

^KZd;Ϳ ^ŽƌƚƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďLJŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞĐŽůƵŵŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJ ^KZdz;Ϳ ^ŽƌƚƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďLJŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞĐŽůƵŵŶƐŝŶĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĂƌƌĂLJ

LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů

с^KZd ;ĂƌƌĂLJ͕΀ƐŽƌƚͺŝŶĚĞdž΁͕΀ƐŽƌƚͺŽƌĚĞƌ΁͕΀ďLJͺĐŽů΁Ϳ с^KZdz ;ĂƌƌĂLJ͕ďLJͺĂƌƌĂLJ͕΀ƐŽƌƚͺŽƌĚĞƌ΁͕΀ĂƌƌĂLJͬŽƌĚĞƌ΁͕΀͙΁Ϳ

^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ ^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ

^KZdΘ^KZdz ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐ ŽůƵŵŶηLJŽƵǁĂŶƚ ϭсƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ dZhͬϭс^ŽƌƚďLJĐŽůƵŵŶ ^KZdΘ^KZdz ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐƚŚĂƚ ƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐƚŚĂƚ ϭ сƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ ĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůƉĂŝƌƐŽĨ
ƚŚĂƚLJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽ ƚŽƐŽƌƚďLJ ͲϭсĞƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ &>^ͬϬс^ŽƌƚďLJƌŽǁ LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽƐŽƌƚ LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽƐŽƌƚďLJ Ͳϭ сĞƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ ĂƌƌĂLJƐƚŽƐŽƌƚďLJ
&/>dZ ƐŽƌƚ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐ&>^ŽƌϬͿ &/>dZ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ

hE/Yh hE/Yh

,zd,/^/^/DWKZdEd͊
^YhE ^YhE
dŚĞĂƌƌĂLJLJŽƵƐŽƌƚďLJŵƵƐƚďĞ
dŚĞĂƌƌĂLJŝŶϮ͗ϭϬ ŝƐďĞŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƐŝnjĞ ĂƐƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJ
ZEZZz ƐŽƌƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞϰϰƚŚ ĐŽůƵŵŶ
ZEZZz LJŽƵĂƌĞƐŽƌƚŝŶŐ
;WƌŽĨŝƚͿŝŶĚ
ĚĞƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽƌĚĞƌ
>ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ >ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
dŚŝƐĂƌƌĂLJŝƐƐŽƌƚĞĚďLJWƌŽĨŝƚ ŝŶĚĞƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ
ŽƌĚĞƌ;ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚŝƚŝƐŶ͛ƚŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJ͊Ϳ
 &/>dZ &/>dZ

&/>dZ;Ϳ &ŝůƚĞƌƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĞĚĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĂŶĚƌĞƚƵƌŶƐƚŚĞŵĂƚĐŚŝŶŐƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ &/>dZ;Ϳ &ŝůƚĞƌƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĞĚĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĂŶĚƌĞƚƵƌŶƐƚŚĞŵĂƚĐŚŝŶŐƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ

LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů

с&/>dZ ;ĂƌƌĂLJ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͕΀ŝĨͺĞŵƉƚLJ΁Ϳ с&/>dZ ;ĂƌƌĂLJ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͕΀ŝĨͺĞŵƉƚLJ΁Ϳ

^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ ^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ

^KZdΘ^KZdz ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐƚŚĂƚ ůŽŐŝĐĂůƚĞƐƚƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ŶŽƉƚŝŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞƚŽ ^KZdΘ^KZdz ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐƚŚĂƚ ůŽŐŝĐĂůƚĞƐƚƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ŶŽƉƚŝŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞƚŽ

LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽĨŝůƚĞƌ ƚŚĞĨŝůƚĞƌĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ ƌĞƚƵƌŶŝĨŶŽƚŚŝŶŐƉĂƐƐĞƐ LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽĨŝůƚĞƌ ƚŚĞĨŝůƚĞƌĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ ƌĞƚƵƌŶŝĨŶŽƚŚŝŶŐƉĂƐƐĞƐ
&/>dZ ǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨdZh ǁŝůůďĞŬĞƉƚ ƚŚĞĨŝůƚĞƌĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ &/>dZ ǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨdZh ǁŝůůďĞŬĞƉƚ ƚŚĞĨŝůƚĞƌĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ

hE/Yh hE/Yh

^YhE ^YhE dŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂŶKZ ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵƵůƚŝƉůĞ

ůŽŐŝĐĂůƚĞƐƚƐ͕LJŽƵĐĂŶƐƵŵƚŚĞŵƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ

ZEZZz ZEZZz
dŚŝƐĂƌƌĂLJƌĞƚƵƌŶƐǀĂůƵĞƐĨƌŽŵϮ͗ϭϬ͕
ǁŚĞƌĞĂƚĞŐŽƌLJсůŽƚŚŝŶŐ dŚŝƐĂƌƌĂLJƌĞƚƵƌŶƐǀĂůƵĞƐĨƌŽŵϮ͗ϭϬ ǁŚĞƌĞ
>ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ >ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJсůŽƚŚŝŶŐKZ^ĂůĞƐхϱ͕ϬϬϬ
;/d,ZĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂŵƵƐƚďĞŵĞƚͿ

&/>dZ hE/Yh

&/>dZ;Ϳ &ŝůƚĞƌƐĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĞĚĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂĂŶĚƌĞƚƵƌŶƐƚŚĞŵĂƚĐŚŝŶŐƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ hE/Yh;Ϳ ZĞŵŽǀĞƐĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂĂŶĚƌĞƚƵƌŶƐŽŶůLJƚŚĞƵŶŝƋƵĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ

LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů

с&/>dZ ;ĂƌƌĂLJ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͕΀ŝĨͺĞŵƉƚLJ΁Ϳ сhE/Yh ;ĂƌƌĂLJ͕΀ďLJͺĐŽů΁͕΀ĞdžĂĐƚůLJͺŽŶĐĞ΁Ϳ

^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ ^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ

^KZdΘ^KZdz
^KZd Θ ^KZdz ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐƚŚĂƚ ůŽŐŝĐĂůƚĞƐƚƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ŶŽƉƚŝŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞƚŽ ^KZdΘ^KZdz
^KZd Θ ^KZdz ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐƚŚĂƚ dZhͬϭ сZĞŵŽǀĞĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽůƵŵŶƐ dZhͬϭ сdžƚƌĂĐƚǀĂůƵĞƐƚŚĂƚŽŶůLJĂƉƉĞĂƌŽŶĐĞ
LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽĨŝůƚĞƌ ƚŚĞĨŝůƚĞƌĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ ƌĞƚƵƌŶŝĨŶŽƚŚŝŶŐƉĂƐƐĞƐ LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞ &>^ͬϬ сZĞŵŽǀĞĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐŝŶƌŽǁƐ &>^ͬϬ сdžƚƌĂĐƚĂůůƵŶŝƋƵĞǀĂůƵĞƐ
&/>dZ ǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨdZh ǁŝůůďĞŬĞƉƚ ƚŚĞĨŝůƚĞƌĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ &/>dZ ĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐ&>^ŽƌϬͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐ&>^ŽƌϬͿ

hE/Yh hE/Yh

dŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂŶE ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
^YhE ŵƵůƚŝƉůĞůŽŐŝĐĂůƚĞƐƚƐ͕LJŽƵĐĂŶ ^YhE
ŵƵůƚŝƉůLJƚŚĞŵƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ

ZEZZz ZEZZz dŚŝƐĂƌƌĂLJƌĞƚƵƌŶƐƚŚĞƵŶŝƋƵĞ

ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJǀĂůƵĞƐĨƌŽŵϮ͗ϭϬ
dŚŝƐĂƌƌĂLJƌĞƚƵƌŶƐǀĂůƵĞƐĨƌŽŵϮ͗ϭϬ ǁŚĞƌĞ
>ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ ĂƚĞŐŽƌLJсůŽƚŚŝŶŐE^ĂůĞƐхϱ͕ϬϬϬ >ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
;Kd,ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂŵƵƐƚďĞŵĞƚͿ
 hE/Yh ^YhE

hE/Yh;Ϳ ZĞŵŽǀĞƐĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĚĂƚĂĂŶĚƌĞƚƵƌŶƐŽŶůLJƚŚĞƵŶŝƋƵĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐ ^YhE;Ϳ 'ĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂŽŶĞͲ ŽƌƚǁŽͲĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĂůĂƌƌĂLJŽĨƐĞƋƵĞŶƚŝĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů

сhE/Yh ;ĂƌƌĂLJ͕΀ďLJͺĐŽů΁͕΀ĞdžĂĐƚůLJͺŽŶĐĞ΁Ϳ с^YhE ;ƌŽǁƐ͕΀ĐŽůƵŵŶƐ΁͕΀ƐƚĂƌƚ΁͕΀ƐƚĞƉ΁Ϳ

^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ ^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ

^KZdΘ^KZdz ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐƚŚĂƚ dZhͬϭ сZĞŵŽǀĞĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐŝŶĐŽůƵŵŶƐ dZhͬϭ сdžƚƌĂĐƚǀĂůƵĞƐƚŚĂƚŽŶůLJĂƉƉĞĂƌŽŶĐĞ ^KZdΘ^KZdz EƵŵďĞƌŽĨ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨ ^ƚĂƌƚŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌ /ŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĞĂĐŚŶƵŵďĞƌ
LJŽƵǁĂŶƚƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞ &>^ͬϬ сZĞŵŽǀĞĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐŝŶƌŽǁƐ &>^ͬϬ сdžƚƌĂĐƚĂůůƵŶŝƋƵĞǀĂůƵĞƐ ƌŽǁƐƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ ĐŽůƵŵŶƐƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ
&/>dZ ĚƵƉůŝĐĂƚĞƐĨƌŽŵ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐ&>^ŽƌϬͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐ&>^ŽƌϬͿ &/>dZ

hE/Yh hE/Yh
WZKd/W͗ EĞƐƚ ^YhE
^YhE ^YhE ǁŝƚŚŝŶŽƚŚĞƌĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŬĞ
dŚŝƐĂƌƌĂLJƌĞƚƵƌŶƐƚŚĞĂƚĞŐŽƌLJǀĂůƵĞƐ ƚŚĞŵŵŽƌĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐ
ĨƌŽŵϮ͗ϭϬ ƚŚĂƚĂƉƉĞĂƌĞdžĂĐƚůLJŽŶĐĞ
ZEZZz ZEZZz
WZKd/W͗ /ŶĐůƵĚĞŵƵůƚŝƉůĞ
>ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ ĐŽůƵŵŶƐŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ >ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
dŚŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂϭϬͲƌŽǁ͕ϲͲĐŽůƵŵŶ ĂƌƌĂLJƐƚĂƌƚŝŶŐĂƚϭϬ ĂŶĚ
ĞĂĐŚƵŶŝƋƵĞĐĐŽŵďŝŶĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐ ŝŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚŝŶŐďLJϱ;ŶŽƚĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŐŽůĞĨƚͲƚŽͲƌŝŐŚƚ͕ƚŚĞŶĚŽǁŶͿ

WZKd/W͗ŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ^KZd͕&/>dZΘhE/Yh ZEZZz

zŽƵĐĂŶĐŽŵďŝŶĞ͕Žƌ͞ŶĞƐƚ͕͟ŵƵůƚŝƉůĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂƌƌĂLJĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐƚŽƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŵƵůƚŝƉůĞŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ ZEZZz;Ϳ 'ĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂŽŶĞͲ ŽƌƚǁŽͲĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĂůĂƌƌĂLJŽĨƌĂŶĚŽŵŶƵŵďĞƌƐ

LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů

сZEZZz ;΀ƌŽǁƐ΁͕΀ĐŽůƵŵŶƐ΁͕΀ŵŝŶ΁͕΀ŵĂdž΁͕΀ŝŶƚĞŐĞƌ΁Ϳ
^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ

,ĞƌĞǁĞ͛ƌĞĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ^KZd ĂŶĚhE/Yh ƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ

ĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨƵŶŝƋƵĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐŝŶĂƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌ ^KZdΘ^KZdz
^KZd Θ ^KZdz EƵŵďĞƌŽĨ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨ DŝŶŝŵƵŵ DĂdžŝŵƵŵ ZĞƚƵƌŶǁŚŽůĞ
ƌŽǁƐƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ ĐŽůƵŵŶƐƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ ǀĂůƵĞƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ ǀĂůƵĞƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͍
&/>dZ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϬͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐϭͿ ;ĞĨĂƵůƚŝƐ&>^ŽƌϬͿ

hE/Yh

^YhE WZKd/W͗ hƐĞZEZZz

,ĞƌĞǁĞ͛ƌĞĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐ^KZd ĂŶĚ
&/>dZ ƚŽƌĞƚƵƌŶĂŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨ ƚŽƌĂŶĚŽŵůLJƐŽƌƚůŝƐƚƐŽĨĚĂƚĂ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶƚŚĞůŽƚŚŝŶŐĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͕ ZEZZz
ƐŽƌƚĞĚďLJ^ĂůĞƐ

>ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ
dŚŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂϭϬͲƌŽǁ ďLJϳͲĐŽůƵŵŶ ĂƌƌĂLJŽĨ
ƌĂŶĚŽŵǁŚŽůĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶϬ ĂŶĚϭϬϬ
 >'z&hEd/KE͗&ZYhEz WZKd/W͗:K/E/E'ZZz^t/d,,KK^

&ZYhEz;Ϳ ZĞƚƵƌŶƐƚŚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐŝŶĂƌĂŶŐĞďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĞĚŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ;ŽƌďŝŶƐͿ dŚĞ,KK^ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĐŽŵďŝŶĞƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĐĞůůƌĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŽĂƐŝŶŐůĞĂƌƌĂLJ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞ

LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚŽƌŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐ
с&ZYhEz ;ĚĂƚĂͺĂƌƌĂLJ͕ďŝŶƐͺĂƌƌĂLJ Ϳ
^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ
,zd,/^/^/DWKZdEd͊
^KZdΘ^KZdz dŚĞďŝŶƐͺĂƌƌĂLJ ĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŵƵƐƚ
ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐ ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ;ďŝŶƐͿ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞƵƉƉĞƌůŝŵŝƚŽĨĞĂĐŚ
ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐǀĂůƵĞƐ ĨŽƌŐƌŽƵƉŝŶŐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐ ďŝŶ͕ĨŽƌŵĂƚƚĞĚĂƐĂŶƵŵďĞƌ
&/>dZ

hE/Yh
с,KK^;΂ϭ͕Ϯ΃͕&Ϯη͕'ϮηͿ
^YhE ǀŐ^ĂůĞƐďLJĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ
;ƵƐŝŶŐsZ'/&Ϳ
ZĂǁĚĂƚĂĂƚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚͲůĞǀĞů WZKd/W͗ hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJ
,ĞƌĞǁĞ͛ƌĞĐŽƵŶƚŝŶŐƚŚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJŽĨ^ĂůĞƐ
ZEZZz ƌĞĐŽƌĚƐǁŚŝĐŚĨĂůůŝŶƚŽĞĂĐŚďŝŶŝŶ&Ϯ͗&ϲ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ΂ϭ͕Ϯ΃ ƚĞůůƐdžĐĞůƚŽ
hŶŝƋƵĞůŝƐƚŽĨĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞďŽƚŚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚ
EKd͗&ZYhEzĂůǁĂLJƐƌĞƚƵƌŶƐŽŶĞ ;ƵƐŝŶŐhE/YhͿ
>ĞŐĂĐLJ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ ĞdžƚƌĂƌŽǁ ƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĨŽƌǀĂůƵĞƐĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƚŽŽŶĞĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂƌƌĂLJ
ůĂƌŐĞƐƚĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďŝŶ

>'z&hEd/KE͗dZE^WK^ WZKd/W͗d,>d&hEd/KE

dZE^WK^;Ϳ &ůŝƉƐĂǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĐĞůůƐƚŽĂŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůƌĂŶŐĞ͕ŽƌǀŝĐĞǀĞƌƐĂ
>d;Ϳ ůůŽǁƐLJŽƵƚŽĚĞĐůĂƌĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ͕ĂƐƐŝŐŶǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƵƐĞƚŚĞŵǁŝƚŚŝŶĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐ
LJŶĂŵŝĐdžĐĞů

сdZE^WK^ ;ĂƌƌĂLJ Ϳ
^ƉŝůůZĂŶŐĞƐ с>d ;ŶĂŵĞϭ͕ŶĂŵĞͺǀĂůƵĞϭ͕ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŝŽŶͺŽƌͺŶĂŵĞϮ͕΀ŶĂŵĞͺǀĂůƵĞϮ΁͕΀͙΁Ϳ
WZKd/W͗ hƐĞdZE^WK^ ƚŽ͞ƉŝǀŽƚ͟LJŽƵƌĚĂƚĂ
^KZdΘ^KZdz
^KZd Θ ^KZdz ďLJƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƌŽǁƐŝŶƚŽĐŽůƵŵŶƐ͕ŽƌǀŝĐĞǀĞƌƐĂ
ŶĂƌƌĂLJŽĨĐĞůůƐLJŽƵ
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 INDIRECT (cont)

Let’s be real, the INDIRECT function is pretty confusing at first. Here are a few more
examples that should give you a sense of how it works and why it can be useful:

SUM(D2) = 0
SUM(INDIRECT(D2)) = 16
The sum of “B3:B5” as a value doesn’t make sense, but the sum of
ydZKEh^&hEd/KE^ B3:B5 as a reference is valid – INDIRECT tells Excel to recognize
that the cell you’re referring to is a reference, not a value

VLOOKUP(“A”, D4, 2, 0) = #N/A

VLOOKUP(“A”, INDIRECT(D4), 2, 0) = 5
INDIRECT will tell a VLOOKUP formula to use an array contained within
a cell, rather than treat the cell itself as the array (which returns #N/A)

INDIRECT HYPERLINK

The INDIRECT function returns the reference specified by a text string, and can be used HYPERLINK creates a shortcut that links users to a document or location within a
to change a cell reference within a formula without changing the formula itself document (which can exist on a network server, within a workbook, or via a web
address)
=INDIRECT(ref_text, [a1]) =HYPERLINK(link_location,[friendly_name])

Where will people go if they How do you want the link to

Which cell includes the Is your text string in A1 format (1) or R1C1 format (0)? click? read?
text that you are
evaluating? =HYPERLINK(”http://www.example.com/report.xlsx”, “Click Here”)
In the first ROW function, Excel
returns the row number of cell B3, =HYPERLINK(“[C:\My Documents\Report.xlsx]”, “Open Report”)
ROW(B3) = 3 regardless of what value it contains.
=HYPERLINK("#Sheet2!A1”)
ROW(INDIRECT(B3)) = 1 When you add INDIRECT, Excel sees PRO TIP:
that cell B3 contains a reference (B1) Use =HYPERLINK("#'"&A2&"'!A1") to jump to
ROW(INDIRECT(B4,0)) = 1 and returns the row of the reference cell A1 of the sheet name specified in A2 (note
the extra single quotation marks!)