CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS CONTENTS:

CELLS- basic structural unit of living organism  Double phospholipid layer

 Hydrophilic heads
4 COMPONENTS OF CELL
 Hydrophobic tails
 CARBON
CYTOPLASM
 HYDROGEN
 OXYGEN  Material outside the
 NITROGEN nucelus and inside the
plasma membrane
CELLS
 Site of the most cellular
 Carry out all chemical activities activities
needed to sustain life
3 MAJOR ELEMENTS
 Building blocks of all living organism
 CYTOSOL
ORGANELLES – little organs, perform specific
 FLUIDS
functions.
 ORGANELLES
ANATOMY OF CELL
Inclusions – chemical substances such as
 Cells are not the same stored nutrients/ cell product
 Share general structure
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
3 MAIN REGIONS
 ER with ribosomes attached to it.
 NUCLEUS – control center of the cell,  A large amount of rough ER in a cell
containing the cell’s genetic material indicates that it is synthesizing large
 CYTOPLASM - The living material amounts of protein for export from
surrounding the nucleus, it contains the cell.
many types of organelles
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 PLASMA MEMBRANE – covering of
cell  Smooth ER is a site for lipid synthesis
and participates in detoxification of
NUCLEUS – contains DNA
chemicals within cells.
3 REGIONS  In skeletal muscle cells, the smooth ER
stores calcium ions.
 NUCLEAR ENVELOPE-which consists of  ER without ribosomes
outer and inner membranes with a
narrow space between them MITOCHONDRIA
 NUCLEOLUS- little nucleus, primary
 Power house of the cell
function is to produce and assemble
 Provides ATP (adenosine
the cell’s ribosomes
triphosphate)
 CHROMATIN- The nuclei of human
 The outer membranes have a smooth
cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
contour, but the inner membranes
which consist of DNA and proteins
have numerous folds, called cristae
PLASMA MEMBRANE  mitochondrial matrix - The material
within the inner membrane
 Barrier of the cells

RIBOSOMES
  made of protein and RNA 3 TYPES OF ELEMENT
 protein synthesis
 MICROFILAMENTS - are small
 Ribosomes may be attached to other
fibrils formed from protein
organelles, such as the ER
subunits that structurally support
GOLGI APPARATUS the cytoplasm, determining cell
shape. Some microfilaments are
• Packages of proteins
involved with cell movement. For
• consists of closely packed stacks of example, microfilaments in
curved, membrane-bound sacs muscle cells enable the cells to
shorten, or contract
• . It collects, modifies, packages, and  MICROTUBULES - are hollow
distributes structures formed from protein
• proteins and lipids manufactured by subunits. The microtubules
the ER perform a variety of roles,
including helping to support the
LYSOSOMES cytoplasm of cells, assisting in cell
 Enzymes produce by ribosomes division, and forming essential
 are membrane-bound vesicles formed components of certain organelles,
from the Golgi apparatus. such as cilia and flagella
 They contain a variety of enzymes that  INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS - are
function as intracellular digestive fibrils formed from protein
systems. subunits that are smaller in
diameter than microtubules but
PEROXISOMES larger in diameter than
microfilaments. They provide
 Detoxify harmful substances such as
mechanical support to the cell.
alcohol
 small, membrane-bound CENTRIOLES
 vesicles containing enzymes that
break down fatty acids, amino  Rod shaped bodies
 acids, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)  is a specialized area of cytoplasm
 The enzymes in peroxisomes break close to the nucleus where
down hydrogen peroxide to water and microtubule formation occurs.
O2. RBC- ERYTHROCYTES – HGB/HEMOGLABIN
 Cells active in detoxification, such as
liver and kidney cells, have many WBC- LEUKOCYTES
peroxisomes MACROPHAGES- cells that fights diseases.
CYTOSKELETON CILLIA
 Network of protein structures that  cilium, an eyelash project from the
extend throughout the cytoplasm surface of cells
 acts as the internal framework of the  cylindrical structures that extend from
cell the cell.
 It consists of protein structures that  helps keep the lungs clear of debris
support the cell, hold organelles in such as inhaled dust particles
place, and enable the cell to change
shape FLAGELLA
  have a structure similar to that of cilia DIFFUSION
but are much longer, and they usually
 Solutes, such as ions or molecules,
occur only one per cell. Sperm cells
tend to move from an area of higher
each have one flagellum, which
concentration of a solute to an area of
propels the sperm cell.
lower concentration of that same
MICROVILLI solute in solution
 Equally distributed/ equally divided
 are specialized extensions of the cell
 Solvent and Solute moves
membrane that are supported by
microfilaments TYPES OF DIFFUSION
 They are abundant on the surface of
SIMPLE DIFFUSIONS
cells that line the intestine, kidney,
and other areas in which absorption is  unassisted process
an important function  solutes are lipid-soluble materials or
small enough to pass thru membrane
SOLUTIONS AND TRANSPORT
pores.
SOLUTIONS - homogeneous mixture of 2 or  No need receptors
more components
OSMOSIS
SOLUTES – Components smaller quantities
 Simple diffusion of water
with in a solution.
 Highly polar water molecules easily
INTRACELLULAR FLUID – nucleoplasm and cross the plasma membrane thru
cytosol – Internal aquaporins.
 Only solvent moves
INTERSTITIAL FLUID- Exterior of the cell
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY – plasma
membrane allows some materials to pass  Require a protein carrier for passive
while excluding others. transport
 Transport lipid insoluble and large
 This permeability influences
substances
movement into and out of cell.
FILTRATION
CELL PHYSIOLOGY
 Water and solutes are force through a
 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT –
membrane by fluid of hydrostatic
Movement of substances into and out
pressure
of cell
 Fluid is pushed from high-pressured
 SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
area to lower pressure area
2 BASIC TRANSPORT
ACTIVE PROCESSES
PASSIVE PROCESSES
 Substances which transported that are
 no energy required unable to pass by diffusion
 particles tends to distribute  Substance may be too large
themselves evenly with a solution  ATP is used for transport
 movement is from high concentration
CELL LIFE CYCLE
to low concentration or a down a
concentration gradient Cells have 2 major periods
  Interphase- cells grows, cells carries TRANSCRIPTION- transfer of information from
on metabolic processes DNA’s base
 Cell division- cell replicates itself
TRANSLATION- base sequence of nucleic acid
DNA REPLICATION is translated to amino acid sequence

- Genetic material is duplicated and Amino acids are the building blocks of
readies a cell for division into cell proteins
- Occurs toward the end of interphase
- DNA uncoils and each side serves as a
template

CELL DIVISION

 Mitosis- division of the nucleus,

formation of 2 daughter nucleus
 Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm,
formation of 2 daughter cells

MITOSIS STAGE

 PROHASE- first part of all division,

centrioles migrate to the poles to
direct assembly of the mitotic spindle
fibres
 METAPHASE- chromosomes are
aligned in the metaphase plate
 ANAPHASE- chromosomes are pulled
apart and toward the opposite ends of
the cell
 TELOPHASE- replication of the cell,
nucleus forming, cleavage furrow

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

 GENE- DNA segment that carriers a

blueprint for building protein
 Proteins have many function
 Building material for cells
 Acts as enzymes (biological catalysts)

ROLE OF RNA

 Transfer RNA (tRNA) – transfer

appropriate amino acids to the
ribosomes for building protein
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- help form the
ribosomes where proteins is built
 Message RNA(mRNA)- carries the
instructions for building a protein
from the nucleus to the ribosomes