1

P.S.V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY
KRISHNAGIRI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CS3461
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM

LAB MANUAL
Ex. Pg. Rema
Date NAME OF THE EXERCISE Sign
No No. rks
1 STUDY OF UNIX AND BASIC SHELL 2
COMMANDS
SHELL PROGRAMMING
2
3A II YEAR IV SEM
IMPLEMENTATION OF ROUND ROBIN
SCHEDULING ALGORITHM
3B
IMPLEMENTATION OF SJF
3C
SCHEDULING
IMPLEMENTATION OF FIRST COME R2021
FIRST SERVE SCHEDULING
IMPLEMENTATION
ALGORITHM OF PRIORITY
3D SCHEDULING ALGORITHM
4A IMPLEMENTATION OF SEQUENTIAL
FILE ALLOCATION STRATEGY
4B IMPLEMENTATION OF INDEXED FILE
ALLOCATION STRATEGY
4C IMPLEMENTATION OF LINKED FILE
ALLOCATION STRATEGY
5
IMPLEMENTATION OF SEMAPHORES CONTENTS
6A IMPLEMENTATION OF FILE
ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES –SINGLE
6B LEVEL DIRECTORY
IMPLEMENTATION OF FILE
ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES –TWO
LEVEL DIRECTORY
7
IMPLEMENT BANKERS ALGORITHM
FOR DEAD LOCK AVOIDANCE
8 IMPLEMENT AN ALGORITHM FOR Ex. No. 1 BASICS OF UNIX
DEAD LOCK DETECTION
9A IMPLEMENTATION OF PAGE COMMANDS
REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS -FIFO
9B IMPLEMENTATION OF PAGE OBJECTIVE:
REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS –LRU Acquire operating system skills through UNIX Shell Commands.
9C IMPLEMENTATION OF PAGE
REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS –LFU OUTCOME:
10 IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERPROCESS
COMMUNICATION
11 IMPLEMENTATION OF PAGING
 3
Students can understand how to work with UNIX shell commands. PRE-REQUEST: Shell- Basics.
SAMPLE PROGRAM TITLE:
Study of basic shell commands.
UNIX SHELL:

A UNIX shell is a command-line interpreter that provides a user interface for the Unix
operating system . Users direct the operation of the computer by entering commands as text for a command line interpreter to execute or by creating text scripts of one
or more such commands.

1. Discuss about basic shell commands in Linux.

Logging In
login [name | option]
 Log in to the system. login asks for a username (name can be supplied on the command line) and password (if appropriate).
 If successful, login updates accounting files, sets various environment variables, notifies users if they have mail, and executes startup shell files.
Example: login: arun
Password:
Make directory (mkdir)
This command is used to create a new directory.
Syntax: $mkdir dirname - The name of the directory that you wish to create.
Example: $ mkdir example - This would create a new directory called example.
Change directory (cd)
Changes the directory.
Syntax: $cd [directory] directory -Name of the directory user wishes to enter.
$cd.. Used to go back one directory on the majority of all Unix shells. It is important that the space be between the cd and the..
$cd - When in a Korn shell to get back one directory used to go back one directory.
Example: $cd mydir- The above example would go into the mydir directory if it exists.
$cd ../home/users/computerhope
 4
The above example would go back one directory and then go into the home/users/computerhope directory.
cd ../../ -Next, the above example would go back two directories.

Cd - Finally, typing just cd alone will move you into the home directory.
Output: $ cd example
[student@server example]$
View directory (ls)
List the content of a current directory.
Syntax: $ls [-options] name
Options, a - to list all directory entries
d - to list name of directories
l - to list files in long form
t - to list files sorted by name
Example: $ls –l - list each of the files in the current directory and the files permissions, the size of the file, date of the last modification, and
the file name or directory.
Output: [student@server example]$ls –l
Copy directory contents (cp) 5

Copying a file from one directory to another directory.

Syntax: $cp source directory destination directory
Example: [student@server ~]$ cp /home/student/example/Raj /home/student/example2
The above command copy the contents from the directory Raj to example2
Rename the directory (rm)
This is used to rename a directory.
Syntax: $rm oldname newname
Example: $ rm example2 exapmle3
Remove directory (rmdir)
Deletes a directory.
Syntax: $rmdir [option]... directory...
Example: $rmdir example3 (For Empty Directory)
$rm -r example3 (For non-empty Directory)
Current directory (pwd)
This command displays full path of the current working directory.

Syntax: $pwd
Example: $pwd
/home/student/example
Create and view file (cat)
Allows look, modifying or combining a file.
Syntax: cat > filename */create file/*
cat filename */view file/*
Example: $cat > file1
 Hai 6

Hoe are you?

[1]+ Stopped cat >file1
$cat file1
Hai
How are you?
Copy file (cp)
Used to create duplicate copies of ordinary file.
Syntax: $cp source destination
Example: $cp file1 file2 (file1 contents were copied into file2)
Move a file (mv)
Used to rename a file.
Syntax: $mv oldname newnmae
Example: $mv file1 file2 (file1 has been renamed as file2)
Delete a file (rm)
Used to delete a file.
Syntax: $rm filename
Example: $rm file1(file1 has been removed)

Head
This command displays the initial part of the file. By default it displays first 10 lines of the file.
Syntax: $head filename
Example: $head file1 (It will show the top 10 lines of file1)
Tail
This command displays the later part of the file. By default it displays first 10 lines of the file.
Syntax: $tail filename
Example: $tail -4 file1 (It will show the last 4 lines of the file1) 7

Line, Word, character counting (wc)

This command is used to count the number of lines, words and characters of information contained in a file.
Syntax: $wc [option] filename
Options, l – to count the number of lines
c – to count the number of characters
w – to count the number of words
Example: $wc file1
Sort a file or directory (sort)
Used to sort file or directory contents in ascending and descending order.
Syntax: $sort filename (ascending) $sort –r filename (descending)
Example: $sort file1
Data structures
Fundamentals
Problem solving
$sort –r file1
Problem solving
Fundamentals
Data structures
Find file contents (grep)
This command is used to find particular information in a file
Syntax: $grep [pattern] filename
Example: $grep hai file1
 hai 8

Set file permissions (chmod)

Chmod command is used to change the permission for the existing file. This command can be used in two ways to change the permission. They are
Symbolic Mode:
Syntax: $chmod [who][opcode][mode] filename
Who Opcode Mode
u – User ‘+’ - add Permission r – read
g – Group ‘-‘ - Remove w – Write
o – Other Permission x - execute
a – All ‘=’ – Assign Absolute

Example: $chmod u+r file1 (read mode enabled to the users of the file1)

Absolute Mode:
Syntax: $chmod [octalnumber] filename
Example: $chmod 641 file1
Find file (or) directory (find)
Used to find a particular file or a directory
Syntax: $find filename
Example: $find file1
file1
ln(link)
Establish link between more than one file. The modification of one file reflects in others also.
Syntax: $ln filename1 filename2
Example: $ln raja surya 9

od(octaldump)
Used to display the ascii octal value of the file contents.
Syntax: od [option] filename
Options, c – to display content of the file in characters
b – to display octal value of the content of file
cd – to display octal value and its character of the file.
Example: od –c file1
Who
It displays user names who are all logging on a system
Syntax: $who
Example: student pts/1 Apr 20 14:40(192.17.6.2)
student2 pts/2 Apr 20 14:10(192.17.6.34)
student5 pts/5 Apr 20 14:16(192.17.6.5)
Who am i
This command tells the login details of a user.
Syntax: $who am i
Example: student pts/1 Apr 20 14:40(192.17.6.2)
Man
The man command displays the online manual pages.
Syntax: $man command name
Example: man ls
tty
Knowing the name of the terminal.
Syntax: $tty Output: /dev/tty 02
Echo
 10

This command used to display the list after the keyword echo.
Syntax: $echo list
Example: $echo unix lab
unix lab
Date
This command used to display system date information
Syntax: $date
Example: $date - To display the system date and time.
Mon Apr 20 15:41:50 EDT 2009
$date +%m - To display only the month number.
4
$date +%h - To display month in character.
April
$date +”%h%m” - To display month in character and number
April 4
Write
This write command used to send message when the user logging in.
Syntax: $write username message
Example: $write user01 hello
Mail
It allows to send message if the user doesn’t logging in.
Syntax: $mail username
Subject:
//message//
 CC: 11

Example: $mail student

Subject: hai
*****
*****
Pipe symbol
The pipe enables the user to take the output from command1 and feed it directly into the input of command2.This is done the character “|”, which is placed
between the two commands.
Syntax: $command1|command2|…|commandn
Example: $who|wc –l|temp
Combining commands
More than one command can be given in the same command line. Each command must be separated by a semicolon (;). There are two types

Sequential commands
Give several commands on the same line by separating them with a semicolon (;)
Syntax: $command1; command2; commandn
Example:: $chmod + rwx emp;ls – l emp
Command grouping
We can group commands using parentheses. Each command inside the parentheses must be separated by semicolon. The grouped commands output will be
sent to another file. We can see the output by opening the file.
Syntax: $(commnad1;command2)>filename
Example: $(date;ls –l emp)>temp
Process management:
In Linux process management commands are used to the following purpose:
 Identifying process
 Monitoring and controlling the process 12

 Modifying and obtaining various information from process

 The most familiar process management commands are ps, top, pstree and kill, etc,
Ps:
This command is used to display the process status
Syntax: $ps
Example: $ps
Output:
PID Terminal Time Command
1096 pts/1 00.01.19 bash
1081 pts/1 00.05.23 man
Pgrep:
 It provides an interface, enabling to select processes using simple pattern matching
 It lists the process IDs (PIDs) of processes matching the specified pattern.
Syntax: $pgrep [option] [pattern]
Example: $pgrep bash
Pidof
It enables user to locate the Process ID (PID) of a process by name
Syntax: $pidof [option] process
Example: $pidof man
Pstree:
 Pstree displays all running process as a tree with init as root.
 It will display the parent – child relationship between processes in a clear manner.
Syntax: $pstree [options]
Top: 13

 Top command displays real time CPU and memory usage and current system uptime information.
 It is tool in every system administrator toolbox.
Syntax: $top [options]
Tload:
The tload command display a real-time text mode graph of the system’s load average.
Syntax: $tload[options]
Terminating the process:
These terminating commands are used to stop the individual or all process.
Kill:
This is used to terminating the process.
This is the /bin/kill command.
Syntax: $kill [option] IDs
Example: $kill 1029
Kill all:
Kill processes by command name. If more than one process is running the specified command, kill all of them. Treat command names that contain a / as files;
kill all processes that are executing that file.
Syntax: $killall [options] names
Modifying process priorities:
These commands are used to modify the running process.
Nice:
 This command enables the user to start a program with a higher or lower nice number.
 The priority values are “-20 to +19”. The smaller values represent a higher priority relative to other programs
Syntax: $nice [option] [command [arguments]]
Renice:
 It alters the scheduling priority of one or more processes.
 It may be applied to a process, process group, or user (target). 14

Syntax: $renice [priority] [options] [target]

User and group management

 These commands are used to add, remove and modify the users and groups
 These are the system administration commands. The root user can use these commands
Useradd:
 This command is used to add users to the Linux system.

The administrator can change the default settings for creating user. The information’s are stored in the “/etc/default/useradd” file.
Syntax: $useradd [option] name
Usermod:
 The usermod command is used to modify a user account.
 It makes the changes in the system files relating to the user accounts, such as the etc/paswd, /etc/shadow and user/group files.
Syntax: $usermod [options] user
Userdel:
 This command used to remove the user account.
 The userdel command does not allow the user to remove a if the user is currently logged in.
 At that time the administrator may need to kill all the process of the user in order to remove the user immediately.
Syntax: $userdel [option] user
Groupadd:
 This command is used to create new groups on the Linux system
 A group contains more number of users
 The group creation is makes a new entry in the /etc/group file.
Syntax: $groupadd [options] group
Groupmod: 15

The groupmod command is used to modify the attributes of a group and write the changes to the system files.
Syntax: $groupmod [options] group
Groupdel:
 This command used to remove the group account from the system.
 It makes the necessary changes in the system files, such as the /etc/group file, but it does not change the group ID of the files owned by that group.
 The administrator needs to manually change the group ID for the files whose group owner the user have deleted.
Syntax: $groupdel group

CONCLUSION:

Thus the study and execution of basic shell commands has been completed successfully.

Ex.No 2. SHELL PROGRAMMING

2.a Getting and displaying the academic and personal details

Aim
To get the input and display the academic, personal details.
Algorithm
1. Get name, age, and address from the user.
2. Print that message as similar.
3. Get mark1, mark2, and mark3 from the user.
4. Print that message as similar.
Program 16
#display.sh
echo –n “Enter the name”
read s
echo –n “Enter the age”
read a
echo –n “Enter the address”
read adr
echo –n “The name is $s”
echo –n “The age is $a”
echo –n “The address is $adr”
echo –n “Enter the mark1”
read m1
echo –n “Enter the mark2”
read m2
echo –n “Enter the mark3”
read m3
echo –n “The mark1 is $m1”
echo –n “The mark2 is $m2”
echo –n “The mark3 is $m3”
Sample Input & Output
$ Enter the name john
Enter the age 17
Enter the address madurai
The name is john
The age is 17
The address is madurai
Enter the mark1 90
Enter the mark2 90
Enter the mark3 80
The mark1 is 90
The mark2 is 90
The mark3 is 80

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to getting and displaying the academic and personal details was written and executed successfully.
 17

2b. Arithmetic Operations

Aim
To perform all arithmetic operations

Algorithm
1. Read two numbers from the user.
2. Add both the numbers.
3. Print the summation of two numbers.
4. Subtract the second number from the first number
5. Print the result.
6. Multiply the two numbers
7. Print the result.
8. Divide the first number by second number.

Program

echo enter the numbers

read n1 n2
n3=`expr $n1 + $n2` n4=`expr $n1 - $n2` n5=`expr $n1 \* $n2` n6=`expr $n1 / $n2`
echo summation of $n1 and $n2 is $n3
echo difference of $n1 and $n2 is $n4
echo multiplication of $n1 and $n2 is $n5
echo division of $n1 by $n2 is $n6

Sample Input & Output

$ enter the numbers 105
summation of 10 and 5 is 15 difference of 10 and 5 is 5 multiplication of 10 and185 is 50 division of 10 by 5 is 2

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to perform all arithmetic operations was written and executed successfully.
 19

Ex. No .2c PROGRAMS USING CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

Aim
To check whether the given number is odd or even.

Algorithm
1. Get a number from the user.
2. Divide the number by 2.
3. Check the remainder of the division.
4. If it is zero then the given number is even.
5. Otherwise the given number is odd.
Program

echo –n “enter the number”

read num
x = `expr $num % 2`
if [ $x –eq 0 ]
then
echo “$x is an even number”
else
echo “$x is a odd number”
fi

Sample Input & Output

$ enter the number: 11

11 is a odd number

$ enter the number: 50

50 is an even number
 20

RESULT :
Thus the shell program using conditional statements was written and executed successfully.

Ex. No .2d POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE

Aim
To check whether the given number is +ve or –ve or zero.

Algorithm
1. Get a number from the user.
2. Check the number is greater than or less than zero or equal to zero.
3. If it is greater than zero then the given number is +ve.
4. If it is less than zero then the given number is –ve. Otherwise the given number is zero.
Program

echo –n “enter the number” read num

if [ $num –gt 0 ] then
echo “$num is a positive number” elif [ $num –lt 0 ]
then
 21

echo “$num is a negative number” else

echo “$num is zero” fi

Sample Input & Output

$ enter the number: 11

11 is a positive number
$ enter the number: -5
-5 is a negative number
$ enter the number: 0
0 is zero

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to check whether the given number is +ve or –ve or zero was written and executed successfully.

Ex. No .2e BIGGEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS

 22

Aim
To find a biggest number among three numbers.

Algorithm

1. Get three numbers from the user.

2. If the 1st number is greater than other two numbers then the 1st number is a biggest numbers.
3. Otherwise if the 2nd number is greater than 3rd number then the 2nd number is a biggest number.
4. Otherwise 3rd number is a biggest number.

Program

echo -n "Enter the numbers" read num1 num2 num3

if [ $num1 -gt $num2 ] && [ $num1 -gt $num3 ] then
echo "$num1 is a biggest number" elif [ $num2 -gt $num3 ]
then
echo "$num2 is a biggest number" else
echo "$num3 is a biggest number"
fi

Sample Input & Output

$ Enter the numbers 12 45 34
45 is a biggest number
 23

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to find a biggest number among three numbers was written and executed successfully.

Ex. No .2f ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS - SWITCH CASE

Aim

To perform all the arithmetic operations using case statements.

Algorithm

1. Get two numbers from the user.

2. Select the options .
3. Execute arithmetic operations using case statements.. 4.Print the output

Program
echo “Enter two numbers” read a b
echo “menu” echo “1.add” echo “2.sub” echo “3.mul” echo “ 4. div”
echo “Enter your option” read option
case $option in
1)c=`expr $a + $b`;; 2)c=`expr $a - $b`;; c=`expr $a \* $b`;; c=`expr $a / $b`;; esac
echo $c
 24

Sample input & output

Enter two numbers 45
menu
1.add
2.sub
3.mul
4.div Enter your option
1
9

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to perform all the arithmetic operations using case statements was written and executed successfully.
 25

Ex. No .2f Finding the area of circle, square, rectangle and triangle

Aim

To find the area of circle, square, rectangle and triangle using case statements.

Algorithm

1. Get two numbers from the user.

2. Select the option.
3. Execute the statement to find the area using case statements..
4. Print the output

Program

echo 1.circle echo 2. rectangle echo 3.square echo 4.triangle

echo enter your choice read opt
case $opt in
1) echo enter the radius
read r
area=`expr $r \* $r \* 22 / 7` echo $area;;
2) echo enter the length and breadth read l b
area=`expr $l \* $b` echo $area;;
3) echo enter the side read s
area=`expr $s \* $s` echo $area;;
4)echo enter the height and breadth read b h
area=`expr $b \* $h \* 1 / 2` echo $area;;
*) echo wrong choice;; esac

Sample input & output

1.circle
2. rectangle
3.square
4.triangle
 26

enter your choice 3

enter the side 5

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to find the area of circle, square, rectangle and triangle using case statements was written and executed successfully.
 27

Ex. No .2g TESTING AND LOOPS

Aim

To generate a fibonacci series of first n numbers

Algorithm

1. Get the value n from the user.

2. Initial numbers of fibonacci series is 0,1.
3. Using the sum of last adjacent two numbers generate a next number in the series.
4. Repeat the step 3 until n numbers are generated.

Program

echo -n "enter the limit" read n

echo "the fibonacci series is : " b=0
c=1
i=0
if [ $n -ge 2 ] then
echo -n " $b $c" n=`expr $n - 2` while [ $i -lt $n ] do
a=`expr $b + $c` b=$c
c=$a
echo -n " $c" i=`expr $i + 1`
done
fi

Sample Input & Output

$ Enter the limit 5
The fibonacci series is
01123
 28

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to generate a fibonacci series of first n numbers was written and executed successfully.

Ex. No .2h ARMSTRONG NUMBER

Aim

To Check Whether the given number is Armstrong or not.

Algorithm

1. Get the number from the user.

2. Extract each and every digit of the given number.
3. Find the cube of every digit and calculate the sum of all cubes.
4. Check whether the sum is equal to the given number, if it is equal, the given number is Armstrong number otherwise not.

Program
echo -n "enter the number" read num
x=$num
sum=0
while [ $num -gt 0 ] do
 29

y=`expr $num % 10` z=`expr $y \* $y \* $y` sum=`expr $sum + $z` num=`expr $num / 10`
done
if [ $x -eq $sum ] then
echo $x is an Armstrong number else
echo $x is not an Armstrong number
fi

Sample Input & Output

$ enter the number: 371

371 is an armstrong number
$ enter the number: 500
500 is not an armstrong number

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to check whether the given number is Armstrong or not was written and executed successfully.

Ex. No .2i SUM OF N EVEN NUMBERS

Aim
 30

To write a shell program to find the sum of even numbers

Algorithm
1. Start the program
2. Read the number
3. Initialize i=2
4. Calculate sum=sum+1
5. Print the sum
6. Stop the program execution

Program
echo “enter the number of upper limit” read n
I=2
C=0
while [ $I –lt $n ] do
echo “number is $I” I=`expr $I + 2‟ C=`expr $I + $C‟ done
echo “ the sum is $c”

Sample Input & Output

Enter the number of upper limit 6 2 4

the sum is 6
 31

RESULT :
Thus the shell program to write a shell program to find the sum of even numbers was written and executed successfully.

Ex. No .3 IMPLEMENT THE FOLLOWING CPU SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS

Ex. No .3a IMPLEMENTATION OF FCFS SCHEDULING

DESCRIPTION
The FCFS scheduler simply executes processes to completion in the order they are submitted.
This code implements the First come First Served Scheduled algorithm. It gets the number of
processes and the process name, burst time and arrival time for each user from the user. It then sorts the processes depending upon the arrival time. Calculates and
displays the average
turnaround time and waiting time. Then it will display the Gantt chart.

EXPECTED OUTPUT AND ITS FORM

Performs FCFS scheduling ie) the process that enters the queue first is served first.

ADVANTAGES
 simple
 easy to understand first come, first served

DISADVANTAGES
This scheduling method is nonpreemptive, that is, the process will run until it finishes. Because of this nonpreemptive scheduling, short processes which are at the back
of the queue have to wait for the long process at the front to finish
ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the number of processes and their burst time.
 32

3. Initialize the waiting time for process 1 is 0.

4. The waiting time and turn around time for other processes are calculated as
p[i].wt=p[i-1].bt+p[i-1].wt;
p[i].tt=p[i].bt+p[i].wt;
5. The waiting time and turn around time for all the processes are summed and then the
6. average waiting time and turn around time are calculated.
7. The average waiting time and turn around time are displayed.
8. Stop the program.

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int wt,tt,bt;
}
p[100];

void main()
{
int tottt,totwt,avgtt,avgwt,i,j,n;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter Number of process"); scanf("\n%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
p[i].pid=i;
printf("\nEnter %dst Burst Time:",i); scanf("\n%d",&p[i].bt);
}
p[1].wt=0;
p[1].tt=p[1].bt+p[1].wt;
i=2;
while(i<=n)
{
p[i].wt=p[i-1].tt; p[i].tt=p[i].bt+p[i].wt; i++;
}
totwt=tottt=0;
 33

i=1;
printf("\n\t============================="); printf("\n\tProcess id\tBT\tWT\tTT");
printf("\n\t============================="); while(i<=n)
{
printf("\n\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t",p[i].pid,p[i].bt,p[i].wt,p[i].tt);
totwt=p[i].wt+totwt;
tottt=p[i].tt+tottt;
i++;
}

totwt=totwt/n;

tottt=tottt/n;

printf("\n\n\n\tAVGWT\tAVGTT");
printf("\n\t%d\t%d",totwt,tottt);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
Enter Number of process3
Enter 1st Burst Time:12
Enter 2st Burst Time:34
Enter 3st Burst Time:56
===============================
Process id BT WT TT
===============================
1 12 0 12
2 34 12 46
3 56 46 102

VGWT AVGTT
19 53
 34

RESULT
The program for first come first serve algorithm has been executed and shown the results as above.

Ex. No 3. b. IMPLEMENTATION OF SJF SCHEDULING

DESCRIPTION
Associate with each process the length of its next CPU burst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with the shortest time Two schemes:
 non preemptive once CPU given to the process it cannot be preempted until completes its CPU burst
 preemptive if a new process arrives with CPU burst length less than remaining time of
current executing process, preempt. This scheme is known as the Shortest-Remaining-
Time-First (SRTF) SJF is optimal gives minimum average waiting time for a given set of processes objective
EXPECTED OUTPUT AND ITS FORM
Performs SJF scheduling ie) the process that has the shortest burst time is processed first

ADVANTAGES
 simple
 easy to understand
 shortest job is served first

DISADVANTAGES

Long-burst (CPU-intensive) processes are hurt with a long mean waiting time. In fact, if shortburst processes are always available to run, the long-burst ones may never
get scheduled. Moreover, the effectiveness of meeting the scheduling criteria relies on our ability to estimate the CPU burst time.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the number of processes and their burst time.
3. Initialize the waiting time for process 1 is 0.
4. The processes are stored according to their burst time.
 35

5. The waiting time and turn around time for other processes are calculated as
p[i].wt=p[i-1].bt+p[i-1].wt;
p[i].tt=p[i].bt+p[i].wt;
6. The waiting time and turn around time for all the processes are summed and then the
7. average waiting time and turn around time are calculated.
8. The average waiting time and turn around time are displayed.
9. Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int wt,tt,bt;
}p[100];
void main()
{
struct process temp;
int tottt,totwt,avgtt,avgwt,i,j,n; clrscr();
printf("\nEnter Number of process");
scanf("\n%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
p[i].pid=i;
printf("\nEnter %d Burst Time:",i);
scanf("\n%d",&p[i].bt);
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(p[i].bt>p[j].bt)
{
/*temp.pid=p[j].pid;
p[j].pid=p[i].pid;
 36

p[i].pid=temp.pid;
temp.bt=p[j].bt;
p[j].bt=p[i].bt; p[i].bt=temp.bt; */
temp=p[j]; p[j]=p[i];
p[i]=temp;
}}}
p[1].wt=0;
p[1].tt=p[1].bt+p[1].wt;
i=2;
while(i<=n)
{
p[i].wt=p[i-1].tt; p[i].tt=p[i].bt+p[i].wt; i++;
}
totwt=tottt=0;
i=1;
printf("\n\t=================================");
printf("\n\t Process id \tBT\tWT\tTT");
printf("\n\t================================");
while(i<=n)
{
printf("\n\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t",p[i].pid,p[i].bt,p[i].wt,p[i].tt);
totwt=p[i].wt+totwt;
tottt=p[i].tt+tottt;
i++;
}
totwt=totwt/n;
tottt=tottt/n;
printf("\n\n\n\tAVGWT\tAVGTT");
printf("\n\t%d\t%d",totwt,tottt);
getch();
}

OUTPUT
Enter Number of process:5
Enter 1 Burst Time: 8
Enter 2 Burst Time: 4

Enter 3 Burst Time: 7

 37

Enter 4 Burst Time: 2

Enter 5 Burst Time: 9

===================================
Process id BT WT TT
===================================
4 2 0 2
2 4 2 6
3 7 6 13
1 8 13 21
5 9 21 30

AVGWT AVGTT
8 14
 38

RESULT:
The program for shortest job first algorithm has been executed and shown the results as above.

Ex.No. 3.c IMPLEMENTATION OF ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING

DESCRIPTION
Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the end of
the ready queue.
If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU time in chunks of at most q time units at once. No process
waits more than (n-1)q time units.
Performance q large –FIFO q small- q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise overhead is too high
EXPECTED OUTPUT AND ITS FORM
Performs round robin scheduling ie) the process that is assigned with a Quantum time and the
process is processed for the given quantum time in fcfs fashion.
ADVANTAGES:
 simple,
 39

 low overhead,
 works for interactive systems
DISADVANTAGES:
 if quantum is too small, too much time wasted in context switching
 if too large (i.e., longer than mean CPU burst), approaches
ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the number of processes, their burst time and time slice for each process.
3. Calculate the total burst time.
4. To check whether the burst time of process is less then the time slice, the required time only allotted to the process.
5. If the burst time of process is greater than the time slice one time slice is allotted for the process and burst time is subtracted by one time slice.
6. Step 4 and 5 is repeated up to process burst time is 0.
7. The waiting time and turn around time for all the processes are summed and then the
average waiting time and turn around time are calculated.
8. The average waiting time and turn around time are displayed.
9. Stop the program.

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid,bt,tt,wt; };
int main()
{
struct process x[10],p[30]; int i,j,k,tot=0,m,n;
float wttime=0.0,tottime,a1,a2; clrscr();
printf("\nEnter No.of process\t"); scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
x[i].pid=i;
printf("Enter The Burst Time \t");
scanf("%d",&x[i].bt); tot=tot+x[i].bt;
}
printf("Total Burst Time:\t%d",tot); p[0].tt=0;
k=1;
printf("\nEnter The Time Slice:\t");
 40

scanf("%d",&m); for(j=1;j<=tot;j++){
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
if(x[i].bt!=0)
{
p[k].pid=i;
if(x[i].bt-m<0)
{
p[k].wt=p[k-1].tt; p[k].bt=x[i].bt;
p[k].tt=p[k].wt+x[i].bt; x[i].bt=0;
k++;
}
else{

p[k].wt=p[k-1].tt; p[k].tt=p[k].wt+m; x[i].bt=x[i].bt-m; k++;

}}}
}
printf("\nprocess id\ttwt\ttt");
for(i=1;i<k;i++){
printf("\n\t%d\t%d\t%d",p[i].pid,p[i].wt,p[i].tt);
wttime=wttime+p[i].wt;
tottime=tottime+p[i].tt;
a1=wttime/n;
a2=tottime/n;
}
printf("\n\nAverage Waiting Time:\t%f",a1);
printf("\n\nAverage TurnAround Time:\t%f",a2);
getch();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter No.of process 3
Enter The Burst Time 5
Enter The Burst Time 6
Enter The Burst Time 7
Total Burst Time: 18
Enter The Time Slice: 3
process id Twt tt
1 0 3
 41

2 3 6
3 6 9
1 9 11
2 11 14
3 14 17
3 17 18
Average Waiting Time: 20.000000
Average TurnAround Time:26.000000

RESULT:
The program for implementation of round robin scheduling has been executed and shown the
results as above.
Ex.No.3.d. IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITY SCHEDULING

DESCRIPTION
A priority number (integer) is associated with each process
The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority (smallest integer º highest priority)
- Preemptive
- non preemptive
SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the predicted next CPU burst time
Problem Starvation – low priority processes may never execute
Solution Aging – as time progresses increase the priority of the process
Performs priority scheduling ie) the process that is assigned with a highest priority is processed first.
ADVANTAGES:
 simple,
 low overhead,
 works for interactive systems
DISADVANTAGES:
The job remains in the queue for a long time.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the number of processes, their burst time and priority.
3. Initialize the waiting time for process 1 is 0.
4. Based upon the priority processes are arranged.
5. The waiting time and turn around time for other processes are calculated as
 42

p[i].wt=p[i-1].bt+p[i-1].wt;
p[i].tt=p[i].bt+p[i].wt;
6. The waiting time and turn around time for all the processes are summed and then the
7. average waiting time and turn around time are calculated.
8. The average waiting time and turn around time are displayed.
9. Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int wt,tt,bt,prior;
}
p[100],temp;
void main()
{
int tottt,totwt,avgtt,avgwt,i,j,n; clrscr();
printf("\nEnter Number of process");
scanf("\n%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
p[i].pid=i;
printf("\nEnter %dst Burst Time:",i);
scanf("\n%d",&p[i].bt);
printf("\nEnter %dpriority",i); scanf("\n%d",&p[i].prior);
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(p[i].prior>p[j].prior)
{
temp=p[j];
p[j]=temp;
 43

}}}
p[1].wt=0;
p[1].tt=p[1].bt+p[1].wt;
i=2;
while(i<=n)
{
p[i].wt=p[i-1].tt; p[i].tt=p[i].bt+p[i].wt; i++; }

totwt=tottt=0;
i=1;
printf("\n\t===============================");
printf("\n\tPSSID\tBT\tWT\tTT");
printf("\n\t===============================");
while(i<=n)
{
printf("\n\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t",p[i].pid,p[i].bt,p[i].wt,p[i].tt);
totwt=p[i].wt+totwt;
tottt=p[i].tt+tottt;
i++;
}
totwt=totwt/n;
tottt=tottt/n;
printf("\n\n\n\tAVGWT\tAVGTT");
printf("\n\t%d\t%d",totwt,tottt);
getch();

OUTPUT:
Enter Number of process3
Enter 1st Burst Time:5
Enter 1priority3
Enter 2st Burst Time:7
Enter 2priority1
Enter 3st Burst Time:8
Enter 3priority2
 44

===============================
PSSID BT WT TT
===============================
1 5 0 5
2 7 5 12
3 8 12 20

AVGWT AVGTT
5 12
 45

RESULT
The program for priority scheduling has been executed and shown the results as above.

4.Implement all file allocation strategies

Ex.No.4.a. SEQUENTIAL FILE ALLOCATION

AIM: Write a C Program to implement Sequential File Allocation method.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Get the number of memory partition and their sizes.
Step 3: Get the number of processes and values of block size for each process.
Step 4: First fit algorithm searches all the entire memory block until a hole which is
big enough is encountered. It allocates that memory block for the requesting
process.
Step 5: Best-fit algorithm searches the memory blocks for the smallest hole which can
 46

be allocated to requesting process and allocates if.

Step 6: Worst fit algorithm searches the memory blocks for the largest hole and
allocates it to the process.
Step 7: Analyses all the three memory management techniques and display the best
algorithm which utilizes the memory resources effectively and efficiently.
Step 8: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,i,j,b[20],sb[20],t[20],x,c[20][20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter no.of files:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter no. of blocks occupied by file%d",i+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
printf("Enter the starting block of file%d",i+1);
scanf("%d",&sb[i]);
t[i]=sb[i];
for(j=0;j<b[i];j++)
c[i][j]=sb[i]++;
}
printf("Filename\tStart block\tlength\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t %d \t%d\n",i+1,t[i],b[i]);
 47

printf("Enter file name:");

scanf("%d",&x);
printf("File name is:%d",x);
printf("length is:%d",b[x-1]);
printf("blocks occupied:");
for(i=0;i<b[x-1];i++)
printf("%4d",c[x-1][i]);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter no.of files: 2

Enter no. of blocks occupied by file1 4

Enter the starting block of file1 2

Enter no. of blocks occupied by file2 10

Enter the starting block of file2 5

Filename Start block length

1 2 4

2 5 10

Enter file name: rajesh

File name is:12803

length is:0blocks occupied

 48

RESULT
The program for implement Sequential File Allocation method has been executed and shown the results as above.

Exp no:4.b INDEXED FILE ALLOCATION

AIM: Write a C Program to implement Indexed File Allocation method.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start.
Step 2: Let n be the size of the buffer
Step 3: check if there are any producer
Step 4: if yes check whether the buffer is full
Step 5: If no the producer item is stored in the buffer
Step 6: If the buffer is full the producer has to wait
Step 7: Check there is any cosumer.If yes check whether the buffer is empty
Step 8: If no the consumer consumes them from the buffer
Step 9: If the buffer is empty, the consumer has to wait.
Step 10: Repeat checking for the producer and consumer till required
Step 11: Terminate the process.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,m[20],i,j,sb[20],s[20],b[20][20],x;
clrscr();
 49

printf("Enter no. of files:");

scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{ printf("Enter starting block and size of file%d:",i+1);
scanf("%d%d",&sb[i],&s[i]);
printf("Enter blocks occupied by file%d:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
printf("enter blocks of file%d:",i+1);
for(j=0;j<m[i];j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
} printf("\nFile\t index\tlength\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t%d\t%d\n",i+1,sb[i],m[i]);
}printf("\nEnter file name:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("file name is:%d\n",x);
i=x-1;
printf("Index is:%d",sb[i]);
printf("Block occupied are:");
for(j=0;j<m[i];j++)
printf("%3d",b[i][j]);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter no. of files:2

Enter starting block and size of file1: 2 5

Enter blocks occupied by file1:10

 50

enter blocks of file1:3

2 5 4 6 7 2 6 4 7

Enter starting block and size of file2: 3 4

Enter blocks occupied by file2:5

enter blocks of file2: 2 3 4 5 6 File index length

1 2 10

2 3 5

Enter file name: venkat

file name is:12803

Index is:0Block occupied are:

RESULT
The program for implement Sequential File Allocation method has been executed and shown the results as above.

Exp no:4.c LINKED FILE ALLOCATION

AIM: Write a C Program to implement Linked File Allocation method.

 51

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Create a queue to hold all pages in memory

Step 2: When the page is required replace the page at the head of the queue
Step 3: Now the new page is inserted at the tail of the queue
Step 4: Create a stack
Step 5: When the page fault occurs replace page present at the bottom of the stack
Step 6: Stop the allocation.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct file
{
char fname[10];
int start,size,block[10];
}f[10];
main()
{
int i,j,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no. of files:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter file name:");
scanf("%s",&f[i].fname);
printf("Enter starting block:");
scanf("%d",&f[i].start);
 52

f[i].block[0]=f[i].start;
printf("Enter no.of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&f[i].size);
printf("Enter block numbers:");
for(j=1;j<=f[i].size;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&f[i].block[j]);
}
}
printf("File\tstart\tsize\tblock\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%s\t%d\t%d\t",f[i].fname,f[i].start,f[i].size);
for(j=1;j<=f[i].size-1;j++)
printf("%d--->",f[i].block[j]);
printf("%d",f[i].block[j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
Enter no. of files:2
Enter file name:venkat
Enter starting block:20
Enter no.of blocks:6
Enter block numbers: 4
12
15
45
32
25
Enter file name:rajesh
 53

Enter starting block:12

Enter no.of blocks:5
Enter block numbers:6
5
4
3
2
File start size block
venkat 20 6 4--->12--->15--->45--->32--->25
rajesh 12 5 6--->5--->4--->3--->2

RESULT
The program to implement Linked File Allocation method has been executed and shown the results as above.

Ex.No. 5. IMPLEMENTATION OF SEMAPHORES

OBJECTIVE:
To write a C program to implement semaphores.
OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to implement semaphores. PRE-REQUEST: C- Basics.
SAMPLE PROGRAM TITLE:
Implementation of semaphores.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program

 54

Step 2: Get the number of jobs from the user

Step3: When job1 is processing, job 2 is also starts processing
Step 4: When job 1 enters critical section, next job starts processing
Step 5: When job1 comes out of the critical section, the other job enters the critical section
Step 6: The above 3 steps are performed for various programs Step 7: End the program.
PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,a=1,h=2,n;
printf("\n Enter the no of jobs"); scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a==1)
{
printf("processing %d ........................! \n", i+1);
a++;
}
if(h>1)
{

if(i+2<=n)
{
printf("\n processing %d ........................! \n",i+2);
}
printf("\n Process %d Enters Critical section", i+1);
printf("\n Process %d Leaves Critical section", i+1);
}
h+1;
}
}

OUTPUT:
 55

Enter the no of jobs

2
processing 1........................!
processing 2.......................!
Process 1 Enters Critical section
Process 1 Leaves Critical section
Process 2 Enters Critical section
Process 2 Leaves Critical section
 56

Result

Thus the program to implement semaphores in c was executed and the output was
verified.

Ex. No. 6A SIMULATE THE FOLLOWING FILE ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES :

SINGLE LEVEL DIRECTORY

OBJECTIVE:
To write a C program for the implementation of file organization echniques in two level directory.
OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to implement different file organization techniques.
SAMPLE TITLE:
C program for the implementation of file organization techniques in directories

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,count,i,j,mid,cir_x;
char fname[10][20];
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:/tc/bgi");
 57

cleardevice();
setbkcolor(GREEN);
printf("enter number of files");
scanf("&d",&count);
if(i<count)
// for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
cleardevice();
setbkcolor(GREEN);
printf("enter %d file name:",i+1);
scanf("%s",fname[i]);
setfillstyle(1,MAGENTA);
mid=640/count;
cir_x=mid/3;
bar3d(270,100,370,150,0,0);
settextstyle(2,0,4);
settextjustify(1,1);
outtextxy(320,125,"root directory");
setcolor(BLUE);
i++;
for(j=0;j<=i;j++,cir_x+=mid)
{
line(320,150,cir_x,250);
fillellipse(cir_x,250,30,30);
outtextxy(cir_x,250,fname[i]);
}
}
getch();
}

output:-
 58

Result
 59

Thus the program to implementation of file organization techniques was executed and the output was
verified.

Ex. No. 6B SIMULATE THE FOLLOWING FILE ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES :

TWO LEVEL DIRECTORY

OBJECTIVE:
To write a C program for the implementation of file organization echniques in two level directory.
OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to implement different file organization techniques.
SAMPLE TITLE:
C program for the implementation of file organization techniques in two level directories

PROGRAM:-

#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
struct tree_element
{
char name[20];
int x,y,ftype,lx,rx,nc,level;
struct tree_element *link[5];
};
typedef struct tree_element node;
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
node *root;
root=NULL;
clrscr();
create(&root,0,"null",0,639,320);
clrscr();
 60

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\tc\bgi");
display(root);
getch();
closegraph();
}
create(node **root,int lev ,char *dname,int lx,int rx,int x)
{
int i, gap;
if(*root==NULL)
{
(*root)=(node*)malloc(sizeof(node));
printf("enter the name of ir file name %s",dname);
fflush(stdin);
gets((*root)->name);
if(lev==0 || lev==1)
(*root)-> ftype=1;
else
(*root)->ftype=2;
(*root)->level=lev;
(*root)->y=50+lev*50;
(*root)->x=x;
(*root)->lx=lx ;
(*root)->rx=rx;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
(*root)->link[i]=NULL;
if((*root)->ftype==1)
{
if(lev==0 || lev==1)
{
if((*root)->level==0)
printf("how many users");
else
printf(" how many files");
 61

printf("(for %s):",(*root)->name);
scanf("%d",&(*root)->nc);
}
else
(*root)->nc=0;
if((*root)->nc==0)
gap=rx-lx;
else
gap=(rx-lx)/(*root)->nc;
for(i=0;i<(*root)->nc;i++)
create(&((*root)->link[i]),lev+1,(*root)->name,lx+gap*i,lx+gap*i+gap,lx+gap*i+gap/2);
}
else
(*root)->nc=0;
}
}
display(node *root)
{
int i;
settextstyle(2,0,4);
settextjustify(1,1);
setfillstyle(1,BLUE);
setcolor(14);
if(root!=NULL)
{
for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)
{
line(root->x,root->y,root->link[i]->x,root->link[i]->y);
}
if(root->ftype==1)
bar3d(root->x-20, root->y-10,root->x+20,root->y+10,0,0);
else
fillellipse(root->x,root->y,20,20);
 62

outtextxy(root->x,root->y,root->name);
for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)
{
display(root->link[i]);
}
}

}
output:-
 63

Result

Thus the program to implementation of file organization techniques was executed and the output was
verified.

Ex.No 7 IMPLEMENT BANKERS ALGORITHM FOR DEAD LOCK AVOIDANCE

OBJECTIVE:
To implement banker’s algorithm for Dead Lock Avoidance.
OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to implement banker’s algorithm PRE-REQUEST: C- Basics.
SAMPLE PROGRAM TITLE:
Banker’s algorithm for deadlock avoidance.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Get the values of resources and processes. Step 3: Get the avail value.
Step 4: After allocation find the need value.
Step 5: Check whether it’s possible to allocate.
Step 6: If it is possible then the system is in safe state. Step 7: Else system is not in safety state.
Step 8: If the new request comes then check that the system is in safety. Step 9: Or not if we allow the request.
Step 10: Stop the program.
Step 11: End
PROGRAM:

#include< stdio.h>
#include< conio.h>
void main()
{
int allocated[15][15],max[15][15],need[15][15],avail[15],tres[15],work[15],flag[15]; int pno,rno,i,j,prc,count,t,total;
count=0;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter number of process:"); scanf("%d",&pno);
 64

printf("\n Enter number of resources:"); scanf("%d",&rno);

for(i=1;i< =pno;i++)
{
flag[i]=0;
}
printf("\n Enter total numbers of each resources:"); for(i=1;i<= rno;i++)
scanf("%d",&tres[i]);
printf("\n Enter Max resources for each process:"); for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
printf("\n for process %d:",i); for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
scanf("%d",&max[i][j]);
}
printf("\n Enter allocated resources for each process:"); for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
printf("\n for process %d:",i); for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
scanf("%d",&allocated[i][j]);
}
printf("\n available resources:\n"); for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
{
avail[j]=0;
total=0;
for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
total+=allocated[i][j];
}
avail[j]=tres[j]-total;
work[j]=avail[j];
printf("%d \t",work[j]);
}
do
{
for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-allocated[i][j];
}
}
printf("\n Allocated matrix Max need"); for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
 65

printf("\n");
for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
{
printf("%4d",allocated[i][j]);
}
printf("|");
for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
{
printf("%4d",max[i][j]);
}
printf("|");
for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
{
printf("%4d",need[i][j]);
}
}
prc=0;
for(i=1;i<= pno;i++)
{
if(flag[i]==0)
{
prc=i;
for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
{
if(work[j]< need[i][j])
{
prc=0;
break;
}
}
}
if(prc!=0)
break;
}
if(prc!=0)
{
printf("\n Process %d completed",i);
count++;
printf("\n Available matrix:"); for(j=1;j<= rno;j++)
 66

{
work[j]+=allocated[prc][j]; allocated[prc][j]=0;
max[prc][j]=0;
flag[prc]=1;
printf(" %d",work[j]);
}
}
}while(count!=pno&&prc!=0); if(count==pno)
printf("\nThe system is in a safe state!!");
else
printf("\nThe system is in an unsafe state!!");
getch();

OUTPUT:

Enter number of process: 5

Enter number of resources: 3
Enter total numbers of each resource: 10 5 7 Enter Max resources for each process:
for process 1:7 5 3
for process 2:3 2 2
for process 3:9 0 2
for process 4:2 2 2
for process 5:4 3 3

Enter allocated resources for each process: for process 1:0 1 0

for process 2:3 0 2
for process 3:3 0 2
for process 4:2 1 1
for process 5:0 0 2

available resources:
2 3 0
Allocated matrix Max need
0 1 0| 7 5 3| 7 4 3
3 0 2| 3 2 2| 0 2 0
3 0 2| 9 0 2| 6 0 0
2 1 1| 2 2 2| 0 1 1
 67

0 0 2| 4 3 3| 4 3 1
Process 2 completed
Available matrix: 5 3 2
Allocated matrix Max need
0 1 0| 7 5 3| 7 4 3
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
3 0 2| 9 0 2| 6 0 0
2 1 1| 2 2 2| 0 1 1
0 0 2| 4 3 3| 4 3 1
Process 4 completed
Available matrix: 7 4 3
Allocated matrix Max need
0 1 0| 7 5 3| 7 4 3
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
3 0 2| 9 0 2| 6 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 2| 4 3 3| 4 3 1
Process 1 completed

Available matrix: 7 5 3
Allocated matrix Max need
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
3 0 2| 9 0 2| 6 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 2| 4 3 3| 4 3 1
Process 3 completed

Available matrix: 10 5 5
Allocated matrix Max need
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 0| 0 0 0| 0 0 0
0 0 2| 4 3 3| 4 3 1
Process 5 completed

Available matrix: 10 5 7
The system is in a safe state!!
 68

Result

Thus the program to implement banker’s algorithm for Dead Lock Avoidance was executed

Ex.no. 8 IMPLEMENT AN ALGORITHM FOR DEAD LOCK DETECTION

OBJECTIVE:
To implement an algorithm for Dead Lock Detection
OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to implement algorithm for deadlock detection PRE-REQUEST: C- Basics.
SAMPLE PROGRAM TITLE:
Implementation of Deadlock Detection.
ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Get the values of resources and processes. Step 3: Get the avail value.
Step 4: After allocation find the need value.
Step 5: Check whether it’s possible to allocate.
 69

Step 6: If it is possible then the system is in safe state. Step 7: Else system is not in safety state.
Step 8: If the new request comes then check that the system is in safety. Step 9: Or not if we allow the request.
Step 10: Stop the program.
Step 11: End
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int max[100][100];
int alloc[100][100];
int need[100][100];
int avail[100];
int n,r;
void input();
void show();
void cal();
int main()
{
int i,j;
printf("********** Deadlock Detection Algorithm ************\n");
input();
show();
cal();
getch();
return 0;
}
void input()
{
int i,j;
printf("Enter the no of Processes\t"); scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the no of resource instances\t"); scanf("%d",&r);
printf("Enter the Max Matrix\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
 70

scanf("%d",&max[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Enter the Allocation Matrix\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&alloc[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Enter the available Resources\n"); for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&avail[j]);
}
}
void show()
{
int i,j;
printf("Process\t Allocation\t Max\t Available\t"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nP%d\t ",i+1); for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
printf("%d ",alloc[i][j]);
}
printf("\t");
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
printf("%d ",max[i][j]);
}
printf("\t");
if(i==0)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
printf("%d ",avail[j]);
}
 71

}
}
void cal()
{
int finish[100],temp,need[100][100],flag=1,k,c1=0; int dead[100];
int safe[100];
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
finish[i]=0;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-alloc[i][j];
}
}
while(flag)
{
flag=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
int c=0;
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
if((finish[i]==0)&&(need[i][j]<=avail[j]))
{
c++;
if(c==r)
{
for(k=0;k<r;k++)
{
avail[k]+=alloc[i][j]; finish[i]=1;
flag=1;
}
 72

//printf("\nP%d",i); if(finish[i]==1)
{
i=n;
}}}}}
}
j=0;
flag=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(finish[i]==0)
{
dead[j]=i;
j++;
flag=1;
}
}
if(flag==1)
{
printf("\n\nSystem is in Deadlock and the Deadlock process are\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("P%d\t",dead[i]);
}
}
else
{
printf("\nNo Deadlock Occur");
}
}
 73

OUTPUT:

RESULT
Thus the program to implement banker’s algorithm for Dead Lock Detection was executed and the output was verified.
 74

Ex. No 9 Simulate the following Page Replacement algorithms :

a) FIFO b) LRU c) LFU

9.A Page Replacement algorithm-FIFO:-

OBJECTIVE
Learn about Page Replacement Algorithms.
OUTCOME:

Students become expertise to write a C coding to implement FIFO page replacement algorithm.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: obtain the number of sequences, number of frames and sequence string from the user.
Step 3: when the page is not in the frames comes, increment the number of page fault and remove the page that come in the first in FIFO algorithm.
Step 4: In LRU algorithm, when a page fault occurs, the page which most recently used is
removed.
Step 5: display the number of faults. Step 6: Stop the program.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{ char prs[40],fp[10],ps;
int fs,i,j,k=0,flg1,flg2,x=5,y,pfc=0;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter page reference string:");
gets(prs);
printf("\n enter the frame size:");
scanf("%d",&fs);
for(i=0;i<fs;i++)
fp[i]='x';
clrscr();
printf("\n page replacement technique :: FIFO algorithm:");
printf("\n .............................................");
 75

printf("\n F-Page Fault \t H- Page Hit \n");

for(i=0;i<strlen(prs);i++,x+=2)
{
flg1=0;
ps='F';
for(j=0;j<fs;j++)
if(fp[j]==prs[i]){
ps='H';
flg1=1;
break;
}
if(flg1==0)
{
flg2=0;
for(j=0;j<fs;j++)
if(fp[j]=='x')
{
fp[j]=prs[i];
pfc++;
flg2=1;
break;
}
if(flg2==0)
{
pfc++;
fp[k]=prs[i];
k++;
if(k==fs)
k=0; } }
y=5;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c",prs[i]);
y++;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("--");
y++;
 76

for(j=0;j<fs;y++,j++)
{
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c",fp[j]);
}
y++;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("--");
y++;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c",ps);
}
printf("\n \n\n\n\n Total page Faults=%d",pfc);
getch();
}
 77

RESULT
Thus the program to implement Page Replacement algorithms –FIFO was executed and the output was verified.

9.BPage Replacement algorithm-LRU:-

Program

#include<dos.h>
#include<stdio.h>
 78

#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{ char prs[40],fp[10],ps;
int fs,i,j,k,flg1,flg2,x=5,y,pfc=0,ru[10],min;
clrscr();
printf("enter the page reference string:");
gets(prs);
printf("enter the frame size:");
scanf("%d",&fs);
for(i=0;i<fs;i++)
{
fp[i]='x';
ru[i]=0;
}
clrscr();
printf("PAGE REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUE::LRU algorithm\n");
printf("-----------------------------------\n");
printf("F-Page fault\tH-Page Hit\n");
for(i=0;i<strlen(prs);i++,x+=2)
{
flg1=0;
ps='F';
for(j=0;j<fs;j++)
{
if(fp[j]==prs[i])
{
ps='H';
ru[j]=i;
flg1=1;
break;
}}
if(flg1==0)
{
pfc++;
flg2=0;
 79

for(j=0;j<fs;j++)
{
if(fp[j]=='X')
{
fp[j]=prs[i];
ru[j]=i;
flg2=1;
break;
}}
if(flg2==0)
{
min=0;
for(j=1;j<fs;j++)
{
if(ru[min]>ru[j])
min=j;
}
fp[min]=prs[i];
ru[min]=i;
}}
y=5;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c",prs[i]);
y++;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("- -");
y++;
for(j=0;j<fs;y++,j++)
{
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c",fp[j]);
}
y++;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("--");
y++;
 80

gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c",ps);
}
printf("\n\n\n\n\n\n total page faults=%d",pfc);
getch();
}
 81

RESULT
Thus the program to implement Page Replacement algorithms –LRU was executed and the output was verified

9.C Page Replacement algorithm-LFU:-

#include<dos.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{ char prs[40],fp[10],ps;
int fs,i,j,k,flg1,flg2,x=5,y,pfc=0,ru[10],min;
clrscr();
printf("\n ENTER THE PAGE REFERENCE STRING:");
gets(prs);
printf("\n enter the frame size:");
scanf("%d",&fs);
for(i=0;i<fs;i++)
{
fp[i]='X';
ru[i]=0;
 82

} clrscr();
printf("\n PAGE REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUE ::LFU ALGORITHM \n");
printf("\n .......................................... \n");
printf("F-Page Fault \t H-Page Hit\n");
for(i=0;i<strlen(prs);i++,x+=5)
{
flg1=0;
ps='F';
for(j=0;j<fs;j++)
{
if(fp[j]==prs[i])
{
ps='H';
(ru[j])++;
flg1=1;
break;
}}
if(flg1==0)
{
pfc++;
flg2=0;
for(j=0;j<fs;j++)
{
if(fp[j]=='X')
{
fp[j]=prs[i];
ru[j]=1;
flg2=1;
break;
}}
if(flg2==0)
{
min=0;
for(j=1;j<fs;j++)
{
if(ru[min]>=ru[j])
 83

{
if(ru[min]>ru[j])
min=j;
else
{
for(k=0;k<i;k++)
{
if(prs[k]==fp[min])
break;
if(prs[k]==fp[j])
{
min=j;
break;
}}}}}
fp[min]=prs[i];
ru[min]=1;
}}
y=5;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c",prs[i]);
y++;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("-----");
y++;
for(j=0;j<fs;y++,j++)
{
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c(%d)",fp[j],ru[j]);
}
y++;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("-----");
y++;
gotoxy(x,y);
printf("%c",ps);
}
 84

printf("\n\n\n\n\n TOTAL PAGE FAULTS =%d",pfc);

getch();
}
output:-
 85

RESULT
Thus the program to implement Page Replacement algorithms –LFU was executed and the output was verified

10. C program that illustrates inter process communication using shared memory system calls:-

Program

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/shm.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#define SEGSIZE 100
int main(int argc, char *argv[ ])
{
int shmid,cntr;
key_t key;
char *segptr;
char buff[]="poooda......";
key=ftok(".",'s');
if((shmid=shmget(key, SEGSIZE, IPC_CREAT | IPC_EXCL | 0666))== -1)
 86

{
if((shmid=shmget(key,SEGSIZE,0))==-1)
{
perror("shmget");
exit(1);
}
}
else
{
printf("Creating a new shared memory seg \n");
printf("SHMID:%d",shmid);
}
system("ipcs –m");
if((segptr=(char*)shmat(shmid,0,0))==(char*)-1)
{
perror("shmat");
exit(1);
}
printf("Writing data to shared memory…\n");
strcpy(segptr,buff);
printf("DONE\n");
printf("Reading data from shared memory…\n");
printf("DATA:-%s\n",segptr);
printf("DONE\n");
printf("Removing shared memory Segment…\n");
if(shmctl(shmid,IPC_RMID,0)== -1)
printf("Can’t Remove Shared memory Segment…\n");
else
printf("Removed Successfully");
}
output:-
87
 88

RESULT
Thus the program to implement inter process communication using shared memory was executed and the output was verified

Ex.No11. .IMPLEMENTATION OF PAGING TECHNIQUE OF MEMORY MANAGEMENT

OBJECTIVE
Learn about paging techniques in memory management.

OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to implement paging techniques PRE-REQUEST: C- Basics.

SAMPLE PROGRAM TITLE:

Implementation of Memory management

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Enter the number of process and block. Step 3: Enter the size of process.
Step 4: Enter the size of each block.
Step 5: Allocate the blocks to its process as it is for first fit.
Step 6: Allocate the first block to a smallest process and vice versa for best fit. Step 7: Allocate the first block to the largest process and vice versa for worst fit. Step 8: Stop the
program.

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h> void main()
{
int p[10],np,b[10],nb,ch,c[10],d[10],alloc[10],flag[10],i,j; printf("\nEnter the no of process:");
scanf("%d",&np);
printf("\nEnter the no of blocks:"); scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("\nEnter the size of each process:"); for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
printf("\nProcess %d:",i); scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter the block sizes:"); for(j=0;j<nb;j++)
 89

{
printf("\nBlock %d:",j);
scanf("%d",&b[j]);c[j]=b[j];d[j]=b[j];
}
if(np<=nb)
{
printf("\n1.First fit 2.Best fit 3.Worst fit");
do
{
printf("\nEnter your choice:"); scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: printf("\nFirst Fit\n"); for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<nb;j++)
{
if(p[i]<=b[j])
{
alloc[j]=p[i];printf("\n\nAlloc[%d]",alloc[j]);
printf("\n\nProcess %d of size %d is allocated in block:%d of size:%d",i,p[i],j,b[j]); flag[i]=0,b[j]=0;break;
}else flag[i]=1;
}}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(flag[i]!=0)
printf("\n\nProcess %d of size %d is not allocated",i,p[i]);
}break;
case 2: printf("\nBest Fit\n"); for(i=0;i<nb;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<nb;j++)
{
if(c[i]>c[j])
{
int temp=c[i];c[i]=c[j];c[j]=temp;
}}}
printf("\nAfter sorting block sizes:"); for(i=0;i<nb;i++)
printf("\nBlock %d:%d",i,c[i]); for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<nb;j++)
{
 90

if(p[i]<=c[j])
{
alloc[j]=p[i];printf("\n\nAlloc[%d]",alloc[j]);
printf("\n\nProcess %d of size %d is allocated in block %d of size %d",i,p[i],j,c[j]); flag[i]=0,c[j]=0;
break;
}
else
flag[i]=1;
}}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(flag[i]!=0)
printf("\n\nProcess %d of size %d is not allocated",i,p[i]);
}break;
case 3: printf("\nWorst Fit\n"); for(i=0;i<nb;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<nb;j++)
{
if(d[i]<d[j])
{
int temp=d[i];d[i]=d[j];d[j]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nAfter sorting block sizes:"); for(i=0;i<nb;i++)
printf("\nBlock %d:%d",i,d[i]); for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<nb;j++)
{
if(p[i]<=d[j])
{
alloc[j]=p[i];printf("\n\nAlloc[%d]",alloc[j]);
printf("\n\nProcess %d of size %d is allocated in block %d of size %d",i,p[i],j,d[j]); flag[i]=0,d[j]=0;
break;
}
else
flag[i]=1;
}
}
 91

for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(flag[i]!=0)
printf("\n\nProcess %d of size %d is not allocated",i,p[i]);
}
break;
default:printf("Invalid Choiceǥ!");break;
}
}while(ch<=3);
}
}
OUTPUT:
[com39@localhost os]$ gcc ex8.c
[com39@localhost os]$ ./a.out
Enter the no of process:3
Enter the no of blocks:3
Enter the size of each process: process 0:10
Process 1:20
Process 2:30
Enter the block sizes:
Block 0:50
Block 1:40
Block 2:90
1.First fit 2.Best fit 3.Worst fit Enter your choice:3

Worst Fit
After sorting block sizes:
Block 0:90
Block 1:50
Block 2:40
Alloc[10]
 92

Process 0 of size 10 is allocated in block 0 of size 90

Alloc[20]
Process 1 of size 20 is allocated in block 1 of size 50
Alloc[30]
Process 2 of size 30 is allocated in block 2 of size 40
Enter your choice:2
Best Fit
After sorting block sizes:
Block 0:40
Block 1:50
Block 2:90
Alloc[10]
Process 0 of size 10 is allocated in block 0 of size 40
Alloc[20]
Process 1 of size 20 is allocated in block 1 of size 50
Alloc[30]
Process 2 of size 30 is allocated in block 2 of size 90 Enter your choice:1
First Fit
Alloc[10]
Process 0 of size 10 is allocated in block:0 of size:50
Alloc[20]
Process 1 of size 20 is allocated in block:1 of size:40
Alloc[30]
Process 2 of size 30 is allocated in block:2 of size:90 Enter your choice:4
Invalid Choiceǥ!
[com39@localhost os]$
 93

Result:
Thus the c program for implementing paging technique of memory management using first fit was executed and the output was verified.

Ex.No. 12.IMPLEMENTATION OF THREADING & SYNCHRONIZATON APPLICATIONS

OBJECTIVE
Learn about Threads and synchronization applications.

OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to implement threading applications.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Create number of threads.
Step 3: Counter is maintained for the user. Step 4: Enter the logs of the jobs to start. Step 5: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
 94

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<pthread.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
pthread_t tid[2];
int counter;
void* doSomeThing(void *arg)
{
unsigned long i = 0; counter += 1;
printf("\n Job %d started\n", counter); for(i=0; i<(0xFFFFFFFF);i++);
printf("\n Job %d finished\n", counter); return NULL;
}
int main(void)
{
int i = 0;
int err;
while(i < 2)
{
err = pthread_create(&(tid[i]), NULL, &doSomeThing, NULL);
if (err != 0)
printf("\ncan't create thread :[%s]", strerror(err));
i++;
}
pthread_join(tid[0], NULL);
pthread_join(tid[1], NULL);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
Job 1 started
Job 2 started
Job 2 finished
Job 2 finished

Result:
Thus the C program for threading and synchronization applications was created and executed successfully.
 95

Ex.No. 13a. IMPLEMENTATION OF THREADING & SYNCHRONIZATON APPLICATIONS

PRODUCER-CONSUMER PROBLEM
PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
intmutex=1,full=0,empty,x=0;
void main()
{
int n;
void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);
printf("\nImplementation of producer-consumer problem using semaphores");
printf("\n------------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n1.Producer\n2.Consumer\n3.Exit\n");
printf("\nEnter buffer size:");
scanf("%d",&empty);
while(1)
{
printf("\nENTER YOUR CHOICE\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:
if((mutex==1)&&(empty!=0))
producer();
else
printf("BUFFER IS FULL");
break;
case 2:
if((mutex==1)&&(full!=0))
consumer();
 96

else
printf("BUFFER IS EMPTY");
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
}
int wait(int s)
{
return(--s);
}
int signal(int s)
{
return(++s);
}
void producer()
{
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=signal(full);
empty=wait(empty);
x++;
printf("\nproducer produces the item%d",x);
mutex=signal(mutex);
}
void consumer()
{
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=wait(full);
empty=signal(empty);
printf("\n consumer consumes item%d",x);
x--;
mutex=signal(mutex);
}
 97

Output:

Implementation of producer consumer problem using semaphores

------------------------------------------------------------
1.Producer
2.Consumer
3.Exit
Enter the buffer size5
Enter your choice
1
producer produces the item 1
Enter your choice
1
producer produces the item 2
Enter your choice
2
consumer consumes item 2
Enter your choice
2
consumer consumes item 1
Enter your choice 3
13b. IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIX SYSTEM CALLS
(fork(),wait(),getpid())
OBJECTIVE:
Acquire operating system skills through System calls & Commands.
OUTCOME: Students become expertise to write a C coding to simulate UNIX system calls. PRE-REQUEST: C- Basics
SAMPLE PROGRAM TITLE:
Demonstration of UNIX system calls fork (), wait () and getpid().
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Create a new process (parent process) using fork() system call.
Step 3: Create a identical copy of parent process (child process) using fork () system call Step 4: Process id is created for both child and parent process using getpid() system call Step
5: The Child process is made to execute.
 98

Step 6: After the exiting of the child process parent process will get exit. Step 7: Stop the program.
PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/wait.h>
#include<unistd.h>
void parent();
void child();
main()
{
int r;
r=fork();
{
printf("fork is empty");
}
if(r>0)
parent(r);
else
child(r);
}
void child()
{
int i;
printf("\nchild starts executing"); for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\n child %d is executing %d time",getpid(),i);
sleep(i);
}
printf("child %d exit \n",getpid());
}
void parent(child_pid)
{
printf("\n Parent %d watiting for child %d to start the executing", getpid(),child_pid); printf("\n");
waitpid(child_pid,NULL,0);
 99

printf("Parent %d exit \n",getpid());

}

OUTPUT:

[com39@localhost ~]$ cd os
[com39@localhost os]$ gcc ex1a.c
[com39@localhost os]$ ./a.out
fork is empty
Parent 1769 waiting for child 1770 to start the executing fork is empty
child starts executing
child 1770 is executing 0 time
child 1770 is executing 1 time
child 1770 is executing 2 time
child 1770 is executing 3 time
child 1770 is executing 4 time child 1770 exit Parent 1769 exit
[com39@localhost os]

Result:

Thus the C program to simulate UNIX system calls fork, getpid, wait has been executed successfully.

13c. IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIX SYSTEM CALLS

(opendir (), readdir(),closedir(), exit())

OBJECTIVE:
Acquire operating system skills through System calls & Commands.
OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to simulate UNIX system calls. PRE-REQUEST: C- Basics.
SAMPLE PROGRAM TITLE:
 100

Demonstration of UNIX system calls opendir(), readdir(), closedir() and exit(). ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Create a directory entry in the dirent structure and a directory variable. Step 3: Get the name of the directory to be opened.
Step 4: Using the system call opendir(),open the given directory and store it in the
directory variable.
Step 5: Read the contents of the directory using readdir()system call and print the list of
files in the directory.
Step 6: Close the directory after the read and write process. Step 7: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<dirent.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct dirent *dptr;
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
char buff[256];
DIR *dirp;
printf("\n \n enter directory name"); scanf("%s",buff);
if((dirp=opendir(buff))==NULL)
{
printf("error");
exit(0);
}
while(dptr=readdir(dirp))
{
printf("%s\n",dptr->d_name);
}
closedir(dirp);
}

OUTPUT:
 101

[com39@localhost ~]$ cd os
[com39@localhost os]$ gcc ex1b.c
[com39@localhost os]$ ./a.out
ENTER A DIRECTORY NAME: oslabpgms
ex5b.c
ex1b.c

ex1a.c
ex4a.c
ex2.c
ex3a.c
ex1d.c
ex4b.c

ex3b.c
ex1c.c
ex5a.c
[com39@localhost os]$
 102

Result:

Thus the C program to simulate UNIX system calls opendir, readdir, closedir and exit has been executed successfully.

13d. IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIX SYSTEM CALL (execlp())

OBJECTIVE:
Acquire operating system skills through System calls & Commands.
OUTCOME:
Students become expertise to write a C coding to simulate UNIX system calls. PRE-REQUEST: C- Basics.
SAMPLE PROGRAM TITLE:
Demonstration of UNIX system call execlp(). ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Obtain the pid value using fork() function. Step 3: If pid <0 , then print fork failed.
 103

Step 4: Else if pid = 0, execlp() function will invoked. Step 5: Else print child process complete.
Step 6: Stop the program.
PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int pid;
pid=fork();
if(pid<0)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Fork failed \n");
exit(-1);
}
else if(pid==0)
{
execlp("/bin/ls","ls",NULL);
}
else
{

wait(NULL);
printf("Child Complete \n");
exit(0);
}
OUTPUT:
[com39@localhost ~]$ cd os
[com39@localhost os]$ gcc ex1d.c
[com39@localhost os]$ ./a.out
a.out ex1b.c ex1b.c~ ex1c.c ex1c.c~ ex1d.c ex1d.c~ Child Complete
[com39@localhost os]$

Result:
 104

Thus the C program to simulate UNIX system call execlp has been executed successfully.

Ex.No:14 A MEMORY ALLOCATION METHODS FOR FIXED PARTITION

A) FIRST FIT
AIM:
To write a C program for implementation memory allocation methods for fixed partition using first fit.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1:Define the max as 25.

Step 2: Declare the variable frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp, highest=0, bf[max],ff[max]. Step 3: Get the number of blocks,files,size of the blocks using
for loop.
Step 4: In for loop check bf[j]!=1, if so temp=b[j]-f[i]
Step 5: Check highest<temp,if so assign ff[i]=j,highest=temp Step 6: Assign frag[i]=highest, bf[ff[i]]=1,highest=0
Step 7: Repeat step 4 to step 6.
Step 8: Print file no,size,block no,size and fragment. Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define max 25 void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,highest=0; static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - Worst Fit"); printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:"); scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:"); scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n"); for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
 105

{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n"); for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1) //if bf[j] is not allocated
{
temp=b[j]-f[i]; if(temp>=0) if(highest<temp)
{
ff[i]=j; highest=temp;
}
}
}
frag[i]=highest; bf[ff[i]]=1; highest=0;
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement"); for(i=1;i<=nf;i++) printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}
 106

OUTPUT:

Enter the number of blocks: 3

Enter the number of files: 2

Enter the size of the blocks:-

Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files:-

File 1: 1
File 2: 4

OUTPUT
File No File Size Block No Block Size Fragment
1 1 3 7 6
2 4 1 5 1

RESULT:
Thus the C program for implementation memory allocation methods for fixed partition using first fit has been executed successfully.

Ex.No:14 B MEMORY ALLOCATION METHODS FOR FIXED PARTITION

WORST FIT
 107

AIM:
To write a C program for implementation memory allocation methods for fixed partition using worst fit.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1:Define the max as 25.

Step 2: Declare the variable frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp, highest=0, bf[max],ff[max]. Step 3: Get the number of blocks,files,size of the blocks using
for loop.
Step 4: In for loop check bf[j]!=1, if so temp=b[j]-f[i]
Step 5: Check temp>=0,if so assign ff[i]=j break the for loop. Step 6: Assign frag[i]=temp,bf[ff[i]]=1;
Step 7: Repeat step 4 to step 6.
Step 8: Print file no,size,block no,size and fragment. Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define max 25 void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp; static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - First Fit"); printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:"); scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:"); scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n"); for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
 108

printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n"); for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)

{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i]; if(temp>=0)
{
ff[i]=j; break;
}
}
}
frag[i]=temp; bf[ff[i]]=1;
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement"); for(i=1;i<=nf;i++) printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the number of blocks: 3 Enter the number of files: 2

 109

Enter the size of the blocks:- Block 1: 5

Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files:- File 1: 1

File 2: 4

OUTPUT
File No File Size Block No Block Size Fragment
1 1 1 5 4
2 4 3 7 3

Ex.No: 14C MEMORY ALLOCATION METHODS FOR FIXED PARTITION

BEST FIT

AIM:
To write a C program for implementation memory allocation methods for fixed partition using Best fit.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1:Define the max as 25.

 110

Step 2: Declare the variable frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp, highest=0, bf[max],ff[max]. Step 3: Get the number of blocks,files,size of the blocks using
for loop.
Step 4: In for loop check bf[j]!=1, if so temp=b[j]-f[i]
Step 5: Check lowest>temp,if so assign ff[i]=j,highest=temp Step 6: Assign frag[i]=lowest, bf[ff[i]]=1,lowest=10000 Step 7: Repeat step 4 to step 6.
Step 8: Print file no,size,block no,size and fragment. Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define max 25 void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,lowest=10000; static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:"); scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:"); scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n"); for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n"); for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
 111

for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i]; if(temp>=0) if(lowest>temp)
{
ff[i]=j;

lowest=temp;
}
}
}
frag[i]=lowest; bf[ff[i]]=1; lowest=10000;
}
printf("\nFile No\tFile Size \tBlock No\tBlock Size\tFragment"); for(i=1;i<=nf && ff[i]!=0;i++) printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t
%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]); getch();
}
OUTPUT:
INPUT
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2
 112

Enter the size of the blocks:-

Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files:-

File 1: 1
File 2: 4

OUTPUT
File No File Size Block No Block Size Fragment
1 2 2 1
1
4 1 5 1
2

RESULT:
To write a C program for implementation memory allocation methods for fixed partition using Best fit.

Ex.No: 15 DISK SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS

AIM:
To Write a C program to simulate disk scheduling algorithms
a) FCFS b) SCAN c) C-SCAN
PROGRAM

A) FCFS DISK SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

#include<stdio.h> main()
{
 113

int t[20], n, I, j, tohm[20], tot=0; float avhm; clrscr();

printf(“enter the no.of tracks”); scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“enter the tracks to be traversed”); for(i=2;i<n+2;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&t*i+); for(i=1;i<n+1;i++)
{
tohm[i]=t[i+1]-t[i]; if(tohm[i]<0) tohm[i]=tohm[i]*(-1);
}
for(i=1;i<n+1;i++)
tot+=tohm[i]; avhm=(float)tot/n;
printf(“Tracks traversed\tDifference between tracks\n”); for(i=1;i<n+1;i++)
printf(“%d\t\t\t%d\n”,t*i+,tohm*i+);
printf("\nAverage header movements:%f",avhm); getch();
}
 114

INPU
T Enter no.of tracks:9
Enter track position:55 58 60 70 18 90 150 160 184

OUTP
UT
Tracks traversed Difference between tracks

55 45
58 3
60 2
70 10
18 52
90 72
150 60
160 10
184 24

Average header movements:30.888889

 115

B) SCAN DISK SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

#include<stdio.h> main()
{
int t[20], d[20], h, i, j, n, temp, k, atr[20], tot, p, sum=0; clrscr();
printf("enter the no of tracks to be traveresed"); scanf("%d'",&n);
printf("enter the position of head"); scanf("%d",&h);
t[0]=0;t[1]=h;
printf("enter the tracks"); for(i=2;i<n+2;i++)
scanf("%d",&t[i]); for(i=0;i<n+2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<(n+2)-i-1;j++)
{
if(t[j]>t[j+1])
{
temp=t[j]; t[j]=t[j+1]; t[j+1]=temp;
}}}
for(i=0;i<n+2;i++) if(t[i]==h)
j=i;k=i;
p=0;
while(t[j]!=0)
{
atr[p]=t[j]; j--; p++;
}
atr[p]=t[j]; for(p=k+1;p<n+2;p++,k++)
atr[p]=t[k+1]; for(j=0;j<n+1;j++)
{
if(atr[j]>atr[j+1])
d[j]=atr[j]-atr[j+1];
else
d[j]=atr[j+1]-atr[j];
sum+=d[j];
}
 116

printf("\nAverage header movements:%f",(float)sum/n); getch();}

 117

INPU
T Enter no.of tracks:9
Enter track position:55 58 60 70 18 90 150 160 184
OUTPUT
Tracks traversed Difference between tracks

150 50
160 10
184 24
90 94
70 20
60 10
58 2
55 3
18 37

Average header movements: 27.77

 118

C) C-SCAN DISK SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

#include<stdio.h> main()
{
int t[20], d[20], h, i, j, n, temp, k, atr[20], tot, p, sum=0; clrscr();
printf("enter the no of tracks to be traveresed"); scanf("%d'",&n);
printf("enter the position of head"); scanf("%d",&h);
t[0]=0;t[1]=h;
printf("enter total tracks"); scanf("%d",&tot);
t[2]=tot-1;
printf("enter the tracks"); for(i=3;i<=n+2;i++)
scanf("%d",&t[i]); for(i=0;i<=n+2;i++)
for(j=0;j<=(n+2)-i-1;j++)
if(t[j]>t[j+1])
{
temp=t[j]; t[j]=t[j+1]; t[j+1]=temp
}

for(i=
0;i<=n
+2;i+
+)
if(t[i]
==h);
j=i;break;
p=0;
while(t[j]!=tot-1)
{
atr[p]=t[j]; j++;
p++;
}
atr[p]=t[j]; p++;
i=0;
 119

while(p!=(n+3) && t[i]!=t[h])

{
atr[p]=t[i]; i++; p++;
}
 120

for(j=0;j<n+2;j++)
{
if(atr[j]>atr[j+1])
d[j]=atr[j]-atr[j+1];
else
d[j]=atr[j+1]-atr[j];
sum+=d[j];
}
printf("total header movements%d",sum); printf("avg is %f",(float)sum/n);
getch();
}
 121
INPUT
Enter the track position : 55 58 60 70 18 90 150 160 184
Enter starting position : 100

OUTPUT

Tracks traversed Difference Between tracks

150 50
160 10
184 24
18 240
55 37
58 3
60 2
70 10
90 20
Average seek time : 35.7777779
 122

RESULT:
Thus the C program for simulate disk scheduling algorithms was executed successfully.