VELAMMAL NEXUS SCHOOLS

SECONDARY COMPARTMENT
BIOLOGY
CLASS : IX
CH-6 Tissues
Question 1. What is a tissue?
Answer: A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to
do a peculiar function is called tissue.
Question 2. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?
Answer: Tissues provide structural strength, mechanical strength, show
division of labour.
pg no ;
Question 1. Name types of simple tissues.
Answer: The types of simple tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma,
sclerenchyma and aerenchyma.
Question 2. Where is apical meristem found?
Answer: Apical meristem is found at the tip of root or shoot of the plant.
Question 3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
Answer: The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.
Question 4. What are the constituents of phloem?
Answer: Phloem is made up of four types of elements sieve tube,
companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.
pg no :
Question 1. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.
Answer: 1. Muscular tissue, 2. Nervous tissue, combination of both the
tissues are responsible for movement in our body.
Question 2. What does a neuron look like?
Answer: Neuron or a nerve cell looks like a star-shaped cell with a tail. It
neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which
long thin hair like parts arise. Each neuron has a single long part called
the axon, and many small, short branched parts called dendrite. An
individual nerve cell is called neuron, it may be up to a metre long.
refer Exercise Answer for Q no : 9
Question 3. Give three features of cardiac muscles.
Answer: Features of cardiac muscles
(1) Heart muscles (cardiac muscles) are cylindrical, branched and
uninucleated
(2) They are striated muscle fibres.
(3) They are involuntary muscles, cannot be controlled by us.
Question 4. What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Answer: Areolar tissue are connective tissues found in animal. It is found
between skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the
bone marrow.
It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in
the repair of tissues.
Bookback exercises :
Question 1. Define the term “tissue”.
Answer: Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform same
function is called a tissue.

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Question 2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem
tissue? Name them.
Answer: The xylem is made up of four main elements vessels, trachieds,
xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
Question 3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in
plants?
Answer: Simple tissues are made up of one type of cells which coordinate
to perform a common function.
Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. All these
coordinate to perform a particular function..
Question 4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and
sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
Answer: Parenchyma: The cells have thin cell walls made up of cellulose.
Collenchyma: The cells have cell walls thickened at the comers due to
pectin deposition.
Sclerenchyma: Their walls are thickened due to lignin deposition.
Question 5. What are the functions of stomata?
Answer: The outermost layer of the cell is called epidermis and is very
porous. These pores are called stomata. These stomata help in
transpiration and exchange of gases.
Question 6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three
types of muscle fibres.
Answer: Striated muscles
(1) They are connected to bones (Skeletal muscles).
(2) They are voluntary muscles.
(3) The cells are long, cylindrical with many nucleus and are unbranched.
Smooth muscles
(1) They are found in alimentary canal and lungs.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They are spindle in shape and have single nucleus.
Cardiac muscles
(1) They are found in heart.
(2) They are involuntary in action.
(3) They are branched and have one nucleus.

7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

Answer :The cardiac muscles are branched and cylindrical. They are
uninucleated and are involuntary in nature. The cardiac muscles bring
about a rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout one’s lifetime.

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8. Differentiate between striated, un-striated and cardiac muscles on the
basis of their structure and site/location in the body.
Answer:
The following are the differences between different types of muscles,
based on their structure and location in the body.
Character Striated muscles Un-striated muscles Cardiac muscles
Shape/ Long, cylindrical, Long and tapering. Cylindrical and
Structure non – tapering. They are un-branched. non – tapering.
They are un- They are
branched. branched.
Location in Hands, legs and Wall of stomach, Heart
body skeletal muscles intestine, ureter and
bronchi
Dark and Present Absent Present but less
light bands prominent
9. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.

10. Name the following.

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth – The epithelial tissue,
Squamous epithelium.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans – Tendon
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants – Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body – Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix – Blood, it is a fluid connective
tissue
(f) Tissue present in the brain – Nervous tissue
11. Identify the type of tissue in the following:
Skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Answer:
➢ Skin: Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

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➢ Bark of tree: Protective tissue and cork
➢ Bone: Connective tissue
➢ Lining of kidney tubule: Cuboidal epithelial tissue
➢ Vascular bundle: Conducting tissue (xylem and phloem), complex
permanent tissue
12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Answer :
The parenchyma is found in:
● The pith of stems and roots
● When parenchyma contains chlorophyll it is called a chlorenchyma.
It is found in green leaves
● Parenchyma found in aquatic plants has large air cavities which
enables them to float, and are hence called aerenchyma.
13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Answer :
The epidermis in plants forms an uninterrupted and continuous layer that
has no intercellular spaces. It provides protection.
14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
Answer :
Cork cells are dead. The arrangement of cells is so dense, that there is no
intercellular space. Deposition of suberin is observed on the walls of the
cells that make them impervious to water and gases.
15. Complete the following chart.

Solution:
The completed chart is as follows:

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 Free Revision Notes for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues
The Formation of Tissues

● The cells form groups of cells to perform a single task.

● This grouping of cells together to perform a function efficiently is called
a Tissue.
● For Example, Muscles and Blood.
● The tissue cells have the same structure and they perform the same
function.
Tissues of Plants and Animals

Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

Plants do not move so their tissues are Animals need more energy as
predominantly the ones that provide compared to plants because they
support to them so that they can stand are not stationary. Their tissues
erect. are the ones that can support the
movement.
These tissues are made up of dead The tissues in the case of animals
cells because dead cells can also are made up of living cells so
provide mechanical strength to the that they can move and perform
plants and do not require much several functions.
maintenance.
Only certain parts of the plant can Cells in animals grow uniform
grow. The tissues present in such early and not only in certain
regions divide themselves and form regions of the body.
new tissues.
The structure of plant tissues is not The organs and organ systems in
very specialised as compared to animals are highly developed.
animals

Plant Tissues

Figure 1: Types of Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissue
● Only certain parts of a plant tend to grow. The tissues located in such
parts are called meristematic tissues.
● They can divide themselves and form new tissues.
● They have a thin cell wall made of cellulose.

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● They have a dense nucleus and cytoplasm but lack vacuoles.
● They can further be classified differently based on the areas of the
plants where they are located -
● Apical
● Lateral
● Intercalary

Figure 2: Location of meristematic tissue

Apical Meristem Lateral Meristem Intercalary Meristem

They are They are responsible for These tissues are

responsible for increasing the present at internodes
the growth of circumference of the of stem regions
stems and roots middle part of the stem between the places at
in the plants and hence are found there. which leaves attach.
They are found on
the tips of the
roots and stems.

Why are there no vacuoles in the intercalary meristem?

● Vacuoles are responsible for the storage of food in the water. The
intercalary tissues do not store them. They are rather responsible for
manufacturing them.
● Moreover, vacuoles contain sap which provides rigidity to a cell. This
property of vacuoles may not allow the intercalary tissues to divide and
manufacture new cells. Hence vacuoles are not present in them.
Permanent Tissue
● The cells that are formed by the meristematic tissues often have to
take a certain role in the plant and thus, they lose their ability to divide
and form more cells. They then become the permanent tissues of the
plants.
● Differentiation - The process by which cells of the meristematic tissues
convert themselves into permanent tissue by taking a fixed shape, size
and function is called differentiation.
● Types of Permanent Tissues:
● Simple Permanent Tissues
● Complex Permanent Tissues
● Simple Permanent Tissues are of five types:
● Parenchyma
● Chlorenchyma

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 ● Aerenchyma
● Collenchyma
● Sclerenchyma

Figure 3: Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

These tissues are These tissues are These tissues are
responsible for responsible for responsible for
photosynthesis, storage providing flexibility to making plants hard
of food, gaseous the plants so that they and rigid.
exchange and floating of can bend easily.
plants.
They are a group of living They are a group of They are made up of
cells with a cell wall living cells with a cell dead cells having a
made of cellulose. wall made of cellulose cell wall made of
and pectin. lignin.
The parenchyma cells They have a little The cells do not
have large intercellular intercellular space in have any
spaces between them. between them. intercellular spaces.
There are thin walls that The cells present in The cells have a
surround each cell. these tissues are long structure with
broad and irregularly thick walls.
thick at corners.
They are found in leaves They are present in They are found in
and newly formed the leaves and stems stems, veins of the
branches. of a plant. leaves and
coverings of nuts
and seeds.

Chlorenchyma
● These tissues are similar to that of parenchyma but they also contain
chlorophyll in them.
● Due to the presence of chlorophyll, they are capable of performing the
process of photosynthesis in plants.

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Aerenchyma
● They are found in aquatic plants.
● They are also similar in structure to that of the parenchyma but they
have large air cavities in them.
● These cavities allow the aquatic plants to float in water.
What is Lignin?
The cell walls of dead cells have a substance called lignin in them which
provides rigidity to the cells. Lignin acts as the cement for the cells.
Epidermis

● The outermost layer of the cell is known as the Epidermis.

● It covers the entire plant.
● It is a thin layer of single cells but in places with less water, the
epidermis of the plants can become thick in order to avoid frequent
water loss.
● The cells are flat and they have no intercellular spaces between them.
● The outer walls of the epidermal cells are thick and the inner walls are
thin.
● The epidermal cells often have long hair-like structures in roots which
facilitate the absorption of water.
● The main function of the epidermis is to protect the plants from fungi,
water loss and any injuries by secreting a wax-like water-resistant
substance called a Cuticle on the surface of the plants which protects
the plants.

Figure 4: Epidermis
Stomata
● Stomata are pore-like structures that are present in the epidermis of
the leaves.
● These pores are enclosed by two cells that have a similar shape as a
kidney. These are called Guard Cells of Stomata. Guard cells are
modified epidermal cells.
● Guard cells are responsible for the exchange of gases and transpiration.
Transpiration (OLYMPIAD)

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 Figure 5: Transpiration
The plant cells sometimes have extra they lose it in the form of water that
evaporates through stomata. This process is called Transpiration.
Role of Transpiration in Plants – (OLYMPIAD)
● Exchange of Gases - Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen
through transpiration.
● Prevent the Plants from Overheating - The leaves absorb sunlight
during the process of photosynthesis. Some of it is used in the
photosynthesis process while the rest is radiated as Heat Energy. We
know that absorption of water causes cooling of the surrounding area.
Therefore transpiration keeps the leaves cool.
● Transportation of Food and Water in Plants - The roots of the plants
absorb minerals and water present in the soil through transpiration and
they are then distributed in the plant through the transpiration stream.
● Movement of Water in Plants – As plants lose water in the form of water
vapours, the density of water in leaves becomes low. So the water from
the higher density areas such as the roots move up to lower density
areas through a force called Transpirational Pull.
Which gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis. Plants
use carbon dioxide along with water and sunlight to produce glucose in
the process of photosynthesis. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release
oxygen as a byproduct of the photosynthesis process.

Why do plants in desert areas have a waxy coating of cutting over them?
(OLYMPIAD)
The epidermis cells of plants that are found in deserts have a waxy
coating of cutting over them because it prevents water loss from the
surface of plants since water is already scarce in such areas.

Why are the branches of old trees different from the stems of a new
plant?
● As a plant grows older the meristematic cells start covering the upper
layer of the plants instead of the epidermis.

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● These are the dead cells that have no special function in the plants but
to provide rigidity. They make the branches of the plants thick.
● This is often called the Bark or the thick cork of the tree.
● The bark of the trees contains a substance called Suberin which makes
it waterproof and does not allow gaseous exchanges. (OLYMPIAD)
Complex Permanent Tissues

Complex Permanent Tissues comprise different kinds of cells. These

different types of cells coordinate with each other and perform a common
function in these tissues. Two Complex Permanent Tissues are
- Xylem and Phloem.

Figure 6: Xylem and Phloem

Similarities between Xylem and Phloem
● Their main function is to carry food and water in the plant.
● Both have a vascular bundle which is a conductive tissue in plants that
helps them survive in different environmental conditions.
Xylem
Xylem is made up of dead cells having a thick cell lining. It consists of the
following elements-
● Tracheids and Vessels – They have a broad tubular structure so that we
can allow transportation of food and water in the plants vertically.
● Xylem Parenchyma – It stores food and helps in the transportation of
water horizontally in the plants.
● Xylem Fibres – They support transportation
Phloem
Phloem is made up of living cells and it allows the movement of food from
leaves to other parts of the plant. It has the following elements –
Sieve Tubes – Broad shaped cells with porous walls
● Companion Cells – They facilitate the functions of the sieve tubes
● Phloem Fibres – Provide flexibility to the phloem
● Phloem Parenchyma – Stores starch and proteins

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 Characteristi Xylem Phloem
c
Made of Dead Cells Living Cells
Cell wall Thick Thin
thickness
Cell wall Lignin Celluloses
material (rigid)
Permeability Impermeabl Permeable
e
Cytoplasm None Cytoplasm lining
Transports… Water & Food
minerals
Carried to…. Leaves Growing parts & storage
organs
Direction of Upwards Up & down
flow
Tissue also Fibres Companion cells
has …

Animal Tissue

Figure 7: Types of Animal Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue

● They are the protective tissues of the human body. They cover many
organs and cavities that are present inside the body.
● Where are the epithelial tissues found in the human body?
● The lining of the blood vessels
● The lining of the mouth
● Kidney tubules
● Skin

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● Lung alveoli

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● Structure and functions of the epithelial tissues -
● The main function of the epithelial tissues is to act as a barrier and
separate different organs and systems from each other.
● There is no space between the cells of epithelial tissues
● The cells are permeable. This makes it possible for them to exchange
materials between different parts of the body and also between the
body and the external environment.
● The epithelial tissues remain separated from the tissues beneath
them because of a thin membrane over them.

Figure 8: Types of Epithelium

Differe Simple Stratifie Colum Ciliated Cuboidal Glandula
nt Squamou d nar Columnar r
types s Squamo
of us
epitheli
um
tissues
Structu They The They Columnar They are These
re have epitheliu are the epithelial cube- are
delicate m column tissues shaped special
cell lining Squamo -like which cells gland
and us cells shape have which cells that
possess are tissues Cilia are can
a flat arrange present involved secrete
thin d in on them in substanc
structure several absorptio es
layers n and
secretion
.
Found Alveoli Skin Intesti Respirato Kidney Sweat
in and ne ry tubules glands in
bowman’ system the skin
s
capsule-
nephron
in the
kidney

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2. Connective Tissues
● Structure and function of connective tissues
● They are loosely bound cells present in an intercellular Matrix.
● This matrix can be of different types – Dense, Rigid, Fluid or Jelly-like.
● Depending upon the functionality of the connective tissue, the nature
of the matrix varies.

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● Examples of Connective Tissues

Figure 9: Connective Tissues

Blood
● The main function of blood is to transport gases, food, waste materials
and hormones in the body.
● Therefore, blood has a fluid Matrix present in it which is called Plasma.
● The plasma contains red blood cells, white blood cells and blood
platelets.
● The RBC has haemoglobin pigment which carries oxygen to tissues.
● White blood cells fight diseases and platelets are involved in the
clotting of blood when injured.
● The plasma also contains proteins and hormones in it.
Lymph (OLYMPIAD)

Lymph is a colourless fluid that carries white blood cells throughout the
human body in lymphatic vessels. There are lymphoid organs present in
the body that produce lymph and together form the lymphatic system.
Some of them are lymph nodes and tonsils.

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 Figure 10: Lymph Capillaries
Lymph is similar to blood except for a few differences:
● It contains only white blood cells.
● It contains less amount of blood proteins, calcium and phosphorus but
more glucose.
● It flows in one direction only.
● Lymph moves in the body through its normal function, unlike blood
which is pumped by the heart.
Constituents of Lymph:
Lymph Plasma – Lymph Plasma carries infection-fighting proteins along
with other substances such as water, calcium and phosphorus.
Lymph Corpuscles – Lymph Corpuscles comprises white blood cells. Red
blood cells and platelets are not present in lymph.
Functions of Lymph:
● It carries oxygen and minerals to the cells in the body and carries back
carbon dioxide and waste materials back into the blood.
● It keeps the body cells moist.
● It maintains the volume of the blood.
● It helps in eliminating harmful bacteria and viruses from the body and
hence is responsible for the immunity of human beings.
● It absorbs fats from the intestine and transports them throughout the
body.
Bones
● Bones form a framework of the body over which the muscles are
wrapped together.
● The bone tissue is strong and inflexible.
● Therefore, the bone cells are present in a rigid matrix that is formed
from calcium and phosphorus.
Haversian Canals (OLYMPIAD)

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 Figure 11 Haversian Canal
● The bones comprise microscopic tubes called Haversian Canals.
● They are contained in osteons, rough cylindrical structures present
along the axis of the bone.
● They allow the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibres to
travel through them.
● These canals have concentric channels called Lamellae around them.
● The Haversian canals communicate with bone cells through connections
called Canaliculi.
Cartilage
● Cartilage is present over the joints of the bones and provides them with
a smooth structure.
● For Example in the nose tip and ear pinna, trachea, larynx.
● They contain a solid matrix made of protein and sugar. They have a
homogenous matrix.
● It provides support and flexibility to various parts of our body.
Ligaments
● A ligament connects two bones together.
● It has an elasticity that facilitates the connection.
● The cells of ligaments have a little matrix.
Tendons
● The tendon tissues are responsible for connecting bones and muscles
together.
● They have limited flexibility but very great strength.
Areolar
● This tissue acts as a filter in between the spaces present inside the
organs of the body.
● It helps in repairing other tissues as well.
● It is found in the skin and bone marrow.
Components of the Areolar Connective Tissue

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 Figure 12 Components of the areolar connective tissue
1. Cells (OLYMPIAD)
● Fat Cells (Adipocytes) – They are responsible for the secretion of lipids.
● Fibroblasts – They are present in the highest amount in areolar tissues.
They are responsible for the secretion of fibres.
● Mast Cells – They release histamine that plays a role in allergic
reactions
● Macrophages – They eat any germs or infectious cells in the body
● Plasma Cells – They produce antibodies
2. Fibres
● Collagen Fibres – They provide tensile strength to the tissue
● Elastin Fibres – They provide elasticity to the tissue
● Ground Substance – It is a fluid matrix that holds cells and fibres of the
tissue
Adipose
● Fats are stored in our body in the adipose tissues.
● They are found below the skin and between the organs of the body.
● Provides cushioning to the organs.
3. Muscular Tissue
● It is made up of muscle fibres which are long cells.
● It allows movements in our bodies.
● How can muscles cause movement?
They contain special proteins called Contractile Proteins. These proteins
cause contraction and relaxation of the muscles.
● There are two kinds of muscles found in our body - Voluntary Muscles
and Involuntary Muscles.

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 Figure 13: Muscular Tissue
Striated/ Skeletal/ Voluntary Smooth/ Unstriated/Involuntary
muscles muscles
We can move them according to our We cannot start or stop the
own will movement of involuntary muscles.
They are also called Skeletal They are also called Smooth
Muscles as they are attached to the Muscles.
bones.
They are also called Striated They are also called Unstriated
Muscles because of the presence of Muscles because they do not have
dark and light bands over them any light or dark bands on them.
The cells of voluntary muscles have The cells of the involuntary
more than one nucleus, do not have muscles are long and have
any branches, and have a long pointed ends.
cylindrical structure.
For Example, Muscles of our hands For Example, The muscles in the
and legs. alimentary canal and the Iris of
our eyes.

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● Cardiac Muscles
● These are special kinds of involuntary muscles.
● The muscles of the heart are called Cardiac Muscles. They perform
rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout our life.
● They are cylindrical in shape, they have branches and there is a
single nucleus.
● Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells connected by
intercalated discs to work as a single functional organ
4. The Nervous Tissue
● How do we react to stimuli?
● This is because of the nervous tissues present in our body. They are
capable of transmitting information quickly from the brain to different
parts of the body and vice-versa.
● Therefore nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
● Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the Nerve Cells or Neurons.
● These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.
● Structure of a Neuron
● It is an elongated cell with a Cell Body that consists of some branch-
like structure called Dendrites.
● There is a Nucleus present in the centre of the cell body.
● The Nerve Endings of the cell are connected with the cell body via
Axon.
● A nerve cell can be up to 1 m long.

Figure 14: Structure of Neuron

The Structure of Neuron
1. Dendrites
● They are tree-like extensions (highly-branched) at the beginning of a
neuron.
● They increase the surface area of the neuron.
● They receive chemical signals from different neurons of the body.
● They then convert these chemical signals into electrical signals and
pass them to the neuron cell body.
● A neuron can have a single dendrite or multiple dendrites
2. Cell Body
● Also called Soma.

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● The main function of the cell body and nucleus of the neuron is to
maintain the functionality of the cell.
● It does not play an active role in the transmission of the signal.
● It produces proteins that are required by different parts of the neuron to
work properly.
● It contains different cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi
apparatus etc that perform various functions of the cell.
3. Axon
● Neurons have one axon in general.
● It is a long structure that connects the cell body to the terminals and it
also connects with other neurons, cells and organs of the body through
nerve terminals.
● It allows for the fast transmission of signals. The larger the diameter of
the axon the faster it will transmit signals.
● It is covered with a special insulating substance called myelin. It helps
in the rapid transmission of signals.
4. Schwann Cells (OLYMPIAD)
● The Myelin sheath that covers the axon is produced by Schwann cells.
● The Myelin sheath keeps the signal intact.

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