Structures

Topics 1 - 6
CPCCBC-4010B
Apply Structural Principles to Residential
Low Rise Constructions.
 CPCCBC-4010B
Apply Structural Principles to Residential Low Rise
Constructions

Units, Loads & calc’s, W Loads

Topics 1-6
(STRUCTURES Component)

Tafe SA – Certificate IV in Building - CPCCBC-4010A Apply Structural Principles to Residential Low Rise
Constructions - Building Construction Furnishing Tonsley campus- Advanced Building Interior Decoration &
Design © 2016 TAFE SA
Introduction

• You will need ;

– Scientific calculator

Assessment:
Homework:100% ( topics1&2, 3&4, (5&6 qu 1-7))
Exam: none
Total 100
Structures project submission is not required.
Units
Quantity Unit Symbol Description

Mass Gram g
Kilogram Kg
Tonne t
Area Sq metre m2 1m2 = 1x106 mm2
Sq millimetre mm2

Volume Cubic Metre m3 1m3 = 1x109 mm3

Cubic millimetre mm3
Density Kilogram/m3 Kg/m3 1m3 = 1000litres
Rho
Acceleration m/s2 a

Force Newton N Force = Mass x

Kilo Newton kN acceleration
Units

• Units are to be included as part for all

calculations, any answer without units will be
marked incorrect.
• Mass can be defined as the amount of
matter in a body. (Kg, t, etc)
• Density can be defined as mass per unit
volume (kg/m3)
– Density = mass/volume (Kg/m3) (Rho is the
symbol used).
Units
Example:
• Question:
Find the density of a timber block that
measures 600mm x 60mm x 60mm with a
mass of 1.5kg:

• Answer:
Block density = 1.5kg/0.6m x 0.06m x 0.06m
= 694.444 kg/m3
694 Kg/m3
(No more significant figures than given to that of the
least accurate measurement)
Units

• Force
– Discovered by Sir Isaac Newton second law of
motion
– Force that acts on a body is equal to the product
of the body mass and the acceleration produced
• Force = m x a
• Netwons = kg x m/s2

• Building: Newton too small for purposes we refer to

forces as kN
• 1000N = 1 kN
Units

• Gravity exerts a force which creates an

acceleration, this acceleration is constant at
10m/s2 regardless of the mass of the body
“Fg”
• A 1kg mass produces a force of
Fg = 1kg x 10m/s2 = 10N
• 1 tonne mass
Fg = 1000Kg x 10m/s2
= 10,000N or 10kN
Units
• Stress
– Unit is the Pascal (Newtons/m2) symbol Pa
• Pa = N/m2
• KPa = kN/m2
• MPa = N/mm2 (stress calculations)

Example:
• Find the stress in a concrete test cylinder of 150mm
diameter loaded with 600KN
• Convert to N before calculating

• Fc (compressive stress) = F/A (Force per unit area)

Fc = 600,000N/ (π) x 752 mm2
= 34Mpa
Building Loads

• Building must be designed to withstand

severe loads and combinations of loads
through out its life.
• Three types of loads imposed on a building;
– Dead loads
– Live loads
– Wind loads
Dead Loads

• Loads imposed by all components of the

building. (refer AS1170.1)
• Walls
• Roof
• Floors
• Partitions
• Machinery & equipment
• Caused by the force due to gravity acting on
the material.
Live loads

• Loads which are imposed on the building

due to its use. (refer AS1170.1)
• People
• Furniture
• Removable items
• Vehicles
• Impact and inertial loads
Wind Loads
• Loads imposed by the movement of air
creating pressure on the building surfaces.
(refer AS1170.1)
• The greater wind velocity creates greater
pressure.
• Creates greater load on building members.
• Greater area supported by member =
greater load.
Pressure = Force/Area
Force = Pressure x Area
Wind load

Example;
Question
Calculate the force of 0.95 Kpa wind pressure on
wall girts spanning 4m between supports @ 1.1m
ctrs.

Answer;
0.95 Kpa x 4m x 1.1m
0.95 KN x 4m x 1.1m
m2
= 4.18 kN
4.2kN
Loadings

Snow loads;
• Loads caused by accumulation of snow on or
against the building. (affects certain states in
Australia (not SA), and OS countries).
Earthquake loads;
• Recent addition to the loading code.
• Attention to connections to roof walls & floors in
articulated brick veneer construction is
required.
• Usually severe loads cause oscillations in the
structure which causes the structure to fail.
Other load causing
actions

• Other factors which need to be allowed in the design ,

these may not be loads but can cause stresses in the
building elements;

– Foundation movement;
Soil upheaval, changes in moisture, expansion of soils
– Thermal movement;
Caused by heat and cold conditions, solar radiation
– Shrinkage or expansion of materials;
Curing of materials (masonry units, concrete etc)
– Dynamic effects;
Impact, vibration, noise, machinery.
– Time dependent movement;
Caused by settling of materials in the structure.
Determination of dead
loads
Example 1
• Determine the uniformly distributed dead
load on a 300 x 270 reinforced concrete
lintel if it supports a standard brick cavity
wall 700 high over a 3.2 m wide opening.
• Calculations are based on the span taken
from centre to centre of supports, and
bearing area of 300, the span becomes
3.5m which is the length of the load to be
calculated.
Determination of dead
loads
• Loading;
Beam:
Weight = 25 kN/m3 (tables)
3.5m x 0.3m x 0.27m x 25 kN/m3 = 7.09 kN
Brickwork:
Weight = 0.19 kN/m2
3.5m x 0.7m x 0.19 kN/m2 x (220/10mm) = 10.24kN
WDL=17.33kN
Determination of dead
loads

Example 2
• Determine the dead load on a cathedral roof
175 x 50 Oregon rafter beam if it spans
2.8m at 900cts and supports 50x50
hardwood tile battens at 300cts, concrete
roof tiles, 70x45 pine ceiling trimmers at 600
cts and 10mm plasterboard.
Determination of dead
loads

Beam:
5.5kN/m3 2.8m x 0.175m x 0.05m x 5.5 =0.134

Battens:
11.0kN/m3 0.9m x 0.05m x 0.05m x 11.0x 11(No) = 0.272
Tiles:
0.53kN/m2 2.8m x 0.9m x 0.53 kN/m2 =1.335
Trimmers:
5.5kN/m3 0.9m x 0.07m x 0.045m x 6(No) x5.5 =0.093
Plasterboard:
0.76kN/m2 /100mm 2.8m x 0.9m x 0.76kN/m2 x10/100 =0.191
2.03kN
Forces in equilibrium

• Sir Isaac Newton second law states that

every action has an equal but opposite
reaction.
• As a result a body will remain in equilibrium.
• The sum of all forces acting on the body will
be zero, in all directions.
• The sum of all moments will be zero.
Forces in equilibrium

• Structures 1 we are more concerned with

levers and overturning effects as applicable
to retaining walls
Forces in equilibrium

• Moments cause a turning effect or torque

action.
• For equilibrium they must be balanced by equal
and opposite turning action.
• Sum of the moments must equal =0
• If this does not exist the body will turn/rotate.
• In this situation eg, a wall may be blown over,
say the moment caused by wind would be
greater than the restraining moment produced
by the footing, and moment due to the force of
gravity on the wall .
Forces in equilibrium

Definition;
• Moment = force x perpendicular distance

(M) = F(N) x d(mm)

Units (Nmm)
OR
F(kN) x d (m) = kNm
Moment example (notes)

• Bicycle pedal
Moment example (notes)

• Moment = Force x distance

M= F x d
= 800(N) x 280(mm)
= 224,000 Nmm
=224000/1x106 = 0.224kNm (cw)

106 = to convert Nmm to kNm

Moment example (notes)

• 1) No lever arm distance = 0

– Therefore moment M = 0.

• 2) Moment (M) = F x d
800 x 120
= 96000 Nmm
= 0.096 kNm (cw)
Forces in equilibrium

• Non concurrent non parallel force systems

– We need to have 3 conditions of equilibrium to
allow us to determine all of the 3 unknowns
which act to keep the free body stable.
– There must be a balance of forces which act
vertically: Sum of the vertical forces = 0
– There must be a balance of forces which act
horizontally: Sum of the horizontal forces = 0
– There must be a balance of the turning effect of
the forces – Sum of the moments = 0
Example 1
Consider the forces on a retaining wall, if we consider 1m of
wall only
Forces in equilibrium

Overturning moment =
0.2 kN x 0.9m = 0.18kNm
Restraining moment =
2kN x 0.3m = 0.6kNm
As the restraining moment is > overturning moment
Wall is STABLE
If we add a fence to the top of the retaining wall
– 1. Overturning moment will be increased.
– 2. Restraining moment will increase only slightly.
Properties & behaviour of
structural materials

Beams
• When under load produce flexural bending stress
– top half undergoes compression, bottom tension.

Compression

Tension
Beams

Cantilever beams
• will have tension stress in the top half with
compression stress in the bottom.

Tension

Compression
Beams

• Place reinforcement in the lower half to take

the tension stresses.
• Steel properties are excellent in tension.
• About the centre the stresses both
compression and tension diminishes and are
zero at the centre – neutral axis.
• Ideal position to cut penetrations minimal
stresses.
Columns

Columns
• Stresses are caused by Loads applied from
above on a column.
• Stresses may not always be evenly
distributed. Depending if concentrically or
eccentrically placed.
Stress

Stress
• Defined as the intensity of a force inside a
member caused by the external force acting
upon it

Stress = Load/Area = P/A (N/mm2)

Stress

Example;
• 2 donkeys each pulling on a rope with a
force of 1.1kN determine the stress in the
12mm rope.

Stress = P/A = 1.1x103/ π x 62

=9.7 Mpa
Strain

• All materials change shape when loaded.

• How much they change shape is called strain.
• Defined as the ratio of the change in length to
the original length.

Strain = change in length/ Original length

= x/L
If the above rope is 4.2m long and stretches
10mm under the 1.1Kn load, what is the strain?

Eg: Strain = x/L = 10mm/4.2x103 = 0.0024

Elasticity

• Defined as:
When a load is removed the ability of the
material to return to its original shape.
• We need to know the ability of a structural
material to resist change in shape under load.

Young’s modulus of elasticity;

• Is a measure of the materials ability to resist
change in shape under load.
• Ratio of stress/strain
Elasticity

E = Stress/Strain
= P/A
X/L
=P x L
A x X = MPa (N/mm2)

Eg:
• In the two donkeys example find the E value of the donkeys
rope.
E = stress/Strain
= 9.7/0.0024 = 4.0x103 Mpa
OR
E=PL/AX
= 1.1x103 x 4.2x103/Πx 62x10 = 4.1x103 MPa
Elasticity
• The E Value allows us to predict deflection of any size of rope,
made of that material for any length and load.
Eg;
Determine how much a 15mm diameter rope with E = 4.1x103
Mpa will lengthen if it carries a 3.2KN load over a 30m length.

E=PL/AX
EAX =PL
X=PL/EA
X= PL/AE

= 3.2x103 x 30x103 /Π x (7.52)2(mm2) x 4.1x103(N/mm2)

=132.5mm
133mm
Comparing materials
• E values for materials can be found in structures
code AS1720.
• Values can vary for various materials 4.5 x103 to
21x103 MPa
• Structural steel = 200x103 MPa
• Steel withstands high compression & tension
forces before permanent deformation.
• This is called yield strength.
• Varies for different grades of steel.
Comparing materials

• Timber is weaker in compression & tension

(yield stress)Ys = 2.1 to 2.6 Mpa for
compression parallel to the grain.
• Tension varies 1.6-20.7 Mpa
• Weaker perpendicular to the grain.
• Will tend to crush or come apart easily.
• Typical mild steel Ys = 400 Mpa
Comparing materials

• Concrete is strong in compression

• Various grades of concrete N15, 20, 32, 40-60 .
• Poor strength in tension.

Reinforced concrete
• We can use steel in tension zones where concrete
is weaker, reinforced in compression zones to
increase strength in compression.
• Other advantages ;
– Protects steel from corrosion
– The materials compliment each other.
– Allows for shallower/smaller beam by introducing
reinforcement at the top.
Properties of sections

• In review;
– Stronger materials take larger stresses and
heavier loads
– Different materials can resist change in shape
under load.
– Young’s modulus is an indicator of how much
strain will occur for a given stress, and
deflection under load.
– Steel is stronger than timber and has a larger E
value.
Measurement of shapes
3 measurements;
– Section modulus
– Second Area of moment.
– Radius of Gyration.

Section Modulus
• Shape factor is used to calculate the worst
stresses in a beam.
• This property is given the symbol “Z”.
Z= bd2/6
Section Modulus

Example ;
Find Z for a 300x100 strutting beam.
Z = bd2/6
=100x3002/6
=1500x103 mm3

We can use this to find the stress due to bending.

Fb = M/Z
– Larger Z the smaller the stress value and the larger
load that the beam can carry.
Section Modulus

• Stronger beams will have larger Z values.

• Expressed as a figure ....x103 mm3

Laying a beam on its side

100

Z =bd2/6
300
= 300x1002/6
=500x103 mm3
Section Modulus

• Formula doesn’t apply to steel beams, as steel

beams are not rectangular in shape.
• The section modulus values are calculated
using area moments. (not part of this course)
• Use bluescope tables to look up Z values for
steel sections.

• Eg Define Zxx value for a 150UB18

– From the tables
– About the x-x axis = 117x103 mm3
Section Modulus

The Z value relates to the section about the x-

x axis, or the y-y axis.
• Zyy axis for 150UB18
Zyy = 17.9x103 mm3

• Much weaker about the y-y axis on its side.

Section area moment

• Symbol is I.
• Shape factors used in the formula to determine the
deflection of a beam from a specific shape

Formula: I = bd3
12
Eg;
– Find the I value for a 100x300 strutting beam on edge
I = 100x(300)3/12
=225x106 mm4
Section area moment

• We can use I to find deflection.

• The bigger the I value the smaller the beams
deflection (stiffer beam).

If we lay the beam on its side

100
I = bd3/12
= 300x1003/12
300
= 25x106 mm4
Section area moment

• The I value is smaller.

• Therefore the beam will deflect a lot further
on flat.
• With steel sections again the formula
doesn’t apply as the beams aren’t
rectangular.
• Use BlueScope tables to calculate I.
• I will differ about the x-x and y-y axis for
sections.
Section area moment

Example;
• Determine the I value Ixx for 150UB18.
Ixx = 9.05x106 mm4

Note :
• Choose the correct I value about the correct
axis.
• Beam on its side;
Iyy = 0.67x106 mm4
– Smaller I value will result in greater deflection.
Radius of Gyration

• Symbol “r”
– Calculate the slenderness ratio for beams &
columns.
Now;
• r = √ (I/A)
• A = cross sectional area of the section
• Units are √ (mm4/mm2) = mm
For columns we need to consider both r x-x and r y-y
axis.
Radius of Gyration

• Determine the value for both axis for the timber

stud. (90x45)
Across the x-x axis
Ixx = bd3/12
= 45x903/12
= 2.73x106 mm4

r xx = √ ( I/A)
= √ (2.73x106/45x90)
= 26.0mm
Radius of Gyration

• Across the y-y axis

Iyy = bd3/12
= 90x453/12
=0.683x106 mm4

• ryy= √ (I/A)
= √ (0.683x106/90x45)
=13mm
Radius of Gyration

• If we divide the height by the r value, we get the

slenderness ratio.
Sr = L/R
For a stud 2.4m high, without noggings.
• Sr x-x = 2400/26
= 92
• Sr y-y = 2400/13
= 185
Radius of Gyration

With noggings
Sr x-x = 2400/26
=92
Sr y-y = 1200/13
=92
• The higher the Slenderness ratio the higher the
risk of bending.
End of session