TAKORADI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FIRE ALARM DETECTION

SYSTEM USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR
INDUSTRIAL PLANT WITH MAC PROTOCOL

BY
IAN KWESI ANKRAH (0719300215)
AMOAH DERRICK OBENG (0719300218)
AMANKWAH WISDOM (0719300219)

AUGUST, 2022
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FIRE ALARM DETECTION SYSTEM USING
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR INDUSTRIAL PLANT WITH MAC
PROTOCOL.

BY

IAN KWESI ANKRAH (0719300215)

AMOAH DERRICK OBENG (0719300218)
AMANKWAH WISDOM (0719300219)

SUPERVISOR

ENG. DR. EMMANUEL K. PAYNE

 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work presented in this report is the outcome of the project work
presented by us under the supervisor, Dr. Emmanuel K. Payne, Department of
Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Takoradi Technical University. We also declare that no
part of this report has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any HND.

Candidate’s Name
IAN KWESI ANKRAH ..……………….… …………………….

(0719300215) Signature Date

AMOAH DERRICK OBENG ..……………….… …………………….

(0719300218) Signature Date

AMANKWAH WISDOM ……………………. …………………….

(0719300219) Signature Date

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SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that this project work has been supervised and assessed in accordance with
guidelines on supervision of thesis work laid down by the Electrical/Electronics Engineering
Department of Takoradi Technical University.

Supervisor’s signature ………………………

Date ………………………………….
Name: Dr. Emmanuel K. Payne

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT’S DECLARATION

Head of Department’s Signature……………………………

Date…………………………………………
Name: Dr. Emmanuel K. Payne

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 DEDICATION
We dedicate this work to the God almighty our creator, our strong pillar, our source of
inspiration, wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. He has been the source of our strength
throughout this project and on his wings only have we soared

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to God Almighty for giving us the grace and mercies to carry out this study. Our most
sincere appreciation goes to our dedicated supervisor, Eng. Dr. Emmanuel K. Payne for the
guidance and monitoring provided throughout the study.
We would like to thank all subordinates for extending a helping hand to us during this study.
Our heartfelt appreciation goes to our families for their prayers, support and motivation they
accorded us throughout the study period.
Our classmates, friends, and many other people who contributed in one way or another to
make this study a success, thank you. We will forever be grateful to you all God richly bless
you all.

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 ABSTRACT
Safety has over the past years become the most integral aspect of every industrial workplace,
it’s the heart of every industry these days. A safe and healthy workplace not only protects
workers from injury and illness, but can also lower injury/illness costs, reduce absenteeism
and turnover, increase productivity and quality, and raise employee morale. In other words,
safety makes business fruitful and increases productiveness. One major problem faced in
most of our homes and workplaces is inducting of cable when installing a fire alarm system.
It is practically inconvenient to lay data cable from a remote site to the controller room in
other to monitor environmental parameters such as smoke, temperature, and fire. The project
has three main aims which include developing a constant and automatic monitoring system
that does not depend on the attention of the operator or human, designing wireless sensor
networks for early fire detection in cumbersome and dangerous areas, and developing modern
methods to detect developing smoke, gas, heat, high temperatures project seeks to enable
easy installation of a fire alarm as well as easy communication of data packet from remote
site within industrial plant using the wireless communication technology. The project
research is grouped into five chapters (Chapter one of this project talks briefly about the
introduction, problem statement, aims, and objectives, the significance of the study,
methodology, scope of the study, expected outcome, facility, limitation, and work
organization. Chapter two discusses, and reviews related research made on the subject matter.
Chapter three of this project reveals the methods used in designing the system. Chapter four
also talks about the results and discussions. Chapter five talks about the conclusion and
recommendations). The research work adopted a wireless methodology in its work, Wireless
sensor network (WSN) was used. Wireless sensor network architecture is made up of a base
station and a sensor node. In this project, two sensor nodes communicate their data to the
base station. The sensor nodes are made up of sensors, ESP 12E micro-controllers,
independent power supply (lithium-ion battery), and transceivers (WIFI transceivers). The
micro-controller and WIFI transceiver is embedded together on a single chip to form a system
on a chip. In each node, there are four sensors: fire sensor, mq2 smoke sensor, and DHT 11
temperature sensor that sense and communicate their environmental parameter to the micro-
controller for processing and transmission. Several software was used to achieve the
objective of the project. Arduino IDE is one of the software used in the development of the
firmware. Arduino IDE is open-source and easy-to-use software for firmware development.
The base station communicates with each sensor node via an assigned IP address. The base

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station becomes the access point and the sensor node, the station. In the testing phase, the
sensor node is subjected to various environmental parameters such as fire, smoke, etc. This is
done to understand and monitor the performance and operation of the system.

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 Table of Contents
Candidate’s Name.................................................................................................................i
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION....................................................................................ii
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT’S DECLARATION..............................................................ii
DEDICATION.....................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE:.....................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement....................................................................................................2
1.3 Significance of the Study...........................................................................................3
1.4 Aim and Objectives...................................................................................................3
1.4.1 Aim.......................................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................5
Literature sreview....................................................................................................................5
2.1 Overview.....................................................................................................................5
2.2 Concept Area and Framework Approach...............................................................5
2.3 Methodology and Mechanism Evaluation...............................................................6
Figure 2.1: Diagram of a wireless sensor network............................................................6
Figure 2.2: Block diagram of a sensor node.......................................................................6
2.3.1 Fire Alarm System...............................................................................................7
Figure 2.4: Block diagram of fire alarm system................................................................8
2.3.2 Forest Fire Detection System...............................................................................8
2.4 Synthesis and Summary............................................................................................9
2.4.1 Concept Mapping.................................................................................................9
Figure 2.5: A diagram of Smart Fire Detection System using IoT Technology...........10
2.4.2 Summary............................................................................................................11

CHAPTER THREE...............................................................................................................12
Design and Simulation...........................................................................................................12
3.1 System Design and Approach Framework............................................................12

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 3.2 Design System and Model Consideration..............................................................12
3.3 System concept Development Structure................................................................13
3.3.1 Block Diagram Development.............................................................................13
3.3.2 Schematic Diagram Development......................................................................14
3.3.3 System Operation and Flow Chart.....................................................................14
3.4 Theoretical Models and Algorithm Development................................................15
3.5 System Development and Simulation....................................................................16
3.6 Chapter Summary...................................................................................................16
CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................17
4.1 Algorithm Simulation and Analysis.......................................................................17
4.2 System Simulation and Analysis............................................................................17
4.3 Performance Characteristics and Validation.......................................................19
5.1 Chapter Summary...................................................................................................22
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................................23
Conclusion And Recommendation.......................................................................................23
5.2 Conclusion................................................................................................................23
5.3 Recommendations....................................................................................................23
Reference.............................................................................................................................24

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Safety is at the heart of every industrial facility. Accidents, fires, and other dangerous events
in industrial plants can be life-threatening and resource-threatening. Due to these stricter
statutory health and safety standards, organizations face severe penalties, lawsuits, and
negative publicity if they fail to comply. However, safety and environmental issues are not
limited to legal standards, as some accidents can be caused by the failure of some monitoring
equipment. This means that technical improvements are very much needed to combat
unprecedented and unforeseen events.

Most fires in industrial facilities are caused by unprecedented flammable fuel leaks, hydraulic
and bearing oil leaks, unexpected system failures, and power outages. Ignition of flammable
fuels can also cause high-temperature explosions.

A fire can occur if the ignition source comes into contact with fuel. After this contact, a
typical unintended fire begins as a slow-growing soldering process that can last from minutes
to hours. The duration of this burst depends on many factors, including the type of fuel, its
physical placement, and the amount of oxygen available. During this time, fever increases,
and mild to moderate amounts of smoke are generated. The characteristic odour of smoke is
usually the first sign of an early fire. At this stage, early detection (human or automatic)
followed by a timely response by qualified fire emergency professionals can control the fire
before it causes serious damage.

Before trying to understand a fire detection system based on a wireless sensor network, it is
useful to have a basic understanding of how a fire will occur and work. This information
provides a better understanding of the role and interaction of these auxiliary fire protection
systems in the protection process.

Wireless Sensor Networks are created using haphazardly spreading many limited-capacity,
short-ranged sensors with low power and low cost into an environment that cannot be reached
easily and which most of the time is not reliable (Chong, 2003. Each node has capabilities for
calculating, sensing, and communicating (Lin, 2004). These nodes which can be spread
haphazardly in the environment to be searched can get to know each other and can perform
calculation tasks in a wide region by making common efforts. Because of these features, they
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can be used in many fields from medical to military, from securing a building to pre-
determination of forest fires (Wang, 2006). Wireless Sensor Networks allow for

 Data collection
 Information Processing
 Monitoring and tracking various places for environmental applications

The sensors are set up easily because there is no need for human intervention. They
accomplish their tasks by sensing, calculating, and acting in place. They can get organized
(Organisation) and they can be adjusted to support different applications. Every sensor node
is capable of wireless communication and signal processing as well as intelligence enough to
broadcast data. The limited power, processing capacity, and communication resources
necessitate the use of many sensors in wide areas. This high number of sensor makes it
possible for the sensor to detect the actual speed, direction, size, and other features of the
moving object more accurately compared to a single sensor.

1.2 Problem Statement

Fire is an unwanted and unexpected occurrence that can result from flammable fuel leaks,
hydraulic and bearing leaks, unexpected system failures, and power outages, especially in
industrial facilities. Research shows that unexpected system failure is one of the leading
causes of fires in industrial facilities. Since the outbreak of a fire can be unpredictable, it is
important to monitor possible causes of a fire such as high temperatures, smoke, and gas
leaks. In the event of a fire, there must also be a system to extinguish it. Another problem
encountered is the laying of cables when installing a fire alarm system. It is practically
impractical to lay data cables from one remote location to a control room in another to
monitor environmental parameters such as smoke, temperature, and fire.

The proposed project is designed to allow easy installation of a fire alarm system as well as
the easy transmission of data packets from a remote location in an industrial facility using
wireless communication technology.

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1.3 Significance of the Study
This project applies wireless sensor networks in the field of fire detection. It gives a great
advantage in areas where cable channels are not allowed. Field-deployed sensor nodes can
detect fires, gases, and smoke. Data is continuously sent to the base station.

1.4 Aim and Objectives

1.4.1 Aim
This project aims to design and analyse a fire detection, notification, and alarm system using
a mac protocol-based wireless sensor network for an industrial plant.

1.4.2 Objectives
i. To design a fire alarm system with an independent power supply monitoring system
that does not require the attention of the operator or human.
ii. To configure the design circuit with Wireless Sensor Network.
iii. To analyse the design circuit and system.

1.5 Statement of Method

The method used in the implementation of the above project is; designing the circuit using
Proteus, and Arduino for programming the microcontroller, simulating the design circuit and
analysing the system.

1.6 Scope of Project

The scope of this project mainly focuses on the design and analysis of a wireless sensor
network-based fire alarm system for an industrial plant. It will delve specifically into the
design of a detection and notification system. This will be made up of a fire sensor, smoke
and gas sensor, micro-controllers, transceivers, and buzzers.

1.7 Outline of the Project

Chapter one of this project talks briefly about the introduction, problem statement, aims, and
objectives, the significance of the study, methodology, the scope of the study, expected

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outcome, facility, limitation, and work organization. Chapter two discusses and reviews
related research made on the subject matter. Chapter three of this project reveals the methods
used in analyzing the system. Chapter four also talks about the results and discussions.
Chapter five talks about the conclusion and recommendations.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
Safety against fire, smoke, gas leaks, and abnormal overheating has become a concern of
those responsible for the safety of industrial sites. Problems related to sensors dying during
fires and false alarms caused by poorly functioning sensors also pose a significant risk to
everyday industrial operations.

Over the past few decades, many solutions have been proposed and implemented to
overcome the shortcomings of existing systems. Fire, smoke, and gas detection technologies
have been implemented based on emerging scientific theories. Various sensors,
communications, and sprinkler designs have been proposed to improve the existing
technology.

This chapter reviews previously proposed and implemented studies and designs. All related
theories, architectural design, and technology are covered in this chapter. The merit score of
each proposed design will also be included.

2.2 Concept Area and Framework Approach

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a group of sensors for monitoring and measuring
physical conditions of the environment such as temperature, humidity, sunlight, soil moisture,
wind, flames, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and real-time prediction. Points to. Data
(Ebubekir Erdem and Karwan M. Muheden Jabbary,2017). It works in concert with a large
network of peers and nodes that collect, process, and communicate. The fact that it is wireless
makes it an inexpensive and fast data transfer technology with low cost and wiring. In
addition, it has the advantages of quick installation, less damage to the building, lower cost of
wireless sensors, long-range applicability but limited limitations, and lower power
consumption. WSN can be used in the home, agriculture, industry, and many environmental
areas where location and security are very important. The recorded data can be sent to the
control center via wireless modules, satellites, TCP / IP networks, and more.

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2.3 Methodology and Mechanism Evaluation
In a wireless sensor network, several wireless sensors are used to monitor and measure
physical factors. These wireless sensors are interconnected. The collected data will be sent to
the main controller as shown below.

Figure 2.1: Diagram of a wireless sensor network

A wireless sensor network is made of sensor nodes and a base station. Each of the sensor
nodes is made up of sensors, processors, a transceiver, and a battery.

Figure 2.2: Block diagram of a sensor node

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The sensor allows the node to interact with its environment. The sensors measure various
environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, weight, heat, pressure, sunlight, etc.
The sensors used on the nodes depend on the application and purpose of the wireless network
infrastructure. The processor reads and processes sensor data using a digital-to-analog
converter. The processed data is sent to the base station through the transceiver. The battery
provides the sensor node with enough power to perform its operation for a while. The
application of wireless sensor networks in industries to build fire alarm systems has
advantages over traditional fire alarm systems in terms of installation and design.

2.3.1 Fire Alarm System

Traditional security alarm systems include conventional and addressable fire alarm systems.
All fire alarm systems work on a basic principle, which is a sensor that detects a fire breaking
out and a whistle that attracts people's attention. Convection and addressable fire alarm
systems have been around since the early days of electronics. They are mainly found in
educational, home, commercial and industrial settings.

Figure 2.3: Fire Alarm

In convection and addressable fire alarm systems, the fire sensors are connected to the main
control panel. The main call point and buzzer are also connected to the main control panel.
When a fire breaks out, sensors will detect and transmit information to the main control
panel, which will then trigger a siren to let everyone know about the outbreak of the fire. This
system is cost-effective for small applications. One problem with this system is its
dependence on the main grid. Therefore, in the event of a power failure, the system cannot
function. This is a huge problem because fire is an unpredictable event. Therefore, it is
important that the fire alarm system works or not in the event of power fluctuations or power
failure.
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 Figure 2.4: Block diagram of fire alarm system

The system consists of a detector, manual call stations, a fire alarm control panel, and an
electric horn or buzzer. Detectors mainly made up of sensors, act as input devices in a fire
alarm system. They detect fire and smoke and transmit information to the fire alarm control
panel. A manual call station is a wall-mounted device that can trigger an alarm in an
emergency. They are mainly activated in the event of an emergency or fire sensor failure. The
control panel is the main brain of the fire alarm system. The main function of monitoring and
analyzing the status of each connected device in the area is provided by the Fire Alarm
Control Panel (FACP) (Kamalkishor mohite, Madhuri More, Mrs.V.V.Kale,2015). Electronic
sirens, also known as whistles, are designed to give audible warnings to on-site personnel
when a fire is detected. The main disadvantage is that one cannot tell which device has been
activated in a circuit as it is very effective for small applications (ORR Protection, 2012).

2.3.2 Forest Fire Detection System

PJ Vivek et al. (P.J. Vivek, G. Raju, S. Akarsh,2014) in Forest Fire Detection Systems
proposed a fire alarm design for forest fire detection. In their design, they proposed a GPS
module to transmit temperature data to a base station through a main and main antenna using
satellites. Part of the system's limitation is the installation of too many antennas; DC power is
required to power the antennas. In addition, climatic/seasonal changes can affect the system
(P.J. Vivek, G. Raju, S. Akarsh,2014). The cloud is a very important factor affecting such a
system" Kelha V., Rauste Y., Buongiorno A, 2000". Murat D. et al (Murat Dener, Yunus
Özkök, Cevat Bostancioglu,2015) Fire detection system in wireless sensor network proposed
WSN-based fire alarm as a solution for early detection of forest fires. Sensors are located in
key areas. Information from sensors is monitored from a web application using TCP/IP. It is
expected that data loss and delay can occur with this type of design.

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Although there are many advantages of a wireless network over a wired network, it uses an
open signal path, which is much affected by obstacles and distance. Compared to the wired
system, the transmission speed and system capacity are slightly lower.

2.4 Synthesis and Summary

2.4.1 Concept Mapping
A WSN was used by Vescoukis et al. in (T.J. Lynham, C.W. Dull, and A. Singh, 2002)
Requirements for spatial observations in fire management. Although they use wireless
sensors, their buttons are only equipped with temperature sensors. With this method of fire
detection, it is very simple, if it detects a temperature higher than the set point, an alarm will
be emitted. This system is very susceptible to false alarms. A simple increase in temperature
is not enough to detect the presence of a fire, because high temperatures have many factors.
This makes the system very unreliable.

Over the past few decades, the concept of the Internet of Things has gained ground in many
applications ranging from industry, agriculture, healthcare, and home application. Smart Fire
Detection System with Automatic Water sprinkler was designed to solve the slow response
issue of the fire accident. In the case of remote plant locations, for example, technology
enabling remote operation and maintenance will benefit; autonomous inter-appliance such
that devices are mutually aware of the information exchange, thereby minimizing engineering
costs in handling all devices involved. The term ‘Internet of Things or ‘Internet of Objects’
has come to represent electrical or electronic devices, of varying sizes and capabilities, that
are connected to the Internet. The scope of the connections is ever broadening beyond just
machine-to-machine communication (M2M).

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 Figure 2.5: A diagram of a Smart Fire Detection System using IoT Technology

This system combines a temperature sensor, gas sensor, flame sensor, System on Chip model,
LED, Ultrasonic, Buzzers, etc. The design of this makes it suitable for home applications.
The input readings from all the sensors are analyzed by the SoC. The SoC is made up of a
microcontroller and WiFi transceiver. The readings from the inputs are updated on a website.
This website can be monitored by the user or fire station personnel. Outputs like LED and
Buzzer indicate a fire. A signal from the microcontroller changes the state of the relay to
activate the water pump. An ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the tank level and inform of
the need for refilling. To be independent of the main power grid, batteries are used to power
up the circuit. The main drawback with this design is, that without internet access the website
cannot be updated with data. This makes it unsuitable in the area where network connectivity
is very poor.

Hsu et al. in an IOT fire detection system using the sensor with Arduino developed a kitchen
fire detection system applicable with the same sensors employed in this study. Another
drawback of this system is that the fire sensor is unable to distinguish between fire and
sunlight wavelength. This makes it suitable for false alarms. The outstanding development in
this proposed design is the ability of the system to quickly respond to fire and activate its
water pump.

Yi Li et al. in their proposed design describe a framework of fire monitoring information

system consisting of the perception layer, transport layer, storage layer, intelligent decision-
making layer, and application. All the monitoring information is computed for transmission at
the perception layer. In the transport layer, data transmission software based on TCP / IP and
windows platforms are developed to ensure the safety and reliability of the data transmission.
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In the intelligent decision-making layer, the fire monitoring alarm and fire safety evaluation
concerning the collected data are accomplished.

2.4.2 Summary

This work describes the design and analysis of fire detection and alarm system using a mac
protocol-based wireless sensor network for industrial plants. The work applies the
combination of two systems: a fire alarm system and a wireless sensor network to solve late
detection and notification of fires in industries. The wireless sensor network will be made up
of sensor nodes and a base station. The nodes communicate with each other and the base
station using mac protocol. Each node on the network is assigned a MAC address. This
makes routing of data possible from a source mac address to the destination mac address. To
prevent fake alarms, each sensor node will be made of a flame sensor, gas and smoke sensor,
and a temperature sensor. A lithium-ion battery will have used as the power supply for each
sensor node. A microcontroller will be used as the processor to read and process data from
each of the sensor nodes. A display system will be available at the base station to display and
inform users about the activities of each sensor node. Along with the data, the current battery
level of each node will be transmitted to the base station.

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 CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN AND SIMULATION

3.1 System Design and Approach Framework.

Chapter two discusses the designs, methodologies, and technologies published by scholars in
the area of wireless sensor networks and fire alarm systems. Chapter three outlines and
describes the methods used to design the project. The project methodology is divided into
two main sections: the design and planning section and the execution section. In the design
and planning section, the block diagram, flow chart, and schematic diagram were created to
help visualize the process. The execution section simulates the schematic diagram.

The proposed solution is to develop a system that can sense fire and smoke. The abnormal
environmental conditions sensed by the control unit are transmitted wirelessly to it. The
project is focused on designing an early detection and notification system to help identify fire
and smoke in industrial plants.

3.2 Design System and Model Consideration

The wireless sensor network architecture consists of a base station and a sensor node. In this
project, two nodes communicate their data to the base station. The sensor node consists of a
sensor, an ESP 12E microcontroller, an independent power supply (lithium-ion battery), and
a transceiver (WIFI transceiver). The microcontroller and WIFI transceiver are integrated into
a single chip to form a system-on-chip. Each node has sensors that sense and communicate
environmental parameters to the microcontroller. The base station typically is an electronic
device that runs an operating system.

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3.3 System concept Development Structure
The section describes the block diagram, flow chart, and schematic design used in designing
and analysing the project.

3.3.1 Block Diagram Development

The block development below includes a variety of sensors, a microcontroller, and a battery
charger. The battery and base station are also included. The sensors include a fire sensor and
a smoke sensor. The sensor sends data on environmental parameters to the microcontroller.
The data packet is routed to the base station via the wireless transceiver. If the sensor node's
onboard battery charger is not operational, it will be charged by the base station when it is
down.

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Sensor Node

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3.3.2 Schematic Diagram Development

Figure 3.2: Schematic Diagram

The schematic development includes a microcontroller circuit, connectors, reset button,

power LED, buzzer, alarm LED, and a battery charging circuit. The connectors allow the
sensors to communicate with the microcontroller. The battery charger includes the TP4056
IC, DW01A IC, and FS8205A IC. The DW10A has a 2200mAh battery that has under and
overcharging features. The power LED will light up depending on the charge level of the
battery. The beeping sound signals when the flame or smoke is detected.

3.3.3 System Operation and Flow Chart

The flowchart diagram represents the algorithm used by the firmware. The system initializes
by reading the data from the sensors. If the fire or smoke sensor is sensed, then the system
proceeds to the next step. In an event where these things happen, the buzzer and activated
data packet are transmitted to the base station. Even if there is no sign of a fire or smoke, the
data packet is still sent to the base station.

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 Figure 3.3: Flow Chart Diagram

3.4 Theoretical Models and Algorithm Development

The wireless network is created by connecting wireless devices. The base station serves as
the access point for the sensor nodes. The sensor nodes act as stations. In a wireless network
infrastructure, the access point is a device that creates and maintains the wireless network and
allows devices to connect to the network. Stations are the devices that connect to the network
created by an access point. Data is sent processed and transmitted to the base station in
milliseconds. Two sensor nodes are assigned a specific IP address that allows data to be
transmitted to an identified location from an identified location. The destination address is the
address the data is sent to, while the source address is the address from which the data is sent.
The base station is assigned with a destination address while the sensor nodes are assigned

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with the source address. When the lightweight data is transmitted, its headers contain the
source and destination addresses.

3.5 System Development and Simulation

Figure:3.5

3.6 Chapter Summary

This chapter discussed the procedure or methodology used in the design and analysing the
project. The block diagram, flow chart, and schematic diagrams were reviewed. The
theoretical models and algorithm development, as well as system development and
simulation, were included in this chapter. The main components used in each node are sensor,
microcontroller, transceiver, batteries, and battery charger. These components were also not
left out in the review.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Algorithm Simulation and Analysis

The previous chapter described the processes of designing and analyzing the said system. The
methodology process was broadly divided into the design and plan section and the execution
section, with a comprehensive discussion on each section.
In this particular chapter, an analysis is made of the designed and simulated system. The said
system consists of two sensor nodes and a base station. The operation and performance of
each sensor node are discussed and analyzed along with the data displayed on the base
station.

4.2 Algorithm

4.2 System Simulation and Analysis

The base station communicates with each sensor node via an assigned IP address. The base
station becomes the access point, sensor node, and base station. In the testing phase, the
sensor node is subjected to various environmental parameters such as fire, smoke, etc. This is
done to understand and monitor the performance and operation of the system.

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 Figure 4.3: diagram of the system before simulation

The figure above shows what the circuit looks like when it is not simulated. None of the
components work, everything is in the OFF state. Therefore it could not detect any parameter
being smoke or flame.

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 Figure 4.4: Image of the system when stimulated.
Here the user pressed start on the Proteus circuit and the system initialized, it is assumed the
system that there is a fire in room three (R3). The buzzer is triggered by the microcontroller
showing there is fire, the Display board also displayed the location of the fire which is room
three.

4.3 Performance Characteristics and Validation

Case I: Test on Flame Sensor
The flame sensor on each sensor node was tested by exposing it to a fire source or a source of
ignition. On sensing the fire by the flame sensor, the buzzer beeped. Data was as well
communicated to the base station. The interface on the base station displayed the new data
received from the sensor nodes. As seen below, the first sensor node is accessed via an IP
address of 192.168.43.30 and the second node can be accessed via an IP address of
192.168.43.165.

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Figure 4.6 A: Fire test on the flame sensor Figure 4.6 B: Display

Figure 4.7 A: No fire test on the flame sensor Figure 4.7 B: Display

Case II: Test on Smoke Sensor

A test was conducted on the sensor nodes to monitor the integrity and performance of the
smoke sensor. The sensor nodes were subjected to a smoke source to test the smoke sensors
on each of the nodes. As shown in the figure below, the interface on the base station changed
the status of the sensor nodes from NO to YES. This test was conducted on the smoke
sensor. If smoke is sensed the buzzer also beeps to give an alert.

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Figure 4.8 A: smoke test Figure 4.8 B: Display

Figure 4.9 A: No smoke test Figure 4.9 B: Display

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Case III: Test on Battery Chargers
On each sensor node is a 2200mAh 18650 battery that supplies the node with power. On
occasions, when battery dead is observed, the battery on the nodes can be charged via a TP
4056 battery charger embedded on the sensor nodes. The TP4056 battery charger comes
onboard with a USB MICRO B port that enables the nodes to be charged using a USB port.

4.4 Chapter Summary

This chapter discusses the results of the sensor nodes when tested under various conditions.
The various test conditions were presented in cases. In case one, the flame sensor was tested,
and in case two, the smoke sensor was also tested. The operation of the system right from the
authentication page to the sensor data was included in this chapter. Some credentials are
required from the user on the authentication page to validate that the user entered the sensor
data information.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
The project achieved its main aim and objectives. Two nodes were designed to communicate
with a base station. An interface was designed on the base station to read data from the
sensor. In the result and discussion phase, it is observed that the performance of the designed
system functioned as expected. Yet it is also observed that some limitations and
improvements could be made to the system.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
After the analysis of the designed system, a few limitations were recorded. They include:
 Limitation of the flame sensor to distinguish infra-red rays from the fire and
sunlight. When the rays from sunlight are incident on the flame sensor due to its
working principle, it translates the infra-red rays emitted by the sunlight as a fire
outbreak. This makes it prone sometimes to the false alarm.
 The WIFI transceiver design is based on a short-range communication antennae
design. This makes it impossible for the system to communicate data over long
distances. As such base stations far from sensor nodes could lose data packets
transmitted by the sensor nodes. It is therefore recommended that in situations where
the packet transmission is over long range, a long-range transmission mechanism,
should be used.

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MQ2 Gas Sensor Working and Its Applications. (2020). Retrieved from Elprocus:
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