Summer 2023-2024

Mathematical Methods of Engineering

Lecture Note 8
Numerical Integration

8.1 Introduction
Numerical integration is an essential tool used by scientists and engineers to obtain
approximate values for definite integrals that cannot be solved analytically. For example,
the integral
0.5
−x2
∫0 e dx
2
has no closed form solution. The function exp(−x ) is a continuous bounded function
over the interval [0, 0.5] and hence the integral exists. But it is not possible to evaluate it
analytically. Numerical technique is also required when the data for variables are available
in the form of table, but no mathematical relationship between them is known, as is often
the case of experimental data.
The purpose of this chapter is to develop the basic methods of numerical integration.

8.2 Method of Numerical Integration

Recall the definition of definite integral-
n
b
∫a f ( x)dx=lim¿ (Δx n→∞ ¿ ∑ f (c r ) Δxr ¿¿
) →0 ¿
r max r=1

where Δx r =x r −x r−1 and x r−1 <c r < x r , r=1, 2, 3, ¿ ⋅⋅¿ , n ¿.

For numerical integration we shall take the formula as
n
b
∫a f ( x )dx=∑ ωr f ( x r )+E
r=1

where x r are called the nodes which are distributed within the limits of integration [a, b],
ω r are called the weighting factors and E is the error.

8.3 Gaussian Quadrature Rule

In Gaussian quadrature formulas, the nodes and weights are determined by using a
polynomial of as high degree as possible for f ( x ). If there are n nodes and n weighting
factors, we need to find 2n equations to determine 2n unknowns. This may be achieved by
taking the formula exact i.e. Ε( P2 n )=0 for a polynomial of degree 2n. Using the fact that
integration is additive, it will suffice to require that the integration formula is exact for 2n
2 2n
functions f ( x )=1 , x , x ,⋯, x .

Degree of Precision: A quadrature formula is said to be of precision m, if it produces

exact results ( E( Pm )=0 ) when f(x) is a polynomial ¿ m but E( P m+1 )≠0 .
h

Example 8.1: Derive the quadrature rule of the form ∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ af ( h3 )+ bf (h) and
0
using this quadrature rule find the following integral to 3 d.p :

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0.8

∫ cos ( √1+ x 2 ) dx
0.2
Solution: Here there are two unknowns a and b . So, we will use f ( x )=1 and then f ( x )=x .[If
there are three unknowns, we will use f ( x )=1 , f ( x )=x∧f ( x )=x 2].

Now for f ( x )=1 we can write f ( h3 )=1∧f ( h )=1.

h h

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ 1 dx=a+b
0 0
 h=a+b ……………………… (1)

Now for f ( x )=x we can write f ( h3 )= h3 ∧f ( h)=h .

h h

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ x dx=a f ( h3 )+ bf (h)

0 0
2
h 
h
=a + bh
2 3
3h
 a+ 3 b= ……………………. (2)
2
3h h
Solving (1) and (2) we get a= ∧b=
4 4
h
Thus, we get ∫ f ( x ) dx=
0 4
f ()
3h h h
3 4
+ (h)

Here we have limit 0 & h but if the limits are x 0 & x i other than 0 & h then the formula changes as
below
x1

∫ f ( x ) dx= 34h f ( x 0+ h3 )+ h4 (x 1)
xo
Now
0.8

∫ cos ¿ ¿
0.2

Here f ( x )=cos √ 1+ x2 ; x 0=0.2 , x1=0.8 , h=0.6

0.8

∫ cos ¿ ¿
0.2

3∗0.6 0.6
¿ f ( 0.4 ) + f ( 0.8 )
4 4
¿ 0.25619187

8.4 Newton-Cotes Quadrature Rule

x x =a , x n =b and the spacing

If the nodes r ’s are uniformly distributed in [a , b] with 0
(b−a)
h= , the method is known as Newton-Cotes integration method and has the order n .
n

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When both the end points of the interval are included as nodes, the methods are called
closed type methods, otherwise they are called open type methods.

Closed Newton Cotes Quadrature Rule

Assume that r
x =x 0 + rh are equally spaced nodes and f r =f ( xr ). the first few
Newton-Cotes quadrature formulas are listed below:

8.4.1 Trapezoidal Rule

For n=1, we obtain the Trapezoidal rule.

In this case, the quadrature rule is of the form-
x1
∫x 0
f ( x )dx≈af ( x 0 )+bf ( x 1 )

where,
h=x 1−x 0 .
To make the simplification short and simple, the axis is translated to make
x 0 as the
origin. Thus, the formula we are looking for is of the form
h
∫0 f ( x )dx≈af (0)+bf (h)
For two unknown parameters we may assume that the method is exact for f (x)=1 and x .
Thus
h
f ( x )=1 , ∫0 dx= [ x ]h0=h=a+b (1)

[]
2 h
h x h2
f ( x )=1 ,
∫0 x dx= 2 = 2 =bh
0
h
b=
or 2 (2)
From (1), we have
h h
a=h−b=h− =
2 2
The Trapezoidal rule becomes
h h
∫0 f ( x )dx≈ 2 [ f (0 )+f (h )]
To find the precision and an estimate of error, let us take the rule is of the form
h h
∫0 f ( x )dx= 2 [ f (0)+f (h )]+E
2
Taking f ( x )=kx , we have+
h h kh 3 kh 3 1
E=∫ 0 kx 2 dx− kh 2 = − =− kh 3
2 3 2 6
Here E≠0 . Hence the degree of precision is 2−1=1 .
''
Note that f ( x )=2k
''
Assuming that 2 k=f (e ) for 0≤e≤h we can write the error term as
h 2 ''
E=− h f (e )
12 .
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x ,x
The Trapezoidal rule for arbitrary points 0 1 with step size h can be obtained by
identifying the points 0 by x 0 , h by x 1=x 0 +h . In this case f (0)=f ( x 0 ) and f ( h)=f ( x 1 )
. Thus
x1 h
∫x 0
f ( x )dx≈
2[ 0
f ( x )+f ( x 1 ) ]
h
¿ [ f +f ]
2 0 1
where the notation f ( x r )=f r is used.

8.4.2 Simpson’s Rule (Simpson 1/3 Rule)

For n = 2, we obtain the Simpson’s rule (Simpson’s 1/3 rule)

x2 h
∫x 0
f ( x )dx≈
3( 0
f +4 f 1 +f 2 )

where h=( x 2 −x 0 )/2 .

Simpson’s rule can easily be proved by considering the integral
2h
∫0 f ( x )dx≈af (0 )+bf (h )+cf (2 h )
h
or ∫−h f ( x )dx≈af (−h )+bf (0 )+cf (h )
and then by translating the axis. This is left as an exercise for the reader.

The Simpson’s rule has degree of precision three.

The error in the formula is
( x −x )
E=− 2 0 h 4 f ( 4) ( e ) x 0 ≤e≤x 2
90 ,

8.4.3 Simpson’s 3/8-Rule

For n = 3, we obtain the Simpson’s 3/8-rule

x3 3h
∫x 0
f ( x )dx≈ ( f +3 f 1 +3 f 2 + f 3 )
8 0
where h=( x 3 −x 0 )/3 .
The precision of the rule is 3.

The error in the formula is

( x 3−x 0 ) 4 ( 4)
E=− h f (e) x 0 ≤e≤x 3
80 ,
Higher order formula can be derived in a similar way.

1.0

Example 8.2: Evaluate ∫ f ( x ) dx numerically using the values given below.

0.4

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x 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0

f(x) 1.083 1.133 1.287 1.649

Solution: Here subinterval sizes are unequal. Using the Trapezoidal rule in each
subinterval separately, we have
1.0

∫ f ( x ) dx= 0.5−0.4
2
( 1.133+1.083 ) +
0.7−0.5
2
( 1.287+1.133 )
0.4

+ 1.0−0.7
( 1.649+1.287 )
2
0.1 0.2 0.3
¿ ( 2.216 ) + ( 2.420 )+ ( 2.936 )=0.7932
2 2 2

Example 8.3: The table below shows the values of f ( x ) at different values of x:

x 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0

f(x) 1.083 1.133 1.197 1.377 1.649
1.0

Evaluate ∫ f ( x ) dx using Simpson’s rule.

0.4 .0

Solution: Simpson’s rule is applied to two consecutive subintervals of equal length. Thus
for the given data we may divide the subintervals as follows:
1.0 0.6 1.0

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx
0.4 0.4 0.6

0.1
¿
3
[ f ( 0.4 ) +4∗f ( 0.5 ) + f ( 0.6 ) ]
+ 0.2
¿
3
0.1 0.2
¿
3
[ 1.083+ 4 ( 1.133 ) +1.197 ] +
3
[1.197+ 4 ( 1.377 )+ 1.649]

¿ 0.2271+0.5569=0.784
8.5 Composite Quadrature Rules

To avoid the use of higher order methods and still obtain accurate results, we use the
composite integration methods. We divide the interval [a, b] into several subintervals and
evaluate the integral in each required number of subintervals by a particular method.

Composite Trapezoidal Rule

We divide the interval [a, b] into N subintervals [ x r−1 , x r ] , each of length h=(b−a )/ N ,
x 0 =a , x N =b and x r =x 0 + rh, r=1, 2, 3, ¿ ⋅⋅¿ , N ¿. We write
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b x1 x2 xN
∫a f ( x)dx=∫ x f (x )dx+∫x f ( x)dx+¿⋅¿+∫ x
0 1 N−1
f (x )dx

Evaluating each integral on the right-hand side by the trapezoidal rule

b h h h
∫a f ( x )dx≈ 2 (f 0+f 1 )+ 2 ( f 1+ f 21 )+¿⋅¿+ 2 ( f N −1 +f N )
h
¿ [ f 0 + f N +2(f 1 +f 2 +f 3 +¿⋅¿+ f N −1 )]
2
The error in the formula is
b−a 2 ' '
ET =− h f ( e)
12 , a≤e≤b

Composite Simpson’s Rule

We divide the interval [a, b] into N, an even number of subintervals [ x r , x r +1 ] , each of

length h=(b−a )/ N , 0
x =a , x N =b by using x r =x 0 + rh, r=0, 1, 2, 3, ¿ ⋅⋅¿ , N ¿. We
write
b x2 x4 xN
∫a f ( x)dx=∫ x f (x )dx+∫x f ( x)dx+¿⋅¿+∫x
0 2 N −2
f ( x)dx
Evaluating each integral on the right-hand side by the Simpson’s rule
b h h h
∫a f ( x )dx≈ 3 (f 0+4 f 1 +f 2)+ 3 (f 2 +4 f 3+f 4 )+¿⋅¿+ 3 ( f N −2+4 f N−1+f N )
h
¿ (f 0 +4 f 1 +2 f 2 + 4 f 3 +2 f 4 + ¿⋅¿+2 f N −2 +4 f N−1 + f N )
2
The error in the formula is
h4
E S =− (b−a )f ( 4 )(e )
180 , a≤e≤b

Example 8.4: The values of f ( x ) are given for different values of x below.
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
f(x) 1.000 1.780 1.954 2.000 1.976 1.909 1.814

1 .2
Evaluate I = 0
∫ f ( x)dx
using extrapolation and (i) trapezoidal rule (ii) Simpson’s rule
Solution: (i) Consider the integral with trapezoidal rule.
0 .2
I T (0 .2 )= [1+2(1 . 780+1. 954 +2 .000+1. 976+1 . 909)+1 . 814 ]
2
=0. 1×22 . 078=2 . 208
0.4
I T (0 . 4 )= [ 1+2×1. 954 +2×1 . 976+1. 814 ]
2 = 0 . 2×10 . 674=2. 135
Using Richardson extrapolation

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I T ( 0 .2 )−I T ( 0 . 4 ) 2. 208−2. 135

I R =I T ( 0 . 2)+ =2. 208+ =2 .232
2
2 −1 3

(ii) Consider the integral with Simpson’s rule

0 .2
I S (0 .2 )= [ 1+4×1. 780+2×1. 954+4×2 .000+2×1 .976 +4×1 . 909+1. 814 ]
3 =2 . 229
1. 2
=3
With step size h = 0.4, the number of subintervals = 0. 4 and Simpson’s rule cannot be used.
0.6
I S (0 .6 )= [ 1+4×2+1. 814 ] =2. 163
Taking h = 0.6, we get 3
Using Richardson’s extrapolation
I S (0 .2 )−I S (0 .6 ) 2 .229−2 .163
I R=I S (0 . 2)+ =2 .229+ =2. 223
3 −14 80

8.6 Romberg Integration

Romberg integration is an extrapolation formula of the Trapezoidal Rule for integration. It
provides a better approximation of the integration by repeated applications of the
Richardson’s Extrapolation formula. It is known that the Trapezoidal rule approximation
Ι T (h ) to an integral Ι has error behavior
Ι=Ι T (h )+a2 h 2 +a 4 h 4 +a6 h6 +⋅⋅⋅¿ ¿
( 0)
Suppose that Ι (n , h) is a Trapezoidal estimation of the integral Ι with n subintervals and
( 0)
step size h. By doubling the step size, the corresponding estimate is Ι (2 n ,h /2) .
( 1)
The first Richarson extrapolated value I (2 n , h /2 ) is
( 1) (0) Ι ( 0) (2n . h /2 )−Ι ( 0) (n . h)
Ι (2 n , h /2 )=Ι (2 n , h/2)+ 4
22−1 has error of order Ο(h )
4 ( 1)
The Simpson’s rule has an error of order Ο(h ) . In fact, I (2 n , h /2 ) is exactly the
( 2)
Simpson’s rule estimate. The second improved estimate I (2n , h /2 ) is
( 2) (1) Ι (1 )(4 n . h/4 )−Ι (1 )(2 n . h/2)
Ι (4 n , h /4 )=Ι (4 n , h/4 )+
24 −1
6
has error of order Ο(h ) and so on.

( )
1 2
x
Example 8.5 : Evaluate∫ x exp dx using Trapezoidal rule with 1, 2 and 4 subintervals.
0 2
Improve the results using Romberg integration.
2

Solution: Here f ( x )=x e x /2 .

Using the trapezoidal rule we have
1
Ι ( 0) (1 ,1 )= [ f (0 )+f (1)]=0. 8244
n = 1, h=(1−0) =1 ; 2

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0. 5
1
h= =0 . 5 Ι ( 0) (2 , 0. 5 )= [ f (0 )+f (1 )+2 f (0 . 5)]
n = 2, 2 ; 2 =0. 6955

( 0) 1
h= =0 .25 Ι
1 (4 , 0. 25 )= [ f (0)+f (1)+2( f (0 .25 )+f (0 .5 )+f (0 . 75))] = 0 . 6606
n = 4, 4 2
( 1) Ι ( 0)(2 , 0 . 5)−Ι (0 )(1 , 1)
( 0)
Ι (2 , 0 . 5)=Ι (2 , 0 . 5)+
First order extrapolated values are 22−1
0 .6955−0 . 6244
=0. 6955+ =0 . 6525
3
( 1) ( 0) Ι ( 0) (4 , 0 . 25)−Ι ( 0)(2 , 0 . 5)
Ι (4 , 0 . 25)=Ι ( 4 , 0 . 25)+
And 22 −1
0 . 6606−0. 6955
=0. 6606+ =0 . 6490
3
( 2) ( 1) Ι (1 )(4 , 0 .25 )−Ι (1) (2 , 0. 5 )
Ι (4 , 0 . 25)=Ι ( 4 , 0 .25 )+
Second extrapolated value is 2 4 −1
0 .6490−0 . 6525
=0. 6490+ =0 . 6488
15
Results are summarized below in a Table:
N H O(h )
2
O(h )
4
O(h )
6

1 1 0.8244
2 0.5 0.6955 0.6528
4 0.25 0.6606 0.6490 0.6488
8.7 Numerical Evaluation of Double Integrals
Multiple integrals are evaluated by expressing them as iterated integrals. For example a double
integral can be expressed as follows;

( )
❑ b f 2( x )

∬ f ( x , y ) dA=∫ ∫ f ( x , y ) dy dx
R a f 1( x )

or

∫( ∫ )
❑ d g2 ( y )

∬ f ( x , y ) dA= f ( x , y ) dx dy
R c g1 ( y )

In computing the iterated integral of the first form, we hold x constant while integrating with
respect to y and then integrate with respect to x(vice versa for second form).
Numerical evaluation of integrals we need to choose interval length and nodal points where the
functional values to be calculated. For fixed limits, selection of interval length and nodal points
are straight forward but for variable limits interval length and nodal points should be calculated for
a fixed value of other variable. For example, in first form the interval at x=x r is
f 2 ( x r ) −f 1 ( x r )
k r=
n

Example 8.6
1.0 1.6 2
2y
Using Simpson’s rule with 2-subintervals evaluate the double integral∫ ∫ dydx
0.6 1.0 x+ y
The integral is over the rectangular region bounded by0.6 ≤ x ≤ 1.0∧1.0 ≤ y ≤1.6 .
Using 2-subintervals in each direction, we have
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1.0−0.6 1.6−1.0
h= =0.2∧k = =0.3
2 2
2
2y
The integrand is f ( x , y )= .
x+ y
Integration using fixed values of x=0.6 ,0.8∧1.0 are as follows:

1.6
0.3
I ( 0.6 )=∫ f ( 0.6 , y ) dy= [f ( 0.6 , 1.0 ) +4 f ( 0.6 , 1.3 ) + f ( 0.6 ,1.6 ) ]
1.0 3
0.3
¿
3
[ 1.25+ 4 ( 1.779 ) +2.327 ]=1.0693
1.6
0.3
I ( 0.8 )=∫ f ( 0.8 , y ) dy= [f ( 0.8 ,1.0 )+ 4 f ( 0.8 ,1.3 )+ f ( 0.8 , 1.6 ) ]
1.0 3
0.3
¿
3
[ 1.111+4 ( 1.610 ) +2.133 ]=0.9684
1.6
0.3
I ( 1.0 )=∫ f (1.0 , y ) dy= [f ( 1.0 , 1.0 ) +4 f ( 1.0 , 1.3 ) +f ( 1.0 , 1.6 ) ]
1.0 3
0.3
¿
3
[ 1.0+ 4 ( 1.47 ) +1.969 ]=0.8849
Finally combining the integral for x , we have

1.0 1.6
0.2
I(Simp)=∫ ∫ f ( x , y ) dydx ≈ [ I ( 0.6 )+ 4 I ( 0.8 ) + I ( 1.0 )]
0.6 1.0 3
0.2
¿
3
[ 1.0693+ 4 ( 0.9684 )+ 0.8849 ]=0.38852
[MATLAB result is I = 0.38846]

Calculations are summarized in the following table:

xr yr f(x,y) I(xr, k) I(Simp)

0.6 1 1.25
0.6 1.3 1.779 1.0693
0.6 1.6 2.327
0.8 1 1.111
0.8 1.3 1.61 0.9684 0.38852
0.8 1.6 2.133
1 1 1
1 1.3 1.47 0.8849
1 1.6 1.969

Example 8.7 Using Simpson’s rule with 2-subinervals evaluate the double integral

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2
1.4 1+ x

∫ ∫ ( 1+ xy ) dydx
1.0 x
Solution: The region of integration is1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.4 , x ≤ y ≤ 1+ x 2
The integrand is f ( x , y )=1+ xy
1.4−1.0
With 2 equal subintervals for x, the interval length is h= =0.2. The end points of
2
subintervals are 1 ,1.2∧1.4 .
The interval length for y is variable depending on the values of x.
2
(1+1 )−1
For x=1 , k 1 = =0.5∧ y r =1 ,1.5 , 2.0
2
The integral over y is
0.5
I ( 1 , 0.5 )=
3
[ f ( 1 ,1 )+ 4 f ( 1 , 1.5 ) + f ( 1 , 2.0 ) ]
0.5
¿
3
[ 2+ 4 ( 2.5 ) +3 ]=2.5
2
(1+1.2 )−1.2
For x=1.2 , k 2 = =0.62∧ y r =1.2, 1.82 , 2.44
2
0.62
The integral over y is I ( 1.2 , 0.62 )=
3
[ f (1.2 , 1.2 ) +4 f ( 1.2 ,1.82 ) + f ( 1.2, 2.44 ) ]
0.5
¿
3
[ 2.44 +4 (3.184 ) +3.928 ]=3.9482
2
(1+1.4 )−1.4
For x=1.4 , k 3= =0.78∧ y r =1.4 , 2.18 , 2.96
2
0.78
The integral over y is I ( 1.4 ,0.78 )=
3
[ f ( 1.4 , 1.4 ) + 4 f ( 1.4 ,2.18 )+ f ( 1.4 , 2.96 ) ]
0.78
¿
3
[ 2.96+ 4 ( 4.052 )+ 5.144 ]= 6.3211

Finally combining the integrals for x, we have

2
1.4 1+ x

∫ ∫ ( 1+ xy ) dydx ≈ 0.2
3
[ 2.5+ 4 ( 3.9482 ) +6.3211 ]=1.64092
1.0 x

[I ( exact )=1.64061]

Summary of calculations are shown below:

kr xr yr f(xr,yr) I(xr,kr) I(Simp)

1 1 2
0.5 1 1.5 2.5 2.5
1 2 3
1.2 1.2 2.44
1.64091
0.62 1.2 1.82 3.184 3.94816 7
1.2 2.44 3.928
1.4 1.4 2.96
0.78 1.4 2.18 4.052 6.32112
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1.4 2.96 5.144

8.8 Numerical evaluation of Integrals using MATLAB

Syntax of MATLAB commands for different types of integrals are as follows:
integral(fun, xmin, xmax)
integral2(fun, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
integral3(fun, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax,zmin,zmax)

Command for required number of digits

vpa(value, n) % to display value to n digits

Note: Define the function using “anonymous handle”. Format is shown below:
fname=@(argument) <space> formula
operation / (division) and ^ (for power) must preceded with . (dot).
sin ⁡(xy )
For example f ( x , y )= may be typed as
x2 + y2
ff=@(x,y) sin(x*y)./(x.^2+y.^2))
This will be treated as ff(x,y).

1
Example 8.6: Evaluate ∫ e sin x dx numerically to 7 digits using MATLAB command.
x 2

>> fun=@(x) exp(x).*sin(x.^2) % enter function as @function

fun = @(x)exp(x).*sin(x.^2)

>> int=integral(fun,0,1); % command for integration

>> int7=vpa(int,7) % used to increase precision

int7 =0.662701

2 √x
1
Example 8.8: Evaluate ∫ ∫ dy dx numerically using MATLAB command.
0 −x √x 2
+y
2

>> fun2=@(x,y) 1./sqrt(x.^2+y.^2) % define as @-function

fun2 = @(x,y)1./sqrt(x.^2+y.^2)

>> ymin=@(x) –x % lower limit as function of x

ymin = @(x)-x

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>> ymax=@(x) sqrt(x) % upper limit as a function of x

ymax = @(x)sqrt(x)

>> int2=integral2(fun2, 0, 2, ymin,ymax);

>> int22=vpa(int2,7) % output to 7 digits

int22 =3.811758

dV
Example 8.9: Evaluate ∭ 2 , where R is the region bounded by the coordinate
R ( 1+ x+ y+ z )
planes and the plane x + y + z=1, numerically using MATLAB command.

The integral can be written as an iterated integral of the form

1 1− x 1−x− y
1
∫∫ ∫ (1+ x + y + z )2
dzdydz
0 0 0

MATLAB commands and output

>> clear
>> fun3=@(x,y,z) 1./(x+y+z+1).^2 % define the integrand as a @-function

fun3 = @(x,y,z)1./(x+y+z+1).^2

>> ymax=@(x) 1-x

ymax = @(x)1-x

>>zmax=@(x,y) 1-x-y

zmax = @(x,y)1-x-y

>> int3=integral3(fun3,0,1,0,ymax,0,zmax); % command for integration

>> int31=vpa(int3,7) % result using 7 digits.

int31 =0.05685282

Exercise 8

1. The table shows the power P supplied to the driving wheels of a car as a function of
the speed v . If the mass of the car is m=2000 kg, determine the time ∆ t it takes for
the car to accelerate from 1m/s to 6 m/s . Use the trapezoidal rule for integration.
Hint:

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 Summer 2023-2024
6s
∆ t=m∫ (v / p)dv
1s
which can be derived from Newton’s law F=m(dv / dt) and the definition of power
P=Fv .

v(m/s) 0 1.0 1.8 2.4 3.5 4.4 5.1 6

P(kW) 0 4.7 12.2 19.0 31.8 40.1 43.8 43.2

2. The table below shows the values of f ( x ) at different values of x:

x 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

f(x) 3.728 4.124 4.525 5.123 5.626
2 .0
(i) Use Trapezoidal rule and Richardson’s extrapolation to estimate
∫1 .2 f ( x) dx .
2 .0
(ii)
∫
Use Simpson’s rule and Richardson’s extrapolation to estimate 1 .2
f ( x) dx
.
3. The table below shows the values of f ( x ) at different values of x:
x 1.2 1.35 1.5 1.65 1.8
f(x) 3.32 3.86 4.48 5.21 6.05
1.8
∫
(i) Use Trapezoidal rule and Richardson’s extrapolation to estimate 1.2
f (x ) dx
.
1.8
∫
(ii) Use Simpson’s rule and Richardson’s extrapolation to estimate 1.2
f (x ) dx
.
4. A river is 50 meters wide. The depth ‘d’ in meters at distance x meters from one back
is given by the following table. Calculate the arc of cross-section of the river using
Trapezoidal rule.
x 0 10 20 30 40 50
d 0 4 7 9 12 15

5. The car gives the velocity v of a moving particle at time t seconds. Find the
distance covered by the particle in 8 seconds.
t 0 2 4 6 8 9
v 4 6 16 34 60 75

6. Derive the following quadrature rules :

2h

(a) ∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ af ( 0 ) +bf ( h )+ cf (2 h)
0
h

(b) ∫ f ( x ) dx ≈ af
0
( h3 )+ bf (h)
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 Summer 2023-2024

In each case find its degree of precision.

Use the above quadrature rule to estimate the following integrals to 3 decimal places.
0.8 1.6

(i) ∫ cos ⁡( √ 1+ x )dx , (ii) ∫ x e

2
2 2 1−x
dx .
0.2 1

7. The table below shows the values of f ( x ) at different values of x:

x 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

f(x) 1.831 2.592 3.515 4.643 5.926
1.8

Evaluate ∫ f ( x ) dx using Tapezoidal rule with 1, 2 and 4 subintervals.

1.0

Improve your results using Romberg integration.

8. Compute following integrals using Trapezoidal rule with subintervals 1, 2 and 4.

Improve your results using Romberg integration. And write MATLAB code to
evaluate the integrals. Also find exact result ( if possible ) & find percentage error.

( )
1 1.8 2 1 2 π
x ln ⁡(1+ x)
(a) ∫ √1+2 x dx 3
(b) ∫ exp
2
dx (c) ∫ 1+ x 2 dx (d) ∫ 5+sin x
4 cos x
dx
0 1 0 0

9. Using Simpson’s rule with two subintervals evaluate the following double integrals
and also write MATLAB code to evaluate.
1.5 1 2.0 1.5

(a) ∫ ∫ ( x +2 √ y ) dydx , (b) ∫ ∫ ln ( 2 x + y ) dxdy ,

2

1 0 1.4 1.0

2 1 0.8 2

(c) ∫ ∫ ( 1+8 x ) dydx , (d) ∫ ∫ √ x+ y dydx .

1 0 0.2 0

0.5 1 1 2
sin(xy )
(e) ∫ ∫ dydx (f) ∫ ∫ 2 exp( y / x)dydx
0 0 1+ xy 0 1

10. Evaluate the following integrals using MATLAB commands.

2 6 1

(a) ∫ ∫ ∫ ¿ ¿ ¿¿
0 3 −1

2 3 1

(b) ∫∫∫ xyz dzdydx

0 0 0

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