6115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users lara Simbes 7 months ago Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users This comprehensive & Python cheat sheet covers everything you need to know to get started with Python, from basic syntax to advanced concepts like object-oriented programming and data structures. It's also a great resource for experienced Python users who want to brush up on their skills or learn something new. What is Python? Python is a High-Level Programming Language, with high-level inbuilt data structures and dynamic binding. Its interpreted and an object-oriented programming language. Python distinguishes itself from other programming languages in its easy to write and understand syntax, which makes it charming to both beginners and experienced folks alike. The extensive applicability and library support of & § allow highly versatile and scalable software and products to be built on top of it in the real world. Mf 20 Best Python Books for Beginners and Experienced Coders” 1. Python Arithmetic Operators The Arithmetic Operators in the below table are in Lowest to Highest precedence Operators Operation Explanation Examples + Addition Returns sum of 2 numbers 14324 - Subtraction Returns the difference of 2 numbers 1-3 Ads by Google Stop seeing this ad_| Why this ac /ntps:Imorion.convald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheet-for-beginners-and-advanced-users 11896115/24, 8:18 PM Pinon Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users Operators Operation Explanation Examples yy Floored Returns the floor of a divided by b 1//3=0 Division % Remainder Returns the remainder when a is divided by b 1%3=1 Some examples are shown below: Example for Addition #Example for Subtraction 2 Example for Multiplication >>> 676 36 Example for Floored Division >> 4/2 2 example for Division doo 3/2 5080 Example for Modulo >>> 3&2 2. & Python Data Types The table below lists the different data types in © Python along with some examples of them: Y Datatypes Examples, /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 21896115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users DataTypes Examples Boolean True, False Floating Point Numbers 16.0, -11.0, 2021.5 3. Python Variables Variables are names given to data items that may take on one or more values during a program's runtime. Following are the variable naming conventions in & python: © It cannot begin with a number. © It must bea single word © It must consist of letters and _ symbols only. © Variables in Python which start with _ (underscore) are considered as “Unuseful”. Some examples are shown below: >>> variable_name = "Hello" >>> vardable_name Hello >>> variableName 123 >>> vardableName 123 4.2 Python Comments Comments are lines of text/code in the program, which are ignored by the compiler during program execution. There are multiple types of comments in & python: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 31896115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat She for Beginners and Advanced Users # Inline Conment to calculate sum of 2 numbers def fun(a, b) return a+b © Multiline Comment - We can write a Multiline Comment by typing # followed by the comment in each of the lines. # Multiline # Comment # Function to calculate # sum of 2 numbers def fun(a, b) return a +b © Docstring Comment - Docstring comments are achieved by Typing the comment within triple quotes. ("''* comment ‘***) This is a function to find sum of 2 numbers. This is an example of docstring comment. def fun(a, b) return a+b Y 5, Standard ® Pvthon Functions: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 41591504, 816 Pm yon Cheat Shee for Beginners and Advanced Users We can print multiple tokens, and also specify to print the data separated by different delimiters using the print() function, >>> print("Hello World") Hello World >>> var = “Interviewbit" >>> print("My name is ", var) (Hy name is ', ‘Intervieubit") >>> print("My name is " + var) My name is Interviewbit >>> print (123) 123 >> a= [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> print(a) (4, 2, 3, 4] © input() function in Python The input() function in Python is used to take any form of inputs from the user/standard input device, which can later be processed accordingly in the program It is complementary to the print0 function. >>> print("Enter your name. *) >>> myName = input() >>> print(*Hello, {}" format (myNane)) Enter your name Interviewbit Hello, Interviewbit © lenQ function in & Python The lenQ function is used find the length(number of elements) of any & python v /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 51596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat She for Beginners and Advanced Users # For stri a = “hello” print(len(a)) # For tuple a= (1, 12", 93") print(len(a)) * ord() function in & Python The ord() function in Python will return an integer that represents the Unicode Character passed into it. It takes a single character as a parameter. ASCII TABLE Decimal Hex Chor {Decimal Hex Char_jDecimal Hex Char Decimal Hex Char eae! iene saa Sea a elec eee aa cms ee cece eee can es a eee ee ec ae a en amen ee ——e ca ; eee ce Jo ani nen ae no ae ci oS 3B ° 2 ” 109, ow ae’ i Ba: me aa a Sins ‘ dente aan - - - a a a? ce | ee a je oe : ae ee a soa fn on 3 aoe eI 8 eB iam oe a eee a /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-userse124, 6:16 Pa Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Acvanced Users print(ord('$")) output 65 33 36 6. Python Type Casting Type casting is basically a conversion of variables of a particular datatype into some other datatype, such that the conversion is valid. Type casting can be of two types: Type Casting in Python Impl ern + Implicit Type Casting: in implicit type casting, the & python compiler internally typecasts one variable into another type without the external action of the user. Example: nt_num = 100 float_num = 1.01 ans = int_num + #loat_num /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 7891504, 816 Pm yon Cheat Shee for Beginners and Advanced Users © Explicit Type Casting: In explicit type casting, the user explicitly forces the compiler to convert a variable from one type to another. The different ways of explicit typecasting are given below: 1. Integer to String or Float: To typecast an integer into a string type, we use the str() method. Similarly, to typecast it into a float type, we use the float() method. For example: >>> var = 123 >>> str(var) 123" >>> var = 123 >>> float(var) To typecast a float datatype into an integer datatype, we use the int) method. For example: >>> var = 7.8 >>> print(int(var)) 7 7. Program Flow Control in ® Python Relational Operators in & Python Y The Table gives a list of relational operators available in Python along with their /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 81596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat She for Beginners and Advanced Users Operator What it does s Is equal to Is Greater than or Equal to Is Less than or Equal to > Is Greater than < Is Less than ' Not Equal to Some examples are given below. # Equality Operator >>> 18 == 10 True # 10 is equal to 10, so true >>> 18 == "18 False # The first string is of type int, 2nd of type sti so false # Greater than >>> 18 > 20 False # 1@ is lesser than 2, so above expression is false. # Inequality >>> 1@ I= 20 True # 10 is not equal to 20, so the expression is true # Greater than or equal to de> (2 +3) >= (4 +1) True # (2 +3) = 5 and (4 #1) = 5, so the expression is true. “Note: Never use relational operators to compare boolean operations. Use is or is not operators for it.” /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 9i5e6115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users 8. Boolean Operators in & Python The Table gives a list of boolean operators available in & Pythen along with their functions: Operator What it does and Returns True if both operands are True, else False or Returns True if both operands are True, else False hot Returns value opposite to the Truth value of the expression Examples: # and operator print (True and False) False print (True or False) True # not operator print not False) True 9. Conditional Statements in Python © If Statements: If statement is a condition statement that will perform some operation, if the expression given in it evaluates to true as shown below: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 101596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users [rat Statement/Operation Next line of code >>> var = "Goo >>> if "6 print¢"Same") /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 189en5i24, 8:16 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users * Elif Statements: This statement is used in conjunction with the if statement to add some other condition which is evaluated if the condition in if statement fails. >>> var >>> if var + elif var != “Good' nt ("Not Same") same © Else Statements: This statement is used to perform some operation, if all the if and elif statements evaluates to be false. >>> var = "Good" >>> if var [= "Good": print("Not Same") nt ("Same") same The final if-elif-else ladder looks like shown below: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 121896118724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat She Yes Coreg /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 13159 for Beginners and Advanced Users1504, 816 Pm Pon Cheat Shoe for Beginers and Advanced Users Loops in © Python are statements that allow us to perform a certain operation multiple times unless some condition is met. For Loops: For loop is used to iterate iterables like string, tuple, list, etc and perform some operation as shown in the flowchart below: For each item in sequence Exit for loop © For with range: This loop format will iterate overall numbers from 0 to Limit - 1. The below example prints numbers from 0 to 4. for i in range(5) print (i) Output: e v 1 /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 14596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users © For with range(start, stop, step): This will run the loop from start to stop - 1, with step size = step in each iteration, In the below example, the start is 2, end point is 10 and the step size is 2. Hence it prints 2,4,6,8 for i in range(2, 10, 2): print(i) output: 2 6 © For with in: This is used to iterate over all the elements in a & python container like list, tuple, dictionary, ete. for ele in a print(ele) output © While Loops: This is used for executing set of statements within its block as long as the associated loop condition is evaluated to True as shown in the image below: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 151596118724, 8:18 PM. Pinon Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users Enter while loop Exit while loop >>> count = 5 >>> while count > @: print(count) count -= 1 11. Jump Statements in & Python © break: break statements are used to break out of the current loop, and allow execution of the next statement after it as shown in the flowchart below: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 161596118724, 8:18 PM. Pinon Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users Exit loop EU at Aa) ) >>> for i in range(S) nt (4) if ise 3 vy . break /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 171896115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users * continue: continue statement allows us to send the control back to the starting of the loop, skipping all the lines of code below it in the loop. This is explained in the flowchart below: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 181596118724, 8:18 PM. Pinon Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users Continue arene Ena ras of the loop v >>> for i in range(5) /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 191596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users © pass: The pass statement is basically a null statement, which is generally used as a placeholder. It is used to prevent any code from executing in its scope. for i in range(5) ik2—6 pass else print (i) output 3 © return: return statement allows us to send the control of the program outside the function we are currently in. A function can have multiple return statements, but can encounter only one of them during the course of its execution, def func(x) if x == ‘Hello else return False 12. Functions in & Python Functions are used to well-organized our code and enhance code readability and reusability. In & Python, a function is defined using the def keyword. A function can return some value, or not depending upon its use case. Ifit has to return a value, the v return statement (which has been discussed) is used. The syntax of a ° pythen. /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 201886115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users Pee : ‘Argument lst Ce [ * (passed to the function) Defines function <—— de (arguments): (keyword) Indentation as (indentationisneeded to #——— Bens epeet ts ecto statement n oes inate the function and f eas ee eee cee ke Example of a function: # Function to return sum of two numbers def getSum(a, b) return a +b # Function to print sum of 2 numbers def printSum(a, b) t(a + b) p print(getsum(s, 6)) printsum(5, 6) 13. & Python Variable Scope Resolution Scope of a variable is the part of the code, where it can be accessed freely and used by the program /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 211896115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat She for Beginners and Advanced Users Enclosed The scopes in the above image are explained as follows: © Built-in: These are reserved names for Python built-in modules. * Global: These variables are defined at the highest level. © Enclosed: These variables are defined inside some enclosing functions. © Local: hese variables are defined inside the functions or class and are local to them: The rules used in & Python to resolve scope for local and global variables are as follows: © Code in the global scope cannot use any local variables, * Code in a function's local scope cannot use variables in any other local scope. © However, a local scope can access global variables /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 221886115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users def func(): global value value = “Local” value = "Global func() print (value) output: ocal We set the value of “value” as Global. To change its value from inside the function, we use the global keyword along with “value” to change its value to local, and then print it. 15. Importing Modules in ® Python © Pythen has various external libraries of code with useful utilities and functions. To se these modules, we need to import them into our code, using the import keyword. For example, if we want to use the functionalities of the math module, then we can import it in our & pythen.code by using import math as shown in the example below. print(math.pi) out: 3.141592653589793 If we want to perform any string manipulations, we can use the string module as import string in & pythen. More of this is covered in the String Manipulation section below. 16. Exception Handling in Python v /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 231591504, 816 Pm yon Cheat Shee for Beginners and Advanced Users © try: The code in try section is the part of the code where the code is to be tested for exceptions. © except: Here, the cases in the original code, which can break the code, are written, and what to do in that scenario by the program. © finally: The code in the finally block will execute whether or not an exception has been encountered by the program. The same has been illustrated in the image below: cn BU eee Ce cir This block of code is always run no matter what. Example: # divide(4, 2) will return 2 and print Division Conplete # divide(4, 0) will print error and Division Complete # Finally block will be executed in all cases /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 24596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users finally: print( ‘Division Complete.") 17. Lists in & Python Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable. Their usage and some functions are shown below with examples: example = ["Sunday", "Monday", uesday", “Wednesday"]; print (example) output: ['Sunday', ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday"] © Accessing elements in a List: Accessing elements in a list basically means getting the value of an element at some arbitrary index in the list. Indexes are assigned on 0 based basis in @ python. We can also access elements in Q python with negative indexes. Negative indexes represent elements, counted from the back (end) of the list. example = ["Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"; # Positive Indexing print(example[®], example{1]) # Negative Indexing print (example[-1]) output: Sunday Monday Wednesday © Slicing a List: Slicing is the process of accessing a part or subset of a given list. The slicing is /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 251596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users tveindex 0 1 2 3 example -veindex -4 3 2 -1 example [0:2] = [Sunday, Monday] example [-3:-1] = [Monday, Tuesday] example = ["Sunday", "Monday", “Tuesday”, “Wednesday” ]; # Positive Slicing print (example[0:2]) # Negative Slicing print (example[ -3:-1]) output: ['Sunday', ‘Monday] Monday’, ‘Tuesday We can change values at some particular index in a list by accessing the element with [J and then setting it to some other value. example = ["Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"]; print (example) exanple[@] = "Saturday’ print (example) Output: Sunday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday Saturday’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday'] /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 261596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users example = “Wednesday”]; examplel = ["Weekdays”, "Weekends" ] # Concatenation example = example + example? print (example) Output: ['Sunday', "Monday", ‘Tuesday", ‘Wednesday’, ‘Weekdays’, ‘Weekends*] Copying the contents of a list, some finite number of times into the same or some list is called list replication. example unday", "Monday", uesday", “ednesday"]; exanplet Weekdays", "Weekends"] # Replication exanple1 = exanplet * 3 print (example1) Output: [‘Weekdays", ‘Weekends’, ‘Weekdays’, "Weekends", ‘Weekdays’, ‘Weekends*] © Delete values from Lists: We can delete a particular element from a list by using the del keyword. example = ["Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday" }; print(exanple) del example[2] print(exanple) output: ['sunday’, ‘Nonday’, ‘Tuesday", ‘Wednesday"] ['Sunday", ‘Nonday", *wednesday"] © Looping through Lists: The halnusavamnia chawe haus we can iterate aver all tha alamante nracant in > /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 2896115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users print(ex) output: sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday in and not in keywords: With the in keyword, we can check if some particular element is present in the given python variable. Similar to the not in keyword, we can check if some particular element is not present in the given & python variable. example = ["Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday" ]; print ("Sunday" in example) print("Hello" not in example) output: True True © Adding Values in Lists: insert(): This function inserts an element into a particular index of a list. example = ["Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday" ]; print (example) example. insert(1, 'Days') print (example) output: ['Sunday', ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday*, “Wednesday” ] [‘sunday’, ‘Days’, ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’ ] /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 281596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users example = ["Sunday", "Monday", “Tuesday”, “Wednesday” ]; print (example) example. append( ‘Days") print (example) output: [‘Sunday', ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’ ] ['Sunday', "Monday", ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’, ‘Days"] © Sorting a List: Sorting a list means arranging the elements of the list in some particular order. We sort a list by using the sort() function. # Sorts in Lexicographical order example = ["Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday"]; print (example) # Sort in ascending order exanple.sort() print (example) # Sort in descending order example.sort(reverse = True) print (example) example = [1, 5, 3, 7, 2] # Sort in ascending order example.sort() print (example) # Sort in descending order example. sort (reverse = True) print (example) output: ['Sunday', ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’ ] ['Monday’, ‘sunday’, ‘Tuesday*, Wednesday" ] ['Wednesday', ‘Tuesday’, "Sunday’, ‘Monday’ ] /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-usersen5i24, 8:16 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users Tuples are entities in 9 Python that work almost similar to that of lists, but differ in the main feature from lists, is in that they are inmutable. They are initialized by writing the elements of the tuple with 0), separated by commas. # Defining and Initializing a tuple called exanple exanple = ("First", "Second", "Third", “Fourth") print (example) print(example[1:3]) First’, ‘Second’, ‘Third’, ‘Fourth') ('Second', ‘Third') Type Converting between Tuples, Lists, and Strings: # Convert list to a tuple tuple(['first', ‘second’, "third"}) # Convert tuple to a list ist((‘First', ‘second’, ‘third')) # convert string to a list ist ("Scaler") 19. Python Dictionaries Dictionaries in Python are equivalent to Maps in C++/JAVA. They are used to store data in key-value pairs, Priny 1g key and values in dictionaries: To print the keys of the dictionary, use the .keys() method and to print the values, use values() method. /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 301586115724, 8:18 PM. for value in dict.values() rint (value) Output: first third sunday monday tuesday Update key value in dictionary: Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users © Update key value which is not present in dictionary: We can update a key value in a dictionary by accessing the key withing [] and setting it to a value. dict = {'first sunday’ , for item in dict.itens() print(item) dict["fourth'] = ‘wednesday for item in dict.items(): print (item) Output: first’, ‘sunday') second" second", ‘monday’) (First', ('third’, ‘tuesday") ¢ fourth", ‘wednesday') second’ : ‘monday’, ‘third’ : 'tuesday'} /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 311896115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users dict = (‘first : ‘sunday’, ‘second’ : ‘monday’, ‘third’ : ‘tuesday'} for item in dict.itens(): print (item) dict['thir ] = ‘wednesday for item in dict.items(): print(item) output (First!, "sunday" ('second", ‘monday") (third’, ‘tuesday") (First!, ‘sunday’ (‘second', ‘monday’ ) ('third', ‘wednesday") © Delete key-value pair from dictionary: We can delete a key-value pair from a dictionary using the del keyword followed by the key value to be deleted enclosed in { dict = {‘first' : ‘sunday', ‘second’ : ‘monday’, ‘third’ : ‘tuesday'} for item in dict.items(): print (item) del dict['third" ] for item in dict.items(): print (item) output: (first', "sunday" (’second', ‘monday’ ) third’, ‘tuesday") (Cfirst', ‘sunday') ‘second’, monday") Merging 2 dictionaries /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users6115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users dict update(dict2) print(dict2) output: {/first': ‘sunday’, ‘second’: ‘monday’, ‘third’: tuesday", 1: 3, 2 20. Sets in Python Initializing Sets: Sets are initialized using curly braces () or set() in @ python. A python set is basically an unordered collection of unique values, i.e. it will automatically remove duplicate values from the set. s = (4, 2, 3} print(s) s = set( print(s) $-(23,324,5, print(s) output {1, 2, 3} 4, 2, 3} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Inserting elements in set: We can insert a single element into a set using the add function of sets. s= (1, 2, 3,3, 2, 4, 5, 5} print(s) # Insert single element /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users6115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users To insert multiple elements into a set, we use the update function and pass a list of elements to be inserted as parameters. s= (1, 2, 3,32, 45,5 # Insert multiple elements s.update([6, 7, 8]) print(s) outpi 4, 2,3, Deleting elements from the set: We can delete elements from a set using either the remove() or the discard() function. $= (1, 2,33, 2,4, 5, 5} print(s) # Remove will raise an error if the element is not in the set s.renove(4) print(s) # Discard doesn't raise any errors Operators in sets: The below table shows the operators used for sets: Operators What it does vy Ope /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 4596715724, 8:16 PA Python Cheat Shee! for Beginners and Acvanced Users Operators What it does ‘(Symmetric Difference) Returns all the elements not common to both the sets. The set operators are represented in the Venn Diagram below: A B Intersection Difference Symmetric Difference Examples a= (1, 2,3,3, 24,5, 5} b = {4, 6, 7, 9, 3} # Performs the Intersection of 2 sets and prints them print(a & b) # Performs the Union of 2 sets and prints then print(a | 6) v 4 Performs Lhe Difference of 2 sels and prints them /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 35159en15i24, 8:16 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users (4, 2,3, 67, 9) {1, 2, 5} {1, 2, 5, 21. Comprehensions in & Python © List Comprehensions: Itis a shorter syntax to create a new list using values of an existing list. a= (8,1, 2,3 # bw alues which are 1 greater than the values stored in a b= [i +1 for i in a] print(b) output 1, 2,3, 4 © Set Comprehension: Itis a shorter syntax to create a new set using values of an existing set. a= {®, 1, 2, 3} # b will store squares of the elements of a © Dict Comprehension: It is a shorter syntax to create a new dictionary using values of an existing dictionary. a= Che World’, 'First': 1} 4h ctaac elements af a in valua-kew nain format /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 361596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users 22. String Manipulation in & Python © Escape Sequences: Escape Sequences are used to print certain characters to the output stream which carry special meaning to the language compiler. Examples Escape Sequence Results in \t Tab Space \n Newline \ Backslash Vv Single Quote © Multiline Strings: Multiline Strings are used in & pythen through triple quotes ****~ Example: Hello This is a Multiline string print(a output Hello World! /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 37i881504, 816 Pm Python Chest Shee! for Beginners and Advanced Users Strings in & Python are indexed the same way as a list of characters, based on O- based indexing. We can access elements of a string at some index by using the (J operators, Consider an example of the string value Python” Python 0 12 3 4 5 a ey rs ey a al a = "Python print(afe], a[2], af4]) print(a[-1], a{-3], a[-5]) output: Pto nhy © Strings Slicing: Slicing is also done the same way as in lists. a = "Hello # Slices the string fron @ to 3 i print(a[@:3]) Vv # Slices the string from 3 to -1(same as 4) indexes /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users6115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat She for Beginners and Advanced Users © Case Conversion Functions: The upper() and lower) functions are used to convert a string of letters into uppercase or lowercase respectively. The isupper() and islower() functions are used to check if a string is in all uppercase or lowercase respectively. a = "Hello print(a) # Converts string to uppercase print(a.upper()) # Converts string to lowercase print(a.lower()) # Checks if string is uppercase print(a.isupper()) it Checks if string is lowercase print(a.islower()) output: Hello HELLO hello False False Other similar functions: Function Explanation isspace Returns True if all characters in string are whitespaces isalnumQ Returns True if given string is alphanumeric isalpha) Returns True if given character is alphabet /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users1504, 816 Pm Pon Cheat Shoe for Beginers and Advanced Users join( function merges elements of a list with some delimiter string, and returns the result as a string. List = ["One", "Two", “Three! # Join function s = ',"-join(list) print(s) output One, Two, Three split function splits the into tokens, based on some delimiters and returns the result as a list. # split function newList = s.split(',") print(newlist) output: ['one’, 'Two', ‘Three'] In general, a string can be split to list using split) method and a list can be joined to string using the join method as shown in the image below: String Join() Split() a /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 401596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users © String Formatting: String Formatting is done with the str-formatd) function. first first" second = "second s = "Sunday is the {} day of the week, whereas Monday is the {} day of the we print(s) output: Sunday is the first day of the week, whereas Monday is the second day of the © Template Strings: It is recommended to be used when formatting strings generated by users. They make the code less complex so are easier to understand. They can be used by importing the Template class from the string module Example: >>> from string import Template >>> name = ‘Scaler >>> t = Template('Hey $name!) >>> tesubstitute(name = name) "Hey Scaler 23. Formatting Dates in °. Python. To handle date and time operations in & Python, we use the datetime module. © time class: We can represent time values using the time class. Vv Example: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 41896115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users output: @1:30:11.000022 * date class: We can represent date values using the date class. Example: import datetime date = datetime.date(20@, 11, 16) » date.day, ' day of ', date.month, ' month of the ye print(‘Date date is output: Date date is 16 day of 11 month of the year 2000 © Conversion from date to time: We can convert a date to its corresponding time using the strptime() function. Example from datetime import datetime print (datetime. strptime('15/11/2¢e0", '%d/%m/XY")) output: 2000-11-15 20:00:00 © time.strftime in Python: It converts a tuple or struct_time representing the time into a string object. For example: fron time import gntime, strftime S = strftime("Ka, Xd Kb RY XH:XM:KS + 1010", gmtime()) arintls) /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users6115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users © Regex Matching The re module in © python allows us to perform regex matching operations. import re landline = re.compile(r'\d\d\d\d-\d\d\a\d") num = landline.search(‘LandLine Number is 2435-4153") print('Landline Number is: {}*.format(num.group())) output: Landline Number is: 2435-4153 The above example landline number from the string and stores it appropriately in the num variable using regex matching. © Parenthesis Grouping A group is a part of a regex pattern enclosed in parenthesis (). We can put matches into different groups using the parenthesis (). We can access the groups using group) function. import re landline = re.compile(r'(\d\d\d\d)-(\d\d\d\¢) ' num = landline.search('LandLine Number is 2435-4153") # This will print the first group, which is the entire regex enclosed in the print (num.group(@)) # This will print the second group, which is the nested regex enclosed in the print (num.group(1)) # This will print the third group, which is the nested regex enclosed in the print (num.group(2)) output: 2435-4153 2435 4153 /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 431896115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users There are a lot of regex symbols that have different functionalities so they are mentioned in the table below: symbol name nameS (ny in.) (n) (n,m) ” [abe] [abe] \d, \w, \s \D,\W, \S Examp Matches ‘One or More of the preceding group Zero or More of preceding group Zero or One of preceding group String must begin with the name String must end with the name Any character except \n Exactly n of preceding group >= n of preceding group {0, m] of preceding group {n, m| of preceding group Non Greedy matching of the preceding group Any character enclosed in the brackets Any character not enclosed in the brackets Digit, word, or space respectively. Anything except digit, word, or space respectively Here we define a regex pattern, /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 44596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users © \s?:0 or 1 whitespace. © (\d"):0 or more digit characters © (+): Greater than or equal to 1 characters. © \s: Single Whitespace © ((A-Zi{2, 3)): 2 or 3 Uppercase alphabets © (\d(4)): 4 digit characters 25. Debugging in & Python Raising Exceptions with raise statement: The raise statement is used to raise exceptions and consists of 3 components: © raise keyword © Exception( function call * Parameter of the Exception() function, which usually contains an error message raise Exception("Error Occurred! !") Traceback (most recent call last): File "./prog.py", line 1, in Exception: Error Traceback as String There is a function in & python called traceback.format_exc() which returns the traceback displayed by & Pythen when a raised Exception is not handled as a String type. The Traceback Module is required to be imported for this purpose. Example: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 451596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users error_file.write(traceback.format_exc()) print('The traceback info was written to error.txt.") output The traceback info was written to error.txt. Assert Statements in & Python: Assert Statements/Assertions are widely used for debugging programs and checking if the code is performing some operation that is obviously wrong according to the logic of the program. The special thing about assert is that when an assert fails, the program immediately crashes, allowing us to narrow down our search space for the bug. Writing an assert statement has the following components as a part of it, © assert keyword * a condition that results in a boolean value * a display message for when the assertion fails * a comma separating the condition and the display message >>> sum = 4 >>> assert sum == 5, ‘Addition Error’ Traceback (most recent call last) File "", line 1, in AssertionError: Addition Error Assertions can be disabled by passing the -O option when running & Python as shown in the commands below. $ python -0c “assert False" $ python -c “assert False /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 46596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users 26. Logging in © Python Logging allows us to keep track of some events which occurs when some software runs. It becomes highly important in Software Development, Debugging and Running Softwares. import logging # Create and configues the logger logging. basicConfig(Filename="newfile.log", format="X(asctime)s %(message)s", # Creates logging object ogg = logging. getLogger() # Sets the level of logging to DEBUG Logg. setLevel (logging. DEBUG) # Messages Logg.debug("Debug Message") logger.warning("Its a Warning") logger.info("Just an information") Levels of Logging: Described in order of increasing importance Level Function What it does DEBUG — *Logging.debug()” Used for tracking any events that occur during program execution INFO. > Logging. info()” Confirms the working of things at the end of the module in the program. WARNING ~Jogging-warning()” Used to flag some issues that might hinder the program from working in the future, but allows it to work for now. V_ERROR —“togging-error()"__ Records errors that might have made the program fait at /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 471896115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users 27. Lambda Function in & Python These are small anonymous functions in & python, which can take any number of arguments but returns only 1 expression Let us understand it with an example, Consider the function which multiplies 2 numbers; def mul(a, b) print (mul(3, 5)) output The equivalent Lambda function for this function will be: mul = lambda a, b: a * b print(mul(3, 5)) output The syntax for this will be as shown below: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users6115724, 8:18 PM. Pinon Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users is equivalent to: Similarly, other functions can be written as Lambda functions too, resulting in shorter codes for the same program logic. 28. Ternary Operator in & Python The ternary operator is used as an alternative to the if-else conditional statements and provides a way to write a short crisp one-liner statement. The syntax is as follows: if else f=2 s=2 i if the sum of and s is greater than @ the sum # is printed, else @ is printed print(f +s if (f +s > @) else @) output: /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 491596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat She for Beginners and Advanced Usors We can pass a variable number of arguments to a function using special symbols called *args and **kwargs. The usage is as follows: © targs: For non-keyword arguments. Example # the function will take in a variable nunber of arguments # and print all of their values def tester(*argv): for arg in argv: print (arg) tester(*Sunday', ‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’ output: Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday © *kwargs: For keyword arguments. Example # The function will take variable number of arguments # and print them as key value pairs def tester(**kwargs): for key, value in kwargs.itens() print (key, value) tester(Sunday = 1, Monday = 2, Tuesday = 3, Wednesday = 4 output: Sunday 1 /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 50i596115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users __main__is the name of the scope in which the top-level code executes. It can check if it is running in its own scope by checking its own _name_. Format of checking: >>> if _name__ == "_main_": main() 31, Python Dataclasses Python Classes used for storing data objects are called Dataclasses. They have certain features like: * Comparison with other objects of the same type is possible © Stores data, representing a particular data type. © Python 2.7: The example shows the performing function of Dataclasses in older versions of & python when Dataclasses were not yet introduced. class Self: def ob = Self("one") print (ob-x) output: one © Pythen 3.7: The example shows using dataclasses in newer versions of & python. /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 511596715724, 816 PA Python Cheat Sheet fr Beginners and Advanced Users ob = Self ("One") print (ob.x) output: one Note: It is compulsory to specify the datatype of each variable declared. if at any point we don't want to specify the type, set the type as typing.Any. from dataclasses import dataclass from typing import Any @dataclass class WithoutexplicitTypes name: Any age: Any = 16 32. Python Virtual Environment Virtual Environments are used to encapsulate certain Python Libraries of Python for single project, which might not be used in other projects, rather than installing those dependencies globally. Installation Steps: pip install v. pip install virtualenvwrapper-win Usage Steps mkvirtualenv Test # Make virtual environment called Test #setprojectdir . /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users6115724, 8:18 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users 33. Q Python Commands Magic Commands are one of the new features added to the & pythen shell. Basically, they are enhancements over the normal python. code, provided by the IPython Kernel. The main syntax for these commands is that they are prefixed by as "%" character. They prove useful in solving many common problems we encounter while coding and also provide us some versatile shortcuts. There are main kinds of commands: © %prefix: The command will operate only on the given single line of code. © %%prefix: The command will operate on the entire code block. Some examples of these commands in & Pythen are: © %run: It is used for running an external file in & Python. def runner() print("Hello World") runner() run runner. py output Hello World © %%time: This allows us to track the amount of time taken by our code for execution, xtime for i in range(10000) asae in? Output: CPU Times: user: 3.72 ms, sys: Sus, , total: 3.73ms, Wall time: 3.75ms /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 531596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users MKuritefile code.py def func(): print("Hello") func() Output: overwriting code.py © $pycat: This command is used to display the contents of an external file. Xpycat code.py def func(): print("Hello") func() © %who: This command lists all the variables in the Python notebook. © %%htmI: This command will let us write and execute html code in the current cell xine /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 5459e124, 6:16 Pa Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Acvanced Users

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Output: Age 28 © %env: This command allows us to list all the environment variables, set a value for such a variable, and get the value of such a variable. env {'TERM_SESSION_ID': ‘w0t0p0: 8E8D4D1D-98F1-4EF5~A510-D4C18B117987'', "SSH_AUTH_SOCK': '/private/tmp/com. apple. launchd. GMJsSYbrnd/Listeners', *LC_TERMINAL_VERSION': '3.3.9', *COLORFGBG': '7;0° “ITERM_PROFILE': ‘Default’, *XPC_FLAGS': "0x0", "PD": '/Users/siddhesh', v 'SHELL': '/bin/7sh', /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 551596115724, 8:18 PM. Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users a - "The World Makes Sense!" Spinfo a Type: str String form: The World Makes Sense! Length: 22 Docstring: str(object="') -> str str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler. Otherwise, returns the result of object._str_() (if defined) or repr(object). encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding(). errors defaults to ‘strict’. “Note: All the magic commands can be listed by using the %lsmagic command.” Some other useful tools for ° Python © pipeny: It is a packaging tool for 9 python aimed to solve common problems which are associated with the typical program workflow. © poetry: It is a dependency management and packaging tool in ® Python Conclusion We can conclude that Python is a robust, high-level, interpreted programming language. It is also an Object Oriented Programming Language that strongly follows all OOPs principles. It has various inbuilt powerful modules that follow simple syntax which makes it appealing to both beginners and experienced folks alike. A vast collection of libraries and functions makes the development of any sort much easier in Python. In this cheat sheet, we have covered the most common fundamentals of & /ntps:Imorion.comald$42b64b856b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginnersand-advanced-users 561596115/24, 8:18 PM Pinon Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users 3 Likes 22.45 GEEK © a 6 < /ntps:Imorion.conaldS42b64b8S6b/python-cheat-sheetfor-beginners-and-advanced-users 57i89er5i24, 8:16 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users hitpssimorion.comialds42b64b85Sb/pythor-cheatsheet-for-beginners-and-advanced-users 58189ar5i24, 8:16 PM Python Cheat Sheet for Beginners and Advanced Users This site uses Google AdSense ad intent links. AdSense automatically generates these links and they may help creators earn money. hitpsimorion.comiald542b64085Sb/pythor-cheatsheet-for-beginners-and-advanced-users 5989