E T H E R

Engineering Educational Equipments

Cert. No. 4493

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Co.

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

for

DOUBLE PASS HEAT EXCHANGER

Manufacturers:
ETHER ENGINEERS
52. Industrial Estate
Ambala Cantt. – 133006
Ph. 0171-2699150(o), 2654041 (R)
Mobile: 09896133557, 09896333447
Website : www.etherengineers.com
E-mail:[email protected]
[email protected]
 ENGINEERING EDUCATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
OBJECTIVE:

To study the heat transfer through double pass heat exchanger.

AIM:
To determine the rate of heat transfer.
To determine the LMTD.
To determine the heat transfer coefficient.

INTRODUCTION:

Temperature can be defined as the amount of energy that a substance has. Heat exchangers are used to
transfer that energy from one substance to another. In process units it is necessary to control the temperature of
incoming and outgoing streams. These streams can either be gases or liquids. Heat exchangers raise or lower the
temperature of these streams by transferring heat to or from the stream.
Heat exchangers are a device that exchanges the heat between two fluids of different temperatures that are
separated by a solid wall. The temperature gradient or the differences in temperature facilitate this transfer of
heat. Transfer of heat happens by three principle means: radiation, conduction and convection. In the use of heat
exchangers radiation does take place. However, in comparison to conduction and convection, radiation does not
play a major role. Conduction occurs as the heat from the higher temperature fluid passes through the solid wall.
To maximize the heat transfer, the wall should be thin and made of a very conductive material. The biggest
contribution to heat transfer in a heat exchanger is made through convection.
In a heat exchanger forced convection allows for the transfer of heat of one moving stream to another moving
stream. With convection as heat is transferred through the pipe wall it is mixed into the stream and the flow of
the stream removes the transferred heat. This maintains a temperature gradient between the two fluids.
The double-pass heat exchanger is one of the simplest types of heat exchangers. In case of double pass heat
exchanger one fluid flows inside a tube and the other fluid flows through the shell side. This is a concentric tube
construction. Flow in a double-pass heat exchanger can be co-current or counter-current. In this double pass
heat exchanger a hot process fluid flowing through the inner tube transfers its heat to cooling water flowing
in the shell side. The system is in steady state until conditions change, such as flow rate or inlet temperature.
These changes in conditions cause the temperature distribution to change with time until a new steady state
is reached. The new steady state will be observed once the inlet and outlet temperatures for the process and
coolant fluid become stable. In reality, the temperatures will never be completely stable, but with large
enough changes in inlet temperatures or flow rates a relative steady state can be experimentally observed.
THEORY:
As with any process the analysis of a heat exchanger begins with an energy and material balance. Before
doing a complete energy balance a few assumptions can be made. The first assumption is that the energy lost to
the surroundings from the cooling water or from the U-bends in the inner pipe to the surroundings is negligible.
We also assume negligible potential or kinetic energy changes and constant physical properties such as specific
heats and density. These assumptions also simplify the basic heat-exchanger equations.
The determination of the overall heat-transfer coefficient is necessary in order to determine the heat transferred
from the inner pipe to the outer pipe. This coefficient takes into account all of the conductive and convective
resistances (k and h, respectively) between fluids separated by the inner pipe, and also takes into account thermal
resistances caused by fouling (rust, scaling, i.e.) on both sides of the inner pipe. For a double-pipe heat
exchanger the overall heat transfer coefficient, U, can be expressed as

1 1 Rf0 1 d  R fi 1
= + + ln o  + +
UA A0 h0 A0 2kπl  d i  Ai Ai hi
In a heat exchanger the log-mean temperature difference is the appropriate average temperature difference to use
in heat transfer calculations. The equation for the log-mean temperature difference is
(T − Toi ) − (Tii − Too )
∆TLM = io
 T − Toi 
ln io 
T
 ii − Too 

T + Tii
Tia = io
2
T + Toi
Toa = oo
2
Thermal conductivity, k, can be evaluated at the average of the average temperatures. In a double-pipe heat
exchanger the inner pipe is made of a conductive metal and is thin.
The problem can be further simplified if the equipment is assumed to be clean, which means that no scaling
exists. This is a poor simplification with the double-pipe heat exchanger in the laboratory, because it is many
years old. The fouling factors Rfo and Rfi can be looked up from various sources, including Standards of the
Now everything that was necessary for an energy balance is available.

dT ia
m i C Pi = q i ρ i C pi (Tii − Tio ) − UA ∆ T LM
dt
 dToa
mo C p o = q o ρ o C po (Toi − Too ) − UA ∆ TLM
dt

DESCRIPTION:

The Experimental setup consists of a double pass shell & tube Heat Exchanger. Hot water flows
through inner tube in one direction only and cold water flows through the Shell Side. Flow rates of hot and
cold fluid are measured using rotameters.A magnetic drive pump is used to circulate the hot water from
sump tank to inner tube. Sump tank is fitted with heaters and digital temperature indicator to control the
temperature. The whole assembly is painted with good Structure.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the apparatus and add clean water to the water bath.
2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the temperature of hot water with the help of DTC
3. Connect the cold water supply to the inlet of cold water
4. After reaching your ambition temperature now supply the hot water and cold water at a particular
flow rate.
5. Wait for sometime to reach steady state
6. Now note down the reading of all sensors provided with this equipment.
7. Same procedure can be repeated at different flow rate and different ho water temperature
SPECIFICATIONS:
System : water to water
Shell : material S.S,dia 220 mm,length 500mm,25% cut sectional
baffle(4 nos)
Tube : ID 9.5 mm,OD 13 mm,Length 500mm
Water flow measurement : Rotameters (2 No.s) each for hot and cold water
Water circulation : magnetic pump made of polypropylene to circulate hot water
(Max working Temperature 85 0C)
Hot water tank : Made of SS insulated with ceramic wool
Heaters : Nichrome wire heater (2 No.s)
Temperature Sensors : RTD PT -100 type 5 No.s
Control panel : Digital temperature controller (0- 2000C)
Digital Temp. Indicator (0-200º C) with multi channel switch
ON/OFF switch, mains indicator, etc.
UTILITES REQUIRED:

Water Supply : 10 lit/min (approx) and drain

Electricity Supply : 1 Phase. 220 V AC, 3 kW.
Floor Area : 2 m x 0.6 m

FORMULAE:
DATA: OD of InnerTube do = 0.013 m
Length of the Tube L=1.5 m
Thi = Hot water inlet temperature = T1
Tho = Hot water outlet temperature = T2
Tci = Cold water inlet temperature = T3
Tco = Cold water outlet temperature = T4

Specific heat of water = 4.2 Kj/kgoC

TABULATION AND CALCULATION:-
S.No Hot water Cold water
Flow Inlet Outlet Flow rate Inlet Outlet
rate(LPH) Temperature Temperature (LPH) Temperature Temperature
Thi = T1 Tho = T2 TCi = T3 Tho = T4
1
2
3
4

Formula:

Heat gained by cold water

QC = mC × C Pc × (Tco − TCi )
Where, mc = mass flow rate of cold water
Cpc = Specific heat of cold water
Heat loss by hot water
Qh = mh × C Ph × (Thi − Tho )
Where, mh = mass flow rate of hot water
Cph = Specific heat of hot water
Average heat transfer
Q + Qh
Qavg = C
2
For heat exchanger
∆T1 = (Thi − Tco )
∆T2 = (Tho − Tci )

Log mean temperature difference

∆T − ∆T2
LMTD = 1
 ∆T 
ln 1 
 ∆T2 
Heat transfer Area
A = N × π × do × L m2
Where N = No of Tubes= 20 Nos
do = OD of Inner tube= 0.016 m
L = Length of heat exchanger=1.2 m

Overall heat transfer co-efficient

Qavg
U=
A × LMTD
PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Never run the apparatus if the power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.
2. Use stabilized A.C. single phase supply only.
3. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on the
panel are at OFF position.
4. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
6. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLE SHOOTING:

1. If the electric panel is not showing the input on mains light, check the main supply.
2. If the temperature of any sensor is not displayed in DTI, check the connection.