SAI RAJESWARI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Subject Name: Computer Network Lab

Branch: CSE
Year And Semester: III – I
Course: B.Tech
 EXP NO: 1
To Study different types of Network cables
Date:

AIM: To Study different types of Network cables (Copper and Fiber) and prepare cables (Straight
and Cross) to connect Two or more systems. Use crimping tool to connect jacks. Use LAN tester to
connect the cables.
Hardware Requirement RJ-45
connector, Clamping
Tool, Twisted pair
Cable
Software Requirement
Command Prompt and Packet Tracer.

Apparatus (Components): RJ-45 connector, Clamping Tool, Twisted pair Cable

Procedure: To do these practical following steps should be done:

1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable. Be very careful at this
point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which are inside. Doing so could alter the characteristics of your
cable, or even worse render is useless. Check the wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If there are any,
just whack the whole end off, and start over.

2. Spread the wires apart but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with your other hand. You do not
want the wires to become untwisted down inside the jacket. Category 5 cable must only have 1/2 of an
inch of 'untwisted' wire at the end; otherwise, it will be 'out of spec'. At this point, you obviously have
ALOT more than 1/2 of an inch of untwisted wire.

3. You have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are using a pre-made cable,
untwisted the ends whacked off, you only have one end to install - the crossed over end. Below are two
diagrams, which show how you need to arrange the cables for each type of cable end. Decide at this point
which end you are making and examine the associated picture below.

Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection

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 Output:

Diagram shows you how to prepare straight through wired connection

Cable Crimping steps:

1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this side A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire arrangement.

4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable.

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 IO connector crimping: Run the full length of Ethernet cable in place, from endpoint to
endpoint, making sure to leave excess.

At one end, cut the wire to length leaving enough length to work, but not toomuch
excess. Strip off about 2 inches of the Ethernet cable sheath.
Align each of the colored wires according to the layout of
the jack. Use the punch down tool to inserteach wire into
the jack.
Repeat the above steps for the second RJ45 jack.

Testing the crimped cable using a cable tester:

Step 1: Skin off the cable jacket 3.0 cm long cable stripper up to cableStep 2:
Untwist each pair and straighten each wire 190 0 1.5 cm long. Step 3: Cut
all the wires
Step 4: Insert the wires into the RJ45 connector right white, orange left brown the pins facingup
Step 5: Place the connector into a crimping tool and squeeze hard so that the handlereaches its
full swing.
Step 6: Use a cable tester to test for proper continuity

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 Result:

Cable Crimping, Standard Cabling and Cross Cabling, IO connector crimping and
testing the crimped cable using a cable tester are done successfully

EXP-1(b): To Install and configure Network Devices: HUB, Switch and Routers. Consider both
manageable and non-manageable switches. Do the logical configuration of the system. Set the
bandwidth of different ports.

To Study of following Network Devices in Detail

• Repeater
• Hub
• Switch
• Bridge
• Router
• Gate Way

Apparatus (Software): No software or hardware needed.

Procedure: Following should be done to understand this practical.

1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the
signal can cover longer distances. Repeater have two ports, so cannot be use to connect for more than
two devices

2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is a device for
connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single
network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form of
multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all
ports if it detects a collision.

3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network
segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link
layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3 and
above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.

4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the
OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves according to the
IEEE 802.1 D standard. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous
ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with bridge. Bridges can analyze incoming
data packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the given packet to another segment of the network.

5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and
selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information
that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data
packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where multiple routers are used in a large
collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange information about target system
addresses, so that each router can build up table showing the preferred paths between any two systems
on the interconnected networks.
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 6. Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another
network that uses different protocols.
• A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate
converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability. It
also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both
networks.
• A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network protocol
technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.

EXP 1(c):
Install and Configure Wired and Wireless NIC and transfer files between systems in Wired LAN and
Wireless LAN. Consider both adhoc and infrastructure mode of operation.

Objectives
Part 1: Identify and Work with PC NICs
Part 2: Identify and Use the System Tray Network Icons

Background / Scenario
This lab requires you to determine the availability and status of the network interface cards (NICs)
on the PC that you use. Windows provides a number of ways to view and work with your NICs.

In this lab, you will access the NIC information of your PC and change the status of these cards.

Required Resources
1 PC (Windows 7 or 8 with two NICs, wired and wireless, and a wireless connection)

Part 1: Identify and Work with PC NICs

In Part 1, you will identify the NIC types in the PC that you are using. You will explore
different ways to extract information about these NICs and how to activate and deactivate them.

Procedure:

(a) Install the network card:

Disconnect all cables connected to the computer and open the case. Locate an available PCI
slot (white slots) and insert the network card and secure the card with the screw thatcame with
it. Once the adapter has been installed and secured close the computer case, connect all the
cables and turn it on.

After installing the adapter driver it should be working find, now let’s configure the cardfor
use on a network.
Click on the Start button and select Settings then
Control Panel. Double click on the System icon
Click on the Hardware tab.
Click on Device Manager.
You will see a list of devices installed in your computer.
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 If necessary, click on the + sign next to Network Adapters to expand the list.
Ensure that there is no yellow exclamation mark (!) next to the Network Adapter. Thisindicates
a possible problem with the card or configuration.
Double click on your network driver (e.g. NE2000
Compatible). In the Device Status box you shouldsee
the message:
This Device is working correctly.
If you do not see this message or if there is no Network Adapter displayed, then yourEthernet
card will probably need configuring.

Result:
Installation and configuration of Wired and Wireless (remotely) NIC and transfer files between
systems in LAN and Wireless LAN between two systems in a LAN have beendone successfully.

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 EXP NO: 2
Networking commands
Date:

AIM: Work with the commands Ping, Tracert, Ipconfig, pathping, telnet, ftp, getmac, ARP,
Hostname, Nbtstat, netdiag, and Nslookup
Procedure:

Configure Internet connection and use IPCONFIG, PING:

1. Open Command Prompt, and then type ipconfig. From the display of the ipconfig
command, ensure that the network adapter for the TCP/IP configuration you are
testingis not in a Media disconnected state.
2. At the command prompt, ping the loopback address by typing ping 127.0.0.1.
3. Ping the IP address of the computer.
4. Ping the IP address of the default gateway. If the ping command fails, verify that
the default gateway IPaddress is correct and that the gateway (router) is
operational.
5. Ping the IP address of a remote host (a host that is on a different subnet).
If the ping command fails, verify that the remote host IP address is correct, that
the remote host is operational, and that all of the gateways (routers) between this
computer and the remote host are operational.
6. Ping the IP address of the DNS server.
If the ping command fails, verify that the DNS server IP address is correct that the
DNS server is operational, and that all of the gateways (routers) between this
computer and the DNS server are operational.

Tracer to debug the network issues.

Tracer network:
Open Command Prompt, and type the following:

tracert host_name
Or
tracert ip_address
where host_name or ip_address is the host name or IP address, respectively, of the remote
computer.

If you do not want the tracert command to resolve and display the names of all routers in
thepath, use the -d parameter. This expedites the display of the path. For example, to
trace a path from this computer towww.microsoft.com without displaying the router
names, type thefollowing at a command prompt:
Net stat utilities to debug the network issues:

Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet
statistics, the IP routing table, IPv4 statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP
protocols), and IPv6 statistics (for the IPv6, ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over
IPv6 protocols).

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 Used without parameters, netstat displays active TCP connections

Syntax
netstat [-a] [-e] [-n] [-o] [-p Protocol] [-r] [-s] [Interval]

Parameters
-a
Displays all active TCP connections and the TCP and UDP ports on which the
computer islistening.
-e
Displays Ethernet statistics, such as the number of bytes and packets sent and received
This parameter can be combined with -s.
-n
Displays active TCP connections, however, addresses and port numbers are expressed
numerically and no attempt is made to determine names.
-o
Displays active TCP connections and includes the process ID (PID) for each
connection. You can find the application based on the PID on the Processes tab in
Windows Task Manager. This parameter can be combined with -a, -n, and -p.
-p Protocol

Shows connections for the protocol specified by Protocol. In this case, the Protocol
can be tcp, udp, tcpv6, or udpv6. If this parameter is used with -s to display statistics
by protocol, Protocol can be tcp, udp,icmp, ip, tcpv6, udpv6, icmpv6, or ipv6.
-s
Displays statistics by protocol. By default, statistics are shown for the TCP, UDP,
ICMP, and IP protocols. If the IPv6 protocol for Windows XP is installed, statistics
are shown for the TCP over IPv6, UDP over IPv6, ICMPv6, and IPv6 protocols. The
-p parameter can be used to specify a set of protocols.
-r
Displays the contents of the IP routing table. This is equivalent to the route print command.
Interval

Redisplays the selected information every Interval seconds. Press CTRL+C to stop the
redisplay. If this parameter is omitted, netstat prints the selected information only once.
/? Displays help at the command prompt

Result:

Thus the Configure Internet connection and use IPCONFIG, PING / Tracer and Net
statutilities to establish interconnection between systems have been done successful

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 EXP NO: 3
Find all the IP addresses on your network
Date:

AIM: To Find all the IP addresses on your network. Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast on
yournetwork.

Description:

There are two ways to find IP addresses on network systems. You can find them manually or
youcan use an IP scanner, which is designed to automatically find the IP addresses within a
certain range.

With a scanner such as SolarWinds IPAM, you can run automated scans to identify new
devicesand more easily manage IP addresses.

The basic steps for manually creating a list of device IP addresses on a network include:

• Get to the command line by opening a terminal window.

• Type the right command for your system. On Linux, type the command “ifconfig”
andpress Return. On Windows, type the command “ipconfig” and press Return.
• Get more information by typing the command “arp -a.”
• You should now see a basic list of the IP addresses for devices connected to
yournetwork.
• You can then input this information into an information storage tool, like a
spreadsheet,that you’ll need to update by hand each time you attempt a new
discovery.
This process is unnecessarily time consuming and vulnerable to errors. Not only are you
forced to manually run commands to find IP addresses whenever you want to see the devices
connected to your network, but you also need to identify which of the IP addresses you find
are new or havechanged.

Use an IP discovery tool to automatically locate devices and collect critical data

SolarWinds® IP Address Manager (IPAM) is designed to eliminate the need to manually

manage IP address data with complicated spreadsheets. By quickly identifying and updating
device information, an automated IP address discovery tool can help make IP discovery
quicker and a more accurate process.

SolarWinds IPAM is built to scan your network for all IP addresses, checks their statuses,
and reports the details. IP Address Manager also uses automated subnet discovery and
neighbor discovery techniques to help identify and accurately manage IP subnets, address
blocks, and connected hosts to present real-time IP address information.

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 Output:

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 EXP NO: 4
Packet tracer software to build network topology
Date:

AIM: To Use Packet tracer software to build network topology and configure using
Distance vector routing protocol.
Description:

It is under dynamic routing algorithm. This algorithm operates by having each route
maintains a table giving the least known distance to reach destination and include line in
used to get these. These are updated by changing information with neighbour. This is called
“Bell mann ford algorithm” and “fod fick” algorithm.
Procedure:

• Open the Cisco Packet Tracer software.

• Add the router and PCs accourding to our design.
• Configure all the routers and PCs.
• Trace the destination in PC’s command prompt.
• Verify the output.

Distance vector routing algorithm:

#include<stdlib
.h>#define nul
1000
#define
nodes 10int
no;
struct node
{
int a[nodes][4];
}router[nod
es];void
init(int r)
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=no;i
++)
{
router[r].a[i][1]=i;
router[r].a[i][2]=999;
router[r].a[i][3]=nul;
}
router[r].a[r][2]=0;

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 router[r].a[r][3]=r;
}
void inp(int r)
{
int i;
printf("\nEnter distance from the node %d to other
nodes",r);printf("\nPls Enter 999 of there is no direct
route\n",r); for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
{
if(i!=r)
{
printf("\nEnter dist to node
%d:",i);
scanf("%d",&router[r].a[i][2]);
router[r].a[i][3]=i;
}}}
void display(int r)
{
int i,j;
printf("\n\nThe routing table for node %d is as
follows:",r);for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
{
if(router[r].a[i][2]>=99)
printf("\n\t\t\t%d\tno link\tno
hop",router[r].a[i][1]);else
printf("\n\t\t\t%d\t\t%d",router[r].a[i][1],router[r].a[i][2],router[r].a[i][3]);
}}
void dv_algo(int r)
{
int i,j,z;
for(i=0;i<=no;i
++)
{
if(router[r].a[i][2]!=999&&router[r].a[i][2]!=0)
{
for(j=1;j<=no;j++)
{
z=router[r].a[i][2]+router[i].a[j][2];
if(router[r].a[j][2]>z)
{
router[r].a[j][2]=z;
router[r].a[j][3]=i;
}}}}}

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 int main()
{
int
i,j,x,y;
char
choice;
printf("Enter the no.of nodes required(less than 10
pls):");scanf("%d",&no);
for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
{
init(i);
inp(i);
}
printf("\nTne configuration of the nodes after initialization is as
follows:");for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
display(i);
for(i=1;i<=no;i
++)dv_algo(i);
printf("\nThe configuration of the nodes after computation of paths is as
follows:");for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
displa
y(i);
while(
1)
{
printf("\n\nWanna continue
(y/n):");scanf("%c",&choice);
if(choice=='n')
break;
printf("\nEnter the nodes btn which the shortest path is to be
found:\n");scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
printf("\nThe length of the shortest path is %d",router[x].a[y][2]);
}}

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 15
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 Output:

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 EXP NO: 5
Link State routing protocol
Date:

AIM: Use Packet tracer software to build network topology and configure using Link
Staterouting protocol.
Procedure:
Link state routing works on the following principle.
• Discover the neighbour and keep their network address.
• Measure the delay or cost to each of its neighbour.
• Construct a packet telling all it has just learned.
• Send the packet to all router.
• Compute the shortest path to every router.
Open the Cisco Packet Tracer software.
• Add the router and PCs according to our design.
• Configure all the routers and PCs.
• Trace the destination in PC’s command prompt.
• Verify the output.

Link State Routing Protocol Algorithm:

#include<stdio.h
>
#include<conio.
h>
#include<proces
s.h>
#include<string.
h>
#include<math.h
> #define IN 99
#define N 6
int dijkstra(int cost[][N],int source,int
target);char
interface[6][6][20]={{"0","0","0","0","0","0"},{"0","0","192.1.1.1","0","200.1.1.1"},{"0","0","0
","0",
"198.1.1.2","0"},{"0","192.1.1.3","0","198.1.1.3","0","200.1.1.2"},{"0","0","200.1.1.3","0","20
0
.1.1.4
","0"}};
int main()
{
int
cost[N][N],i,j,w,ch,co
;char ip[10];
int source,target,x,y;
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 printf("\t the shortest path algorithm(DIJKSRTRA'S ALGORITHM in
c\n\n");for(i=1;i<N;i++)
for(j=1;j<N;j+
+)
cost[i][j]=IN;
for(x=1;x<N;x
++)
{
for(y=x+1;y<N;y++)
{
printf("enter the weight of the path between node%d and
%d:",x,y);scanf("%d",&w);
cost[x][y]=cost[y][x]=w;
}
printf("\n");
}
for(x=1;x<N;x++)
{
for(y=1;y<N;y++)
{
printf("%s:\t",interface[x][y]);
//scanf("%s",&ip);
//interface[x][y][20]=ip;
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nEnter the source:");
scanf("%d",&source);
printf("\nEnter the target");
scanf("%d",&target);
co=dijsktra(cost,source,target);
printf("\nThe Shortest
Path:%d",co);return 0;
}
int dijsktra(int cost[][N],int source,int target)
{
int
dist[N],prev[N],selected[N]={0},i,m,min,start,d,j,x,y
;char path[N];int path1[N];
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
dist[i]=
IN;

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 prev[i]
=-1;
}
start=source;
selected[start]=1;
dist[start]=0;
while(selected[target]=
=0)
{
min=
IN;
m=0
;
for(i=1;i<N;i++)
{
d=dist[start]+cost[start][i];
if(d<dist[i]&&selected[i]==0)
{
dist[i]=d;
prev[i]=st
art;
}
if(min>dist[i]&&selected[i]==0)
{
min=dis
t[i];m=i;
}}
start=m;
selected[start]
=1;
}
start=tar
get;j=0;
while(start!=-1)
{
path[j++]=start
+64;
path1[j++]=star
t;
start=prev[start]
;
}
path[j]='\0';

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 strrev(path);
printf("%s",pa
th);
printf("\n");
for(j=j-1;j>=0;j--)
{
printf("%d\t",path1[j]);
if(j>0)
{
x=path1[j];
y=path1[j-1];
printf("%s\t%s\n",interface[x][y],interface[y][x
]);
}}
return dist[target];
}

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 Output:

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 EXP NO: 6
JAVA RMI Basic Calculator
Date:

AIM: To using JAVA RMI write a program to implement Basic Calculator.

RMI called as remote method innovaction, by using rmi to develop calculator program in java

Program:

Calc.java
import java.rmi.Remote;
import
java.rmi.RemoteException;
public interface Calc extends
Remote
{
public long addition(long a, long b)throws RemoteException;
public long subtraction(long a, long b) throws RemoteException;
public long multiplication(long a, long b) throws RemoteException;
public long divition(long a, long b) throws RemoteException;
}

Calcimpl.java
import java.rmi.RemoteException;
import java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject;
public class Calcimpl extends UnicastRemoteObject implements Calc
{
protected Calcimpl()throws RemoteException
{
super();
}
public long addition(long a,long b)throws RemoteException
{
return a+b;
}
public long subtraction(long a,long b)throws RemoteException
{
return a-b;
}
public long multiplication(long a,long b)throws RemoteException
{
return a*b;
}
public long divition(long a, long b)throws java.rmi.RemoteException
{
return a/b;
}
}
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 Calcserv.java
import java.rmi.Naming;
public class CalcServer
{
CalcServer()
{
try
{
Calc c = new Calcimpl();
Naming.rebind("rmi://localhost:1099/CalculatorService"
, c);
}

catch (Exception e)

System.out.println("Exception:"+e);

}
}

public static void main(String args[])

new CalcServer();

}
CalculatorClient
import java.rmi.Naming;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;
import
java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.rmi.NotBoundException;
public class CalculatorClient
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
Calc c = (Calc)
Naming.lookup("rmi://localhost/CalculatorService");
System.out.println( c.subtraction(4, 3)
); System.out.println( c.addition(4, 5) );
System.out.println( c.multiplication(3,
6) );System.out.println( c.divition(9, 3)
);
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 }
catch (MalformedURLException murle)
{
System.out.println();
System.out.println("MalformedURLException");
System.out.println(murle);
}
catch (RemoteException re)
{
System.out.println();
System.out.println("RemoteException");
System.out.println(re);
}
catch (NotBoundException nbe)
{
System.out.println();
System.out.println("NotBoundException");
System.out.println(nbe);
}
catch (java.lang.ArithmeticExceptionae)
{
System.out.println();
System.out.println("java.lang.ArithmeticException");
System.out.println(ae);
}

Output:

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 EXP NO: 7
Chatting application using JAVA TCP and UDP sockets
Date:

AIM: Implement a Chatting application using JAVA TCP and UDP sockets.

Procedure:
1. In any Client/Server Application, we need to run the server before the client, because
theserver keeps waiting for the client to be connected.
2. Server keeps listening for the client on an assigned IP & Port
3. For establishing connection client must know the IP & Port of the server.
4. When we start Client Application, It creates a connection to the server.
5. After the Successful connection Client & Server Applications can send &
receivemessages.

Source Code:

charsever.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class
chatserver
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
ServerSocket ss=new
ServerSocket(2000);Socket
sk=ss.accept();
BufferedReader cin=new
BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(sk.getInputStream()));
PrintStream cout=new PrintStream(sk.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader stdin=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));String s;
while ( true )
{
s=cin.readLine();
if (s.equalsIgnoreCase("END"))
{
cout.println("BY
E");break;
}
System. out.print("Client :
"+s+"\n");
System.out.print("Server : ");

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 s=stdin.readLine();
cout.println(s);
}
ss.close();
sk.close();
cin.close();
cout.clos
e();
stdin.clos
e();
}
}

chatclient.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class
chatclient
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
Socket sk=new Socket("127.0.0.1",2000);
BufferedReader sin=new
BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(sk.getInputStream()));
PrintStream sout=new PrintStream(sk.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader stdin=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));String s;
while ( true )
{
System.out.print("Client
: ");s=stdin.readLine();
sout.println(s);
s=sin.readLine();
System.out.print("Server :
"+s+"\n");if (
s.equalsIgnoreCase("BYE") )
break;
}
sk.close();
sin.close();
sout.clos

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 e();
stdin.clos
e();
}
}

output:
Server:

E:\nwlab>javac *.java
E:\nwlab>java
chatserverClient : hi
Server

: hi

Client:

E:\nwlab>java
chatclientClient : hi
Server

: hi

Client

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 EXP NO: 8
Hello and Echo commands using JAVA
Date:

AIM: Hello command is used to know whether the machine at the other end is working or
not. Echo command is used to measure the round trip time to the neighbour. Implement
Hello and Echo commands using JAVA.

Source Code:

import
java.util.Scanner;
public class Echo
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
String inData;
Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );

System.out.println("Enter the data:");

inData = scan.nextLine();

System.out.println("You entered:" + inData );

}
}

Output:
C:\> javac
Echo.javaC:\>
java Echo Enter
the data:
This is what the user typed.
You entered: This is what the user typed.

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 EXP NO: 9
Inspect HTTP Traffic
Date:

AIM: Using Wireshark perform the following operations:

- Inspect HTTP Traffic
- .Inspect HTTP Traffic from a Given IP Address,
- Inspect HTTP Traffic to a Given IP Address,
- Reject Packets to Given IP Address,
- Monitor Apache and MySQL Network Traffic.
Procedure:

Wireshark is a software protocol analyzer, or “packet sniffer” application, used for network
troubleshooting, analysis, software and protocol development, and education. As data streams
travel back and forth over the network, the sniffer “captures” each protocol data unit (PDU)
and can decode and analyze its content according to the appropriate RFC or other
specifications.

Wireshark is a useful tool for anyone working with networks and can be used with most labs
in the CCNA courses for data analysis and troubleshooting. This lab provides instructions for
downloading and installing Wireshark.

Required Resources

• PC (Windows 7, 8, or 10 with internet access)

Download and Install Wireshark

Wireshark has become the industry standard packet-sniffer program used by network
engineers. This open source software is available for many different operating systems,
including Windows, Mac, and Linux. In this lab, you will download and install the Wireshark
software program on your PC.

Step 1: Download Wireshark.

a. Wireshark can be downloaded from www.wireshark.org.

b. Click the icon above Download

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 C. Choose the software version you need based on your PC architecture and operating
system.For instance, if you have a 64-bit PC

Step 2: Install Wireshark.

a. The downloaded file is named Wireshark-win64-x.x.x.exe, where x represents the
version number. Double-click the file to start the installation process.
b. Respond to any security messages that may display on your screen. If you already
have acopy of Wireshark on your PC, you will be prompted to uninstall the old
version before

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 installing the new version. It is recommended that you remove the old version of
Wireshark prior to installing another version. Click Yes to uninstall the previous
version of Wireshark.

c. If this is the first time that you have installed Wireshark, or after you have completed
theuninstall process, you will navigate to the Wireshark Setup wizard. Click Next.

d. Continue advancing through the installation process. Click I Agree when the
LicenseAgreement window displays

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 e. Keep the default settings on the Choose Components window and click Next

f. Choose your desired shortcut options and click Next.

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 g. You can change the installation location of Wireshark, but unless you have limited
diskspace, it is recommended that you keep the default location.

h. To capture live network data, WinPcap must be installed on your PC. If WinPcap
is already installed on your PC, the Install check box will be unchecked. If your
installedversion of WinPcap is older than the version that comes with Wireshark,
it is recommended that you allow the newer version to be installed by clicking the
Install

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J Jagadeswara Reddy
 WinPcap x.x.x (version number) check box.
i. Finish the WinPcap Setup wizard if installing WinPcap

j. In addition, USBPcap can be installed on your PC. If USBPcap is already installed on

your PC, the Install check box will be unchecked. If your installed version of
USBPcap isolder than the version that comes with Wireshark, it is recommended that
you allow the newer version to be installed by clicking the Install USBPcap x.x.x
(version number) check box.
Note: Because USBcap is still experimental, it is recommended that you DO NOT
installUSBcap unless you need to capture USB traffic.
k. Finish the USBPcap Setup wizard if installing USBPcap

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 l. Wireshark starts installing its files, and a separate window displays with the status of
theinstallation. Click Next when the installation is complete.

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 m. Click Finish to complete the Wireshark install process.

Result:

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J Jagadeswara Reddy
 EXP NO: 10
Network Simulater-2
Date:

AIM: Install Network Simulator 2/3. Create a wired network using dumbbell topology.
Attach agents, generate both FTP and CBR traffic, and transmit the traffic. Vary the data
rates and evaluate the performance using metric throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss.

Description:

Network Simulator (Version 2), widely known as NS2, is simply an event driven simulation
tool that has proved useful in studying the dynamic nature of communication networks.
Simulation of wired as well as wireless network functions and protocols (e.g., routing
algorithms, TCP, UDP) can be done using NS2. In general, NS2 provides users with a way of
specifying such network protocols and simulating their corresponding behaviors. Due to its
flexibility and modular nature, NS2 has gained constant popularity in the networking
research community since its birth in 1989. Ever since, several revolutions and revisions
have marked the growing maturity of the tool, thanks to substantial contributions from the
players in the field. Among these are the University of California and Cornell University who
developed the REAL network simulator,1 the foundation which NS is based on. Since 1995
the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) supported development of NS
through the Virtual Inter Network Testbed (VINT) project . Currently the National Science
Foundation (NSF) has joined the ride in development. Last but not the least, the group of
Researchers and developers in the community are constantly working to keep NS2 strong and
versatile.

NS uses two languages because simulator has two different kinds of things it needs to do. On
one hand, detailed simulations of protocols requires a systems programming language which
can efficiently manipulate bytes, packet headers, and implement algorithms that run over
large data sets. For these tasks run-time speed is important and turn-around time (run
simulation, find bug, fix bug, recompile, re-run) is less important. On the other hand, a large
part of network research involves slightly varying parameters or configurations, or quickly
exploring a number of scenarios.

In these cases, iteration time (change the model and re-run) is more important. Since
configuration runs once (at the beginning of the simulation), run-time of this part of the task
is less important. NS meets both of these needs with two languages, C++ and OTcl.

Tcl scripting

o Tcl is a general purpose scripting language. [Interpreter]

o Tcl runs on most of the platforms such as Unix, Windows, and Mac.
o The strength of Tcl is its simplicity.
o It is not necessary to declare a data type for variable prior to the usage.

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 Basics of TCL
Syntax: command arg1 arg2 arg3
Hello World!
puts stdout{Hello, World!} Hello, World!

Variables Command
Substitution set a 5 set len
[string length foobar]
set b $a set len [expr [string length foobar] + 9]

Wired TCL Script Components

Create the event scheduler
Open new files & turn on the
tracingCreate the nodes
Setup the links
Configure the traffic type (e.g., TCP, UDP,
etc) Set the time of traffic generation (e.g.,
CBR, FTP)Terminate the simulation

NS Simulator Preliminaries.
1. Initialization and termination aspects of the ns simulator.
2. Definition of network nodes, links, queues and topology.
3. Definition of agents and of applications.
4. The nam visualization tool.
5. Tracing and random variables.

Initialization and Termination of TCL Script in NS-2

An ns simulation starts with the command
set ns [new Simulator]
Which is thus the first line in the tcl script? This line declares a new variable as using the set
command, you can call this variable as you wish, In general people declares it as ns
because it is an instance of the Simulator class, so an object the code[new Simulator] is
indeed the installation of the class Simulator using the reserved word new.

Output:

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 EXP NO: 11
Network Simulater-2 FTP & CBR Traffic
Date:

AIM: Create a static wireless network. Attach agents, generate both FTP and CBR traffic,
and transmit the traffic. Vary the data rates and evaluate the performance using metric
throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss.

DESCRIPTION

NS uses two languages because simulator has two different kinds of things it needs to do. On
one hand, detailed simulations of protocols requires a systems programming language which
can efficiently manipulate bytes, packet headers, and implement algorithms that run over
large data sets. For these tasks run-time speed is important and turn-around time (run
simulation, find bug, fix bug, recompile, re-run) is less important. On the other hand, a large
part of network research involves slightly varying parameters or configurations, or quickly
exploring a number of scenarios.

In these cases, iteration time (change the model and re-run) is more important. Since
configuration runs once (at the beginning of the simulation), run-time of this part of the task
is less important. NS meets both of these needs with two languages, C++ and OTcl.

Tcl scripting

o Tcl is a general purpose scripting language. [Interpreter]

o Tcl runs on most of the platforms such as Unix, Windows, and Mac.
o The strength of Tcl is its simplicity.
o It is not necessary to declare a data type for variable prior to the usage.

In order to have output files with data on the simulation (trace files) or files used for
visualization (nam files), we need to create the files using ―open command:

#Open the Trace file

#Open the NAM trace file

set tracefile1 [open out.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tracefile1

set namfile [open out.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

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 The above creates a dta trace file called out.tr and a nam visualization trace file called out.
nam.Within the tcl script, these files are not called explicitly by their names, but instead by
pointers that are declared above and called ―tracefile1 and ―namfile respectively. Remark
that they begins with a # symbol. The second line open the file ―out.tr to be used for writing,
declared with the letter ―w. The third line uses a simulator method called trace-all that have
as parameter the name of the file where the traces will go.

Define a “finish‟

procedureProc finish { }

{
global ns tracefile1 namfile
$ns flush-
trace Close
$tracefile1
Close
$namfile
Exec nam
out.nam &Exit 0
}

Definition of a network of links and nodes

The way to define a node is
set n0 [$ns node]
Once we define several nodes, we can define the links that connect them. An example
of adefinition of a link is:
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 10Mb 10ms DropTail
Which means that $n0 and $n2 are connected using a bi-directional link that has
10ms ofpropagation delay and a capacity of 10Mb per sec for each direction.
To define a directional link instead of a bi-directional one, we should replace ―duplex-link by
―simplex-link.
In ns, an output queue of a node is implemented as a part of each link whose input is that
node. We should also define the buffer capacity of the queue related to each link. An
example wouldbe:
#set Queue Size of link (n0-n2) to 20
FTP over TCP
TCP is a dynamic reliable congestion control protocol. It uses Acknowledgements
created bythe destination to know whether packets are well received.
There are number variants of the TCP protocol, such as Tahoe, Reno, NewReno, Vegas.
Thetype of agent appears in the first line:
#Setup a UDP connection

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

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 $ns attach-agent $n1
$udpset null [new
Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n5 $null
$ns connect $udp $null
$udp set fid_2

#setup a CBR over UDP connection

The below shows the definition of a CBR application using a UDP agent
The command $ns attach-agent $n4 $sink defines the destination node. The command $ns
connect $tcp $sink finally makes the TCP connection between the source and destination
nodes.

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set packetsize_ 100
$cbr set rate_ 0.01Mb
$cbr set random_ false

TCP has many parameters with initial fixed defaults values that can be changed if
mentioned explicitly. For example, the default TCP packet size has a size of 1000bytes.This
can be changed to another value, say 552bytes, using the command $tcp set packetSize_
552.
When we have several flows, we may wish to distinguish them so that we can identify them
with different colors in the visualization part. This is done by the command $tcp set fid_ 1
that assigns to the TCP connection a flow identification of ―1.We shall later give the flow
identification of ―2‖ to the UDP connection.

Output:

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 EXP NO: 12
Network Simulater-2 FTP & CBR Traffic
Date:

AIM: Create a mobile wireless network. Attach agents, generate both FTP and CBR traffic,
and transmit the traffic. Vary the data rates and evaluate the performance using metric
throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss.

Description:
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of small sensor nodes that are
deployed in the area in which a factor is to be monitored. In wireless sensor network, energy
model is one of the optional attributes of a node. The energy model denotes the level of
energy in a mobile node. The components required for designing energy model includes
initialEnergy, txPower, rxPower, and idlePower. The “initialEnergy” represents the level
of energy the node has at the initial stage of simulation. “txPower” and “rxPower” denotes
the energy consumed for transmitting and receiving the packets. If the node is a sensor, the
energy model should include a special component called “sensePower”. It denotes the energy
consumed during the sensing operation. Apart from these components, it is important to
specify the communication range (RXThresh_) and sensing range of a node (CSThresh_).
The sample 18.tcl designs a WSN in which sensor nodes are configured with different
communication and sensing range. Base Station is configured with highest communication
range. Data Transmission is established between nodes using UDP agent and CBR traffic.

Algorithm:
1. Create a simulator object
2. Define setting options for wireless channel
3. Create trace file and name file
4. Setup topography object and nodes
5. Provide initial location of mobile nodes
6. Setup a UDP connection between nodes
7. Printing the window size

Program:
# Define setting options
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# channel type
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# radio-propagation
modelset val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;# network interface type
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;# MAC type

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 set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# interface queue
typeset val(ll) LL ;# link layer type
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# antenna
modelset val(ifqlen) 50 ;# max packet in ifq
set val(nn) 10 ;# number of
mobilenodesset val(rp) DSDV ;#
routing protocol
set val(x) 500 ;# X dimension of
topographyset val(y) 400 ;# Y
dimension of topographyset val(stop)
150 ;# time of simulation end set ns
[new Simulator]
#Creating trace file and nam
fileset tracefd [open dsdv.tr
w]
set windowVsTime2 [open
win.tr w]set namtrace [open
dsdv.nam w]
$ns trace-all $tracefd
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x)
$val(y)# set up topography object
set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid $val(x)
$val(y)create-god $val(nn)
# configure the nodes
$ns node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \
-llType $val(ll) \
-macType $val(mac) \
-ifqType $val(ifq) \
-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \
-antType $val(ant) \
-propType $val(prop) \
-phyType $val(netif) \
-channelType $val(chan) \
-topoInstance $topo \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace OFF \
-movementTrace ON
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } { incr i
} {set node_($i) [$ns node]
}
# Provide initial location of mobilenodes
$node_(0) set X_ 5.0
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 $node_(0) set Y_ 800.0
$node_(0) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(1) set X_ 8.0
$node_(1) set Y_ 650.0
$node_(1) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(2) set X_ 60.0
$node_(2) set Y_ 450.0
$node_(2) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(3) set X_ 10.0
$node_(3) set Y_ 480.0
$node_(3) set Z_
0.0#another four
$node_(4) set X_ 350.0
$node_(4) set Y_ 500.0
$node_(4) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(5) set X_ 150.0
$node_(5) set Y_ 850.0
$node_(5) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(6) set X_ 200.0
$node_(6) set Y_ 500.0
$node_(6) set Z_ 0.0
#$node_(7) set X_ 320.0
$node_(7) set X_ 320.0
$node_(7) set Y_ 650.0
$node_(7) set Z_
0.0#another four
$node_(8) set X_ 250.0
$node_(8) set Y_ 700.0
$node_(8) set Z_ 0.0
$node_(9) set X_ 400.0
$node_(9) set Y_ 800.0
$node_(9) set Z_ 0.0
###############################
###
#copy of the data
###############################
###
#####Attack Node
$node_(5) color Green
$ns at 10.0 "$node_(5) color Green"
$ns at 10.0 "$node_(5) label EndUser"
# Set a udp connection between node_(5) and node_(8)

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 set udp [new Agent/UDP]
set sink [new
Agent/LossMonitor] #$ns
attach-agent $node_(5) $udp
#$ns attach-agent $node_(8)
$sink
$ns attach-agent $node_(8) $udp
$ns attach-agent $node_(5) $sink
$ns connect $udp $sink
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$node_(8) color Green
$ns at 10.0 "$node_(8) color yellow"
$ns at 10.0 "$node_(5) label node5 "
$ns at 10.0 "$node_(8) label node8 "
$ns at 10.0 "$cbr start"
$ns at 10.45 "$cbr stop"
# Set a udp connection between node_(8) and
node_(6)set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
set sink1 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
$ns attach-agent $node_(8) $udp1
$ns attach-agent $node_(6) $sink1
$ns connect $udp1 $sink1
set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1
$node_(6) color yellow
$ns at 10.0 "$node_(6) color yellow"
$ns at 10.0 "$node_(6) label node6 "
$ns at 10.0 "$cbr1 start"
$ns at 10.45 "$cbr1 stop"
# Set a udp connection between node_(8) and
node_(6)set udp2 [new Agent/UDP]
set sink2 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
$ns attach-agent $node_(5) $udp2
$ns attach-agent $node_(8) $sink2
$ns connect $udp2 $sink2
set cbr2 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr2 attach-agent $udp2
$node_(6) color yellow
$ns at 12.0 "$cbr2 start"
$ns at 13.45 "$cbr2 stop"
# Set a udp connection between node_(8) and node_(6)

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 set udp3 [new Agent/UDP]
set sink3 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
$ns attach-agent $node_(8) $udp3
$ns attach-agent $node_(6) $sink3
$ns connect $udp3 $sink3
set cbr3 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr3 attach-agent $udp1
$node_(6) color yellow
$ns at 14.0 "$cbr3 start"
$ns at 16.45 "$cbr3
stop" # Printing the
window size
proc plotWindow {tcpSource
file} {global nss
set time 0.01
set now [$ns now]
set cwnd [$tcpSource set
cwnd_]puts $file "$now
$cwnd"
$ns at [expr $now+$time] "plotWindow $tcpSource
$file" }#$ns at 10.1 "plotWindow $tcp
$windowVsTime2"
# Define node initial position in
nam for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {
incr i } {# 30 defines the node size
for nam
$ns initial_node_pos $node_($i) 30
}
# Telling nodes when the simulation
endsfor {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } {
incr i } { #$ns at $val(stop)
"$node_($i) reset"; #$ns at 200.25
"$node_($i) reset";
$ns at 21.25 "$node_($i) reset";
}
$ns at 0.00 "$ns trace-annotate \"Wireless Mac Ptotocol \""
$ns at 10.0 "$ns trace-annotate \" Data send in node5 to node8 \""
$ns at 10.0 "$ns trace-annotate \" Data send in node6 to node8 \""
$ns at 10.45 "$ns trace-annotate \" Data Collision \""
$ns at 12.00 "$ns trace-annotate \"Data send in node5 to node8\""
$ns at 14.00 "$ns trace-annotate \"Data send in node6 to node8\""
$ns at 21.25 "$ns trace-annotate \"End simulation\""
$ns at 21.25 "$ns nam-end-wireless 21.01"
$ns at 21.25 "stop"
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 $ns at 22.01 "puts \"end simulation\" ; $ns halt"
proc stop {} {
global ns tracefd namtrace
$ns flush-
trace close
$tracefd
close
$namtrace
exec nam
dsdv.nam &exit 0
}
$ns run

Expected Output:

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 ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

EXP NO: 13
SIMULATE A MOBILE ADHOC NETWORK
Date:

AIM: To simulate a Mobile Adhoc network (MANET) using NS2.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Network Simulator -2
THEORY:

A mobile ad hoc network or MANET does not depend on a fixed infrastructure for its
networking operation. MANET is an autonomous and short-lived association of group of
mobile nodes that communicate with each other over wireless links. A node can directly
communicate to the nodes that lie within its communication range. If a node wants to
communicate with a node that is not directly within its communication range, it uses
intermediate nodes as routers.

ALGORITHM:

1. Create a simulator object

2. Set the values for the parameter
3. Open a nam trace file and define finish procedure then close the trace file, and execute
nam ontrace file.
4. Create the nodes that forms a network numbered from 0 to 3
5. Schedule events and run the program.

PROGRAM:
set val(chan)
Channel/WirelessChannel set
val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy
set val(mac) Mac/802_11
set val(ifq)
Queue/DropTail/PriQueueset
val(ll) LL
set val(ant)
Antenna/OmniAntennaset
val(ifqlen) 50
set val(nn) 3
set val(rp) DSDV
set ns [new
Simulator] set tf
[open output.tr w]
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 $ns trace-all $tf
set tf1 [open output.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $tf1 100
100set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid 100
100create-god $val(nn)
$ns node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \
-llType $val(ll) \
-macType $val(mac) \
-ifqType $val(ifq) \
-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \
-antType $val(ant) \
-propType $val(prop) \
-phyType $val(netif) \
-channelType $val(chan) \
-topoInstance $topo \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace OFF \
-macTrace OFF \
-movementTrace
OFFset node0
[$ns node] set
node1 [$ns node]
set node2 [$ns
node]
$ns initial_node_pos $node0 10
$ns initial_node_pos $node1 10
$ns initial_node_pos $node2 10
$node0 set X_ 25.0
$node0 set Y_ 50.0
$node0 set Z_ 0.0
$node1 set X_ 50.0
$node1 set Y_ 50.0
$node1 set Z_ 0.0
$node2 set X_ 65.0
$node2 set Y_ 50.0
$node2 set Z_ 0.0
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $node0
$tcp1set ftp [new
Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp1
set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $node2 $sink1
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 $ns connect $tcp1 $sink1
$ns at 10.0 "$node1 setdest 50.0 90.0 0.0"
$ns at 50.0 "$node1 setdest 50.0 10.0 0.0"
$ns at 0.5 "$ftp start"
$ns at 1000 "$ftp stop"
$ns at 1000
"finish"proc
finish {} {
global ns tf tf1
$ns flush-
traceclose
$tf
exec nam
output.nam &exit 0
}
$ns run

EXPECTED OUTPUT:

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 EXP NO: 14
SIMULATE A MOBILE ADHOC NETWORK
Date:

AIM: To implement a Transport Control Protocol in sensor network through the simulator.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Network Simulator -2
THEORY:

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet
protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented
the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP
provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets (bytes) between
applications running on hosts communicating by an IP network. Major Internet applications
such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration, and file transfer rely on TCP.
Applications that do not require reliable data stream service may use the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP), which provides a connectionless datagram service that emphasizes reduced
latency over reliability.

ALGORITHM:

1. Create a simulator object

2. Define different colors for different data flows
3. Open a nam trace file and define finish procedure then close the trace file, and execute
nam ontrace file.
4. Create six nodes that forms a network numbered from 0 to 5
5. Create duplex links between the nodes and add Orientation to the nodes for setting a
LANtopology
6. Setup TCP Connection between n(0) and n(4)
7. Apply FTP Traffic over TCP
8. Setup UDP Connection between n(1) and n(5)
9. Apply CBR Traffic over UDP.
10. Schedule events and run the program.

PROGRAM:
set ns [new Simulator]
#Define different colors for data flows (for NAM)
$ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red
#Open the Trace
files
set file1 [open out.tr w]
set winfile [open WinFile w]

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J Jagadeswara Reddy
 $ns trace-all $file1
#Open the NAM trace
fileset file2 [open
out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $file2
#Define a 'finish'
procedureproc finish {}
{
global ns file1 file2
$ns flush-
traceclose
$file1
close
$file2
exec nam
out.nam &exit 0
}
#Create six
nodes set n0
[$ns node] set
n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns
node] set n3
[$ns node] set
n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns
node]
$n1 color red
$n1 shape box
#Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns simplex-link $n2 $n3 0.3Mb 100ms DropTail
$ns simplex-link $n3 $n2 0.3Mb 100ms DropTail
set lan [$ns newLan "$n3 $n4 $n5" 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/DropTail MAC/Csma/Cd
Channel]#Setup a TCP connection
set tcp [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
$tcp set fid_ 1
$tcp set window_ 8000
$tcp set packetSize_ 552
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J Jagadeswara Reddy
 #Setup a FTP over TCP
connectionset ftp [new
Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ftp set type_ FTP

$ns at 1.0 "$ftp start"

$ns at 124.0 "$ftp stop"

# next procedure gets two arguments: the name of

the# tcp source node, will be called here "tcp",
# and the name of output file.
proc plotWindow {tcpSource
file} {global ns
set time 0.1
set now [$ns now]
set cwnd [$tcpSource set
cwnd_] set wnd [$tcpSource
set window_]puts $file "$now
$cwnd"
$ns at [expr $now+$time] "plotWindow $tcpSource $file" }
$ns at 0.1 "plotWindow $tcp $winfile"
$ns at 5 "$ns trace-annotate \"packet
drop\""# PPP
$ns at 125.0 "finish"
$ns run

Expected Output:

54
J Jagadeswara Reddy